Earticle

Purpose: This study aimed to synthesize empirical findings on factors affecting the turnover intention of EMT-Paramedics in Korea through a meta-analysis and to identify variables with significant effect sizes. Methods: This descriptive meta-analysis included seven Korean studies published up to May 2025 that reported correlation coefficients between turnover intention and related variables among paramedics. A systematic literature search was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Effect sizes were calculated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0, and heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. Results: The personal characteristics of paramedics that showed the largest effects on turnover intention included lack of job autonomy (ES = -1.510), interpersonal conflict (ES = -1.510), self-efficacy (ES = -1.160), and organizational commitment (ES = -0.874). Job stress, compensation, and working conditions had moderate effects, while sleep-related variables had small effects. Overall heterogeneity was high (Q = 432.175, I2 = 93.753). Conclusion: Turnover intention is influenced by multidimensional factors across psychological, organizational, and health domains. Priority should be given to organizational interventions that enhance autonomy, reduce interpersonal conflict, and support psychological well-being. Longitudinal studies are recommended to explore causal pathways.

교차로 내 빈번한 교통사고 발생으로 운전자와 보행자는 통행 시 각별한 주의가 요구된다. 본 연 구에서는 단일 카메라를 이용하여 교차로 내 보행자와 차량의 수를 탐지하고, 객체 추적을 통해 이 동 방향을 분석함으로써 상황에 따라 유연하게 반응하는 신호 제어 알고리즘을 제안한다. 객체 탐 지에는 You Only Look Once를, 객체 추적에는 Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metric을 활용한다. 이후 보행자 수가 기설정한 설정한 임계 값을 초과하는 경우, 보 행자의 이동 방향을 분석하여 해당 방향과 충돌 가능성이 있는 차량 흐름을 일시정지하고 일정 시 간 동안 보행자에서 초록 신호를 제공한다. 실제 신호등이 없는 교차로 데이터를 활용한 실험을 통해 제안된 알고리즘의 적용 가능성과 효율성을 확인한다. 실험 결과 객체, 이동 방향에 따른 신 호 제어가 안정적으로 이루어졌으나 추적된 고유 ID의 변경문제와 깊이 정보의 부재로 잘못된 신 호 제어가 내려질 수 있는 한계가 나타났다. 향후에는 깊이 추정 모델 또는 멀티 카메라 기반의 통합 기법을 도입하여 보다 정밀한 신호 제어 시스템으로 발전시킬 계획이다.

Purpose: To analyze trends in simulation-based education research on paramedicine in Korea over the past decade (2015–2024) and to suggest directions for future improvements in education and research. Methods: We conducted a scoping review based on the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Relevant studies were retrieved from the RISS, KISS, KCI, and ScienceON databases by using predefined search terms. Thirteen peer-reviewed Korean journal articles were selected based on these inclusion criteria. The data were extracted and independently coded by three researchers. Results: Most studies focused on paramedicine students and employed pre- or quasi-experimental designs. The primary simulation topics were cardiac and trauma resuscitation. Educational outcomes were assessed using variables such as confidence, knowledge, performance, satisfaction, problem-solving abilities, and critical thinking. Confidence was the most frequently measured outcome variable. Most studies included debriefing sessions, and a few utilized Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice (RCDP) to enhance training effectiveness. Conclusion: Simulation-based paramedicine education has shown positive impacts on learners’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral competencies. However, future research should expand to include in-service professionals, such as paramedics and firefighters, incorporate more qualitative methodologies, diversify simulation topics, and focus on evaluating real-life clinical performance. This review provides foundational insights into the current trends and future directions for enhancing the quality of simulation-based education in Korean paramedicine programs.

Purpose: This study investigated career identity, decision-making, and preparation behaviors among emergency medical service (EMS) students after clinical practice, aiming to enhance their career guidance by identifying influential factors. Methods: This study targeted 178 students enrolled in the Department of Paramedicine in K-do, G-do, and D metropolitan cities. Data were collected between March 14th and April 30, 2024. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0, employing techniques such as frequency, correlation, and multiple regression analyses. Results: The findings indicated that components of career identity, encompassing affective and cognitive aspects, exerted significant effects on career decision levels (career assurance and career indecision) (p<.01, p<.001), whereas behavioral factors influenced aspects of career preparation, such as tool preparation, information collection, and practical effort(p<.001). Moreover, career decision levels (career assurance and career indecision) were found to affect information collection, a subcomponent of career preparation(p<.05, p<.01). Conclusion: Considering these factors and actively empathizing with and counseling students would lead to effective career guidance in the field of Emergency Medical Services.

본 연구는 일반인들의 재난 인식, 재난 태도, 재난 대처 능력 간 관계를 분석하고 재난 인식에 대한 필요성을 제시, 대처 방안을 마련하고자 시도되었다. 본 연구는 D광역시, K도에 거주하고 있는 일반인 250명을 대상으로 시행 하였다. 수집 기간은 2021년 7월 16일부터 7월 31일까지로 하였다. 본 연구결과 재난 인식과 재난 태도, 재난 대처 능력 간 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 일반인들의 재난 인식은 재난 대비 필요성에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다(p<.001). 또한 재난 태도(재난 관리, 재난 대비 필요성)가 재난 대처 능력에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것 으로 나타났다(p<.05, p<.01). 따라서 일반인들의 재난 인식과 재난 태도를 높일 수 있도록 꾸준한 홍보 등이 이루어 져야하며, 이와는 별개로 재난 대처 능력을 높이기 위한 구체적이고, 주기적인 교육 등도 함께 마련되어야 할 것이다.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between disaster perception, disaster attitude, and disaster response ability among the general public, and to provide basic data to raise awareness of disasters and prepare countermeasures. The study was conducted from July 16 to July 31, 2021, and targeted a total of 250 ordinary people living in K-do and D metropolitan cities. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between disaster perception, disaster attitude, and disaster response ability. Specifically, the study found that the general public's perception of disasters had a significant impact on the perceived necessity for disaster preparedness (p<.001). In addition, disaster attitude (disaster management, necessity for disaster preparation) was found to have a significant impact on disaster response ability (p<.05, p<.01). Therefore, it is recommended that steady public relations efforts be carried out to increase awareness of disasters and disaster attitudes among the general public. In addition, specific and periodic education programs should be developed to enhance disaster response abilities.

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze variables related to paramedic students' major satisfaction comprehensively and present development plans to improve major satisfaction. Methods: Five studies were selected for analysis. The overall average effect size, effect sizes for each related variable, and publication bias were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 2.0 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). Results: Various known variables related to major satisfaction were found to have little correlation, and paramedic students' major satisfaction were highly correlated variables, such as major commitment (ES=.781), and department adaptation (ES=.722). Conclusion: Research should be continuously conducted to examine additional variables correlated with the major satisfaction of paramedic students.

일본어와 한국어의 오노마토피아(어)는 다른 나라 언어에 비해 풍부하다고 알려져 있다. 일상 회화 중 오노마토피아(어)를 듣는 경우도 많고, 오노마토피아(어)는 동사나 형용사만으 로 나타내기 어려운　동작이나 상태를 생동하게 나타낼 수 있어 어린 아이들이 많이 접하는 만화나 그림책에서도 자주 사용된다. 일본어의 오노마토피아(어)에 관한 연구는 선행연구에서 매우 활발히 진행되고 있었다. 그 러나 일본어와 한국어의 오노마토피아(어) 비교에 대한 연구는 그다지 활발하지 않다. 또한 일본어와 한국어의 오노마토피아(어)를 '만화'를 통해 고찰한 선행연구는 명확하지 않다. 따라서 본고에서는 같은 제목, 같은 내용의 일본판, 한국판 만화 「도라에몽」을 이용해 오 노마토피아(어) 사용에 어떤 차이가 존재하는지 형태적 특징과 의미적 특징으로 나누어 분석 하려한다. 그결과, 형태적 특징의 경우, 가장 출현빈도가 많은 형태는 일본어와 한국어 모두 2음절이 었다. 또한, 일본어도 한국어도 1음절어나 2음절어 같은 순간적인 음을 나타내는 단어가 압도 적으로 많이 존재하였다. 의미적 특징의 경우, 일대일 대응, 설명식 대응, 대체식 대응, 추가식 대응이라는 네 가지 형태가 존재하였다.

Japanese and Korean languages are rich in onomatopoeia compared to other languages. In daily conversation, we can often hear onomatopoeia, which cannot be expressed by verbs or adjectives. As onomatopoeia can express actions and states very well, it is very practical. Whether in Japanese or Korean, “onomatopoeia” is a good representation of sound, and it is easily found in the cartoons that many children are exposed to at an early age. There exists an abundance of previous research on Japanese onomatopoeia. However, the comparative research on Japanese and Korean “onomatopoeia” is rare. In addition, any research on Japanese and Korean “onomatopoeia” found in “manga” is almost nonexistence. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the different uses of onomatopoeia in the phonological and semantic forms in Japanese and Korean laguages through “Doraemon”, a cartoon with the same title and the same content in both Japanese and Korean. In terms of phonological features, the highest frequency in Japanese and Korean is 2 syllables. In both Japanese and Korean, the number of words that represent an instant sound, like one or two syllables, is overwhelming. In the case of semantic features, there were four forms such as one on one response, explanatory response, substitutive response, and additive response.

This study investigated the developmental trajectories of attachment trauma of early adolescents at Community Child Centers to their parents and examined the effect of individual differences in the degree of initial trauma and the change rate of trauma on depression. To this end, this study used a sample of early adolescents at Community Child Centers from the second Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey data(2014~2018) collected by National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). The analysis results using the Latent Growth Model (LGM) are as follows. First, the average level of attachment trauma in early adolescents decreased over time. The individual differences in the initial level of and the change rate of attachment trauma were statistically significant. Second, the initial attachment trauma in early adolescents significantly predicted their depression. Third, the change rate of trauma significantly predicted depression of 13-year-olds and indirectly predicted depression of 14-year-olds.

본 연구는 급속한 인구고령화를 겪으며 노인돌봄의 필요성이 높아지는 한국 사회에서 돌봄서비스 활동을 수 행하고 있는 사회공헌활동 기부은행 사업의 효과성을 탐색하고, 사업참여자들의 참여만족도가 사회통합감에 미 치는 영향관계를 검증하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 사회공헌활동 기부은행 사업에 참여하는 돌봄대상자와 돌봄봉사자의 생활변화 효과성에 주목하여 참여만족도가 사회통합감에 영향을 미치는지 검증하고, 돌봄대상자 와 돌봄봉사자와의 인터뷰를 통해 참여대상자들의 효과성에 대한 구체적인 의견을 수렴하였다. 전국의 50개 사 회공헌활동 기부은행 사업수행기관을 대상으로 돌봄대상자와 돌봄봉사자에게 각각 500부의 설문지를 배부하여 조사를 수행하였으며, 수거된 설문지 중 응답이 부실한 설문지를 제외하고, 돌봄대상자 462부, 돌봄봉사자 464부 를 최종적으로 분석에 활용하였다. 질적연구를 위해서는 돌봄대상자 7명과 돌봄봉사자 13명을 대상으로 초점집 단면접을 수행하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 돌봄대상자와 돌봄봉사자 모두 높은 참여만족도를 나타내 었다. 둘째, 참여만족도는 사회통합감 증진에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 돌봄대상자와 돌 봄봉사자 모두 사회공헌활동 기부은행사업을 통해 개인적인 치유와 성장, 사회적인 소통과 네트워크를 통해 사 회적 통합을 경험하게 되는 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 사회통합의 효과성이 큰 사회공헌활동 기부은행 사업을 보 다 활성화하기 위해 수행기관의 확장과 인력지원, 아울러 프로그램 개발과 포인트제도 개선 등 양적 질적인 발 전을 도모해야 할 필요성 등을 논의하였다.

This study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the donation bank project for social contribution activities that are carrying out caring service activities through social contribution activities in our society where the need for caring for the elderly in increasing due to rapid population aging. To this end, this study focused on the social integration of the caring subjects and caring volunteers who participate in the donation bank for social contribution activities and verified whether the satisfaction of participation effects the promotion of social integration and specific opinions of caring subjects and caring volunteers were collected through interviews. The survey was conducted by distributing 500 questionnaires for caring subjects and 500 questionnaires for caring volunteers to 50 social contribution donation bank business organization nationwide. Focus Group Interviews were conducted with 7 caring subjects and 13 caring volunteers. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, both the caring subjects and caring volunteers showed high satisfaction with participation. Second, the satisfaction of participation in the project had a significant effect on the improvement of social integration. Third, both the caring subjects and caring volunteers experienced social integration through personal healing and growth, social communication and network with the donation bank project for social contribution activities. In order to further revitalize the donation bank project, which has a great effect on social integration, it is necessary to expand the performing institutions and support the manpower, and to promote qualitative development such as program development and point system improvement.

The purpose of this study is to verify the mediating effect of self-efficacy in relation to marriage satisfaction and the social support of immigrant women. The research data for the analysis were collected from those who using multi-cultural family support centers in Siheung of Gyeonggi-do and Ansan from September 30 to October 21, 2017, and a total of 223 people were used in the final analysis. The analysis methods examined the characteristics of the subjects through frequency analysis and technical statistics, and a hierarchical regression analysis was performed to verify the effectiveness of mediator effects. The statistical program used SPSS 22.0. The analysis showed that social support and self-efficacy of married immigrant women had a significant impact on marital satisfaction. In addition, self - efficacy had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between the social support of married immigrant women and marital satisfaction. Based on these results, we discussed practical implications for social support and self-efficacy to improve marriage satisfaction of married immigrant women.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of cell phone addiction on communication skills and the interpersonal relationship ability of adolescents. Methods: The researcher recruited 751 high school students to assess their general characteristics, communication skills, cell phone addiction and interpersonal relationship ability. Data were collected from June 30 to July 14 in 2014 using copies of a structured self report questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear multiple regression using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 IBM program. Results: Of the students, 3.5% reported they were addicted users, and 7.6% reported they were heavy users. Results from multiple regression analysis showed that cell phone addiction did not have any influence on communication skills of the adolescents. However, cell phone addiction mostly affected the interpersonal relationship ability of the adolescents (β= .24, p<.001). Poor school performance (β= .17, p<.001) and low socioeconomic status (β= .12, p<.05) were also related to the interpersonal skills of the adolescents. These variables explained 8.3% of the variance in the interpersonal skills of the adolescents. Conclusion: These results suggest that cell phone addiction has a negative influence on the development of the interpersonal relationship ability of adolescents. The findings of this study are expected to provide basic data about the influence of cell phone addiction on the interpersonal relationship ability of adolescents. Therefore, cell phone addiction treatment programs for adolescents need to include contents related to interpersonal relationship ability.

본 연구는 중국 청소년들의 패션동조성을 알아보고 이를 기준으로 세분집단별 패션성향과 패션소비행동의 비교와 함께 스포츠 아웃도어 웨어의 디자인 요소를 추출하고 이에 대한 중요도를 평가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 자료 수집은 설문지를 통해 중국 상해 중·고등학교에 재학 중인 여학생을 대상으로 진행되었다. 결과분석을 위해 SPSS win 21.0 프로그램을 사용하였으며 실증적 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 패션동조성에대한 하위구성차원은 준거집단으로부터 최신스타일과 유행정보를 받아들이는 ‘최신유행 스타일동조’, 소속집단의 의복 기대에 순응하는 ‘규범적 의복동조’, 준거집단의 의복스타일을 모방하려는 ‘동일시적의복동조’의 3개 요인이 추출되었다. 동조성에 대한 하위구성차원을 기준으로 군집분석을 실시한 결과 ‘복합적 고동조집단’, ‘스타일 동조집단’, ‘소극적 중립집단’으로 분류되었다. 둘째, 중국 청소년들은 전체적으로 높은 의복관여 수준을 보이면서 최신유행을 선도함과 동시에 개성을 추구하는 소비자집단으로 규명되었다. 동조 동기와 준거대상에 따른 동조유형은 의복관여와 패션지향성의 각 하위차원에 다른 영향력을 보였다. 셋째, 세분집단별로 볼 때 ‘복합적 고동조집단’은 유명브랜드 및 유행관여와 사회적 관여수준이 상대적으로 높고 유행을 선도함과 동시에 개성을 추구하는 집단이며, ‘스타일 동조집단’은 스타일 관여가 가장높은 집단으로 유행을 선도하지만 개성추구 성향은 오히려 ‘소극적 중립집단’보다도 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 가벼운 액티브 활동이 일상화되어있는 중국 청소년들은 스포츠 아웃도어 웨어 선택 시 감성적디자인 요소로서 유희적 활동성을 충족시킴과 동시에 착장과 활동적합성이 고려된 기능적 디자인 디테일에 대한 요구가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 다섯째, 세분집단 간 차이를 비교한 결과, ‘소극적 중립집단’은 겉으로 두드러지는 감성적 디자인 요소를, ‘스타일 동조집단’은 기능적 부분이 고려된 디자인 요소를 상대적으로 중요하게 평가하고 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 패션 동조성이 중국 패션시장의 새로운 소비주체인 청소년을 대상으로 하는 스포츠 아웃도어 마켓에 유효한 세분화 기준으로 실효성을 가질 수 있기를 기대한다.

This study aims to examine the fashion conformity of Chinese adolescents and compare fashion orientation and fashion consumption behaviors of segmented groups in sports outdoor wear market. Data was collected from female students enrolled in middle and high schools in Shanghai, China. SPSS win 21.0 was used for the analysis of data. The results of this empirical study are as follows. First, fashion conformity was composed of three factors: trendy style conformity, normative clothing conformity and identifying clothing conformity. Cluster analysis for fashion conformity was classified into high complex conformity group, style conformity group and passive neutral group. Second, Chinese adolescents showed high level of fashion involvement, and were identified as the consumer group that seeks both the trendy fashion and individuality. Third, the high complex conformity group showed relatively high fashion brand style involvement and the social symbolic involvement and sought the trendy fashion leadership along with their individuality, while style conformity group showed the highest style involvement that leads the trendy fashion, their tendency to seek individuality was even lower than that of the passive neutral group. Fourth, for Chinese adolescents who daily active sports are habituated, showed a high demand on the playful activity as an emotional design factor in addition to the functional design details for sportive outdoor wear. The high complex conformity group considered both emotional and functional design factors. However, passive neutral group more focused on the emotional design factors, while style conformity group focused on the functional design factors. This study has implications for Korean fashion companies that are considering to enter the China. Fashion conformity is effective criteria for segmentation of sports outdoor wear market that targets the adolescents as the new consumers group in China’s fashion market.

본 연구는 중국 여성 소비자들의 의복쇼핑성향을 알아보고 이를 기준으로 세분집단별 구체화된 패션소비행동에 대해 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 자료수집은 패션제품의 소비가 활발한 20대∼30대 중산층 여성소비자를 대상으로 2014년 1월부터 6주간 상해를 중심으로 설문지를 활용한 개별 인터뷰방식으로 진행되었으며, 300명의 유효 응답치를 SPSS 21.0 프로그램으로 분석하였다. 실증적 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 응답자들은 의복비 지출 비중이 높은 신흥 중산층 집단으로 전통적 가치관과 현대적 가치관을 동시에 수용하고 있었다. 둘째, 의복쇼핑성향에 대한 요인분석결과 브랜드 과시적 쇼핑성향, 충동적 쇼핑성향, 경제적 쇼핑성향, 유행추구 쇼핑성향, 향유적 쇼핑성향, 합리적 쇼핑성향의 6개 요인이 추출되었다. 셋째, 의복쇼핑 하위차원에 대한 군집분석결과 합리적 쇼핑성향을 기본 특징으로 향유적 유행추구 집단, 경제적 소비지향 집단, 합리적 유행추구 집단, 적극적 소비향유 집단, 과시적 충동소비 집단으로 유형화되었다. 넷째, 5개 세분집단별 활용하는 패션정보원 유형에 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 기존 매체를 활용한 마케터 주도적 정보원의 영향력뿐 아니라 개인적 정보원의 영향력과 온라인 정보원의 영향력이 큰 집단으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 각 세분집단 간 쇼핑장소 선호에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 한국패션제품 수용과 관련된 국가이미지, 패션제품에 대한 이미지, 구매한 제품에 대한 만족도, 구매의도에 대한 평가는 우호적이었으며, 적극적 소비향유 집단의 태도가 가장 좋은 것으로 조사되었다. 하지만, 과시적 충동소비 집단과 향유적 유행추구 집단에서 한국 패션제품에 대한 이미지가 유의한 수준에서 낮아 아직까지는 이들의 과시적 욕구와 상징적 욕구를 충족시키지 못한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 의복쇼핑성향이 다변화된 중국 중산층 여성 소비자들 대상으로 한 마켓의 유효한 세분화 변수임을 검증하였으며, 각 세분집단별 특성을 기준으로 국내 패션기업의 중국 여성복 시장 진출 시 차별화된 세분 마켓 전략 수립을 위한 실무적 시사점을 얻기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the clothing shopping orientation of the Chinese female consumers and the characteristics of fashion consumption behaviors according to clothing shopping orientation. Data were collected among the middle class female consumers in their 20s-30s on January, 2014 in Shanghai. 300 valid responses were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. The empirical results of this study were as follows. First, they were new middle class consumers with greater spending on clothing expense, who embraced both the traditional and modern values. Second, the factor analysis showed that clothing shopping orientation consists of six factors; the brand conspicuous shopping orientation, impulsive shopping orientation, economic shopping orientation, trend-seeking shopping orientation, enjoyable shopping orientation, and rational shopping orientation. Third, as the result of the cluster analysis, the sub dimensions of clothing shopping orientation were categorized into 5 groups with a reasonable shopping orientation as the basic characteristic; enjoyable trend pursuing group, economic shopping oriented group, reasonable trend pursuing group, active consumption enjoying group, and conspicious impulsive consumption group. Fourth, there were significant differences in the fashion information sources and shopping places. The marketer leading information source was predominant, but the influences of personal source and online source were preferred by large numbers. Fifth, evaluations on the acceptance of Korean fashion products were positive and the active consumption enjoying group’s attitude was the most favorable. However, the evaluations on Korean fashion products were significantly low in the conspicious impulsive-consumption group and enjoyable trend pursuing group. Through this study, clothing shopping orientation was verified as effective segmentation variables for Chinese middle class female consumers and it is expected to give practical implications for differentiated market strategies based on the specific characteristics of each group when Korean apparel companies enter the Chinese women’s market.

본 연구의 목적은 소방공무원의 사회적 지원이 직무만족도과 소진에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 한다. 연구대상은 강원, 경기, 서울에 소재하는 소방안전센터에 근무하고 있는 소방공무원 남녀 251명을 대상으로 2013년 4월 15일부터 5월 12일까지 실시하였다. 연구방법은 빈도분석, 상관관 계 및 다중회귀분석을 실시하였고, 통계분석은 모두 유의수준 p<.05로 검증하였다. 결과는 다음 과 같다. 소방공무원들의 사회적 지원과 직무만족도 및 소진 간에 각각 유의한 상관관계가 있었 다. 대상자의 직무만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 사회적 지원의 하위요인인 상사의 사회적 지원 (β = -.469)과 동료의 사회적 지원(β = .934)로 나타났으며, 소진에 영향을 미치는 요인은 사회적 지원의 하위요인인 상사의 사회적 지원(β = -2.081)과 동료의 사회적 지원(β = 3.117)로 나타났다. 총 설명력은 각각 31.1%와 21.1%였다. 본 연구를 통하여 소방공무원의 직무만족도와 소진에 영 향을 미치는 다양한 요인들을 파악하고 직무만족도를 높일 수 있는 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of social support provided for fire officers on their job satisfaction and burnout. The subjects in this study were 251 male and female fire officers in the 119 fire centers located in Gangwon, Gyeonggi Province and Seoul. A survey was conducted from April 15 to May 12, 2013. As for data analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were made, and the level of statistical significance was all set at p<.05. The findings of the study were as follows: The social support provided for the fire officers had a significant correlation with their job satisfaction and burnout. The factors that affected their job satisfaction were social support from supervisors(β=-.469) and social support from colleagues(β=.934), which were the subfactors of social support. The factors that exercised an influence on burnout were social support from supervisors(β=-2.081) and social support from colleagues(β=3.117) as well, which were the subfactors of social support. The overall explain ability percentage of the two variables respectively stood at 31.1 and 21.1 percent. Given the findings of the study, it's required to grasp influential factors for the job satisfaction and burnout of fire officers in more detail, and the development of programs geared toward boosting their job satisfaction is necessary.

본 연구에서는 패션브랜드 온라인 커뮤니티 활동을 통해 소비자들이 얻게 되는 혜택의 하위구성차원을 밝히고, 커뮤니티 참여수준에 따라 집단별로 커뮤니티 참여혜택 차원이 커뮤니티에 대한 애호도형성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 비교하고자 하였다. 실증적 연구는 패션브랜드 온라인 커뮤니티 회원 250명을 대상으로 자료수집이 이루어졌으며, SPSS 18.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 온라인 브랜드 커뮤니티 참여활동을 통해 소비자들이 얻게 되는 혜택에 관한 요인분석결과 ‘실용적 정보추구’, ‘정서적 관계만족’, ‘경험적 충족’, ‘경제적 혜택’의 4개 요인이 추출되었다. 둘째, 패션브랜드 온라인 커뮤니티 활동 소비자들은 커뮤니티 참여 기간과 참여 강도를 기준으로 한 커뮤니티 참여수준에 따라 ‘제한적 활동집단’, ‘활동 미특화집단’, ‘활동 특화집단’, ‘열성적 활동집단’으로 유형화되었다. 셋째, 커뮤니티 참여수준별 커뮤니티 애호도 형성에 대한 중회귀분석을 실시한 결과 참여강도가 강한 ‘활동 특화집단’과 ‘열성적 활동집단’은 경험적 혜택 요인이, 참여강도가 약한 ‘제한적 활동집단’과 ‘활동 미특화집단’은 실용적 정보 혜택에 의한 영향이 커뮤니티 애호도에 상대적으로 크게 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 커뮤니티 활동 회원들의 효과적인 커뮤니티 애호 형성을 위해서 커뮤니티 참여 수준에 맞춘 차별화전략이 적용되어야함을 보여준다. 궁극적으로는 패션기업의 브랜드 전략의 한가지로 온라인 브랜드 커뮤니티를 통한 e-CRM인 온라인 고객관리의 유용성을 제시하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the sub-dimensions of the benefits which consumers are able to receive from online fashion brand communities; that is, to categorize the consumers according to the level of participation and then determine the appealing points for forming community commitment according to the level of community participation by comparing the effects of the benefits from community participation on the formation of community commitment according to individual group category. For this empirical study, data was collected from 250 members of fashion brand communities and the collected data was processed using SPSS 18.0. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, as a result of a factor analysis on consumers’ benefits from online fashion brand community activities, 4 factors were extracted: seeking practical information, emotional relationship satisfaction, experiential meetings, economic benefits. Second, consumers were categorized into ‘limited activity group’, ‘non-specialized activity group’, ‘specialized activity group’, and ‘enthusiastic activity group’ according to the level of participation (participation period × participation intensity). Third, the results of a multiple regression analysis on the formation of community commitment by group category according to the level of community participation suggested that the activity specialized group with high participation intensity and the enthusiastic activity group are more influenced by experiential meetings regarding the formation of community commitment, whereas the limited activity group with low participation intensity and the non-specialized activity group are influenced by practical information benefits regarding the formation of community commitment. Thus this study is essential to application of differentiation strategies according to the level of community participation. Ultimately, the utilization of e-CRM through an online brand community can be presented as a fashion company brand strategy.

본 연구는 새터민의 문장읽기를 통하여 그들의 억양에서 나타나는 특징을 알아보고자 어절의 억양과 문장의 끝 억양을 중심으로 새터민 성인과 경상남도 거주 성인의 말을 비교하였으며, 차 후 연구 혹은 새터민 억양에 관한 기초적인 자료를 제공하고자 하는데 의의를 두고 실시하였다. 연구대상은 부산광역시에 거주하고 있는 4,50대 새터민 성인 2명과 같은 지역에 거주하고 있는 4,50대 성인 2명이다. 새터민 성인은 북한 함경북도 출신으로 함경북도 방언을 사용하였으며, 남한 이주 후에는 하나원에서 적응 교육을 마치고 부산에서 계속 거주하였다. 경상남도 거주 성 인은 경상남도 출신으로 부산에서 30년 이상 거주하여 전형적인 경상남도 방언을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 두 집단 간의 억양을 비교하기 위해 문장읽기를 통하여 발화를 수집하였다. 읽기 자료는 어절의 억양을 위한 13개의 문장과 문장 끝 억양을 위한 문장 8개로 총 21개의 문장으 로 구성하였다. 음성은 소음이 통제된 방에서 각 대상자가 편안히 앉은 상태로 Praat(version 5.1.23)을 사용하여 녹음하였다(44,100Hz, mono). 모든 대상자들은 21개의 문장을 순차적으로 2 회 반복하여 발화하도록 하였으며, 이중에 가장 자연스러운 발화 샘플 하나만 선택하여 분석하 였다. 본 연구의 결과 어절의 억양에서 새터민 성인은 전체적으로 어절단위로 오르내림이 경상남도 거주 성인과 비슷한 굴곡조로 나타났으나 그 주파수 변화 폭에 있어서 새터민 성인이 더 많은 차이가 나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 문장 끝 억양에서 평서문의 경우 새터민 성인은 경상남도 거주 성인과 마찬가지로 대체로 내림조로 나타났으나, 내림조의 경우 그 정도가 완만하게 나타났으 며 굴곡조로 나타나는 문장은 그 폭이 매우 크게 나타났다. 의문문의 경우 경상남도 거주 성인 과 새터민 성인 모두 내림조로 그 끝이 내려가는 것을 알 수 있다. 이는 일반적으로 의문문의 끝이 올라가는 것과 대조적인 것으로 경남방언에서와 마찬가지로 함경북도 방언에서도 같은 특 징이 나타나는 것을 알 수 있다.

This research goal was to find out the characteristics of North Korean defector`s intonation through their sentence reading, and compare languages between North Korean defector adults and South Korean adults focused on the intonation of words and the intonation at the end of the sentence. This research was carried out to provide basic knowledge about North Korean defectors` intonation for future use. The subjects of study were 2 North Korean defectors in their 40~50s who live in Busan, and 2 SK adults who live in the same area and are in the same age group. The North Korean defectors are from Hamkyungbukdo, and used a dialect of Hankyungbukdo. After they moved to South Korea, they received adoption training at 'Settlement Support Center for North Korean Refugees (Hanawon)',and have lived in Busan ever since. The SK adults were from Busan, and have lived in Busan for more than 30 years, and hawe used the typical Gyungsangnamdo dialect. To compare the intonation between the two groups, this researcher collected recordings from sentence reading. Reading materials consisted of 21 sentences in total, 13 sentences to show the intonation of words, and 8 sentences to show the intonation at the end of the sentence. Voice recordings were made in a noise regulated room, in comfortable sitting position, using Praat(version 5.1.23)(44,100Hz, mono). All subjects made a reading of 21 sentences in order, repeated twice. The most natural speech sample was chosen to analyze. The results of this research show that, regarding the intonation of words, North Korean defector group adults generally made a sinuation melody up and down in word units similar to SK adults, but their range of frequencies was broader. Regarding the intonation at the end of sentences, in the case of declarative sentence, the North Korean defector group adults finished the sentence in a down drift, the same as the South Korean adults, but, in the down drift, the North Korean group made a more gradual decrease. However, in sentences with a more pronounced sinuation melody their down drift at the end also decreased more dramatically. In interrogative sentences, both the North Korean defector group and the SK group finished the sentences in a down drift The Gyungnam dialect and Hamgyungbukdo dialect share this same characteristic that is in contrast to Standard Korean.

본 연구는 기업의 CSR 활동이 기업전략수단으로 활용될 수 있는 실무적 시사점을 얻기 위하여 공익에 대한 관심 및 대상 브랜드에 대한 친숙도와 같은 소비자의 특성이 CSR 활동내용에 대한 평가에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하였으며, CSR 활동 적합성과 활동 동기에 대한 소비자 인지적 평가와 브랜드 태도형성의 관계에서 CSR 활동 기업에 대한 신뢰의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 자료수집은 CSR 활동에 대한 홍보내용을 자극물로 사용하여 패션제품의 소비가 활발한 20대~40대 여성소비자를 대상으로 505명의 유효 응답치를 SPSS 18.0 프로그램으로 분석하였다. 실증적 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소비자들의 공익관심수준이 높을수록 CSR 활동의 적합성에 대한 평가와 공익적 동기추론을 강하게 한다. 둘째, 소비자들이 브랜드에 대해 친숙할수록 CSR 활동의 적합성에 대한 평가를 긍정적으로 하지만, CSR 활동의 공익적 동기추론이나 영리적 동기추론과는 유의한 관계를 가지지 않는다. 셋째, 소비자들의 공익관심도와 브랜드 친숙도는 CSR 활동에 대한 영리적 동기추론에 대해 상호작용효과가 나타났다. 넷째, CSR 활동 적합성과 CSR 활동에 대한 공익적 동기추론은 CSR 활동 기업에 대한 신뢰를 매개하지 않고도 바로 긍정적인 브랜드 태도를 형성할 수 있지만 CSR 활동에 대한 영리적 동기추론에 대해서는 CSR 활동 기업에 대한 신뢰를 매개해야만 긍정적인 브랜드 태도를 형성할 수 있다. 따라서 패션기업의 실무자들은 기업의 특성과 이미지에 부합 되는 CSR 활동이 기업 활동에 도움이 되며, 소비자로부터 받는 CSR 활동에 대한 긍정적인 평가는 단순한 경쟁력 창출에서 나아가 잠재적 비용과 위험을 감소시키고 기업 신뢰 확보에 용이하여 궁극적으로 우호적인 브랜드 태도를 형성할 뿐 아니라 다른 마케팅 요소들과 가치 창출의 시너지가 가능하기 때문에 진정성을 가지고 CSR 활동을 수행해야할 것이다.

This study aimed to examine how consumers' characteristics such as interest in CSR and target brand familiarity, affect the evaluation of CSR fit and CSR motivation in order to obtain practical implications for CSR activities of companies. The mediating effects of corporate trust in the relationship between cognitive assessment and brand attitude were particularly tested using Baron and Kenny's approach. A total of 505 complete responses were obtained from core consumers in the fashion market with promotional leaflets for CSR activities as stimuli and the data was analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program. The results are as follows. First, a higher level of consumer interest is strongly related to CSR fit and charity-based CSR motivation. Second, CSR fit is evaluated more positively when consumers are familiar with the brand, but there is no significant relationship between evaluation and charity-based or economic-based CSR motivation. Third, a significant interaction effect is found between brand familiarity and interest in charity-based CSR motivation. Fourth, CSR fit and charity-based CSR motivation for CSR activities have a direct impact on brand attitude without the mediation of corporate trust, but economic-based CSR motivation for CSR activities affect the brand attitude with the moderating effect of corporate trust. Therefore, fashion companies should take note that CSR activities matching the characteristics and image of the company are helpful for business, and positive consumer evaluations of CSR activities may reduce potential cost and risk as well as create synergy with other marketing elements.

본 연구의 목적은 국내에 도입되어 있는 SPA 브랜드들을 대상으로 SPA 브랜드 매장의 VMD에 대한 소비자 평가와 이에 따른 제품평가 및 구매 선호도의 영향관계에 대해 살펴보는 것이다. 또한 SPA 브랜드의 유형에 따른 소비자의 VMD 평가와 제품평가 그리고 구매 선호도의 차이를 비교하고자 한다. 실증적 연구를 위해 사용될 상표의 선정을 돕기 위해 전문가 자문과 패션 유통 관련 2차 자료를 검색하여 국내에서 유통되는 10개의 SPA 브랜드를 선정한 후, SPA 브랜드의 주 고객 연령층인 20대~40대 여성을 대상으로 자기 기입식 설문작성을 하도록 유도하여 유효 데이터만을 추출해냈다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. SPA 브랜드의 VMD 평가에 대한 요인 분석결과 ‘공간구성 및 정보성’, ‘연출 및 유행성’, ‘전반적인 매장분위기’의 3가지 요인이 추출되었으며, SPA 브랜드의 제품평가에 대한 요인 분석결과 ‘감성적 제품평가’, ‘기능적 제품평가’의 2가지 요인이 추출되었다. VMD 평가를 구성하는 하위차원들은 제품평가의 각 차원에 모두 영향을 주며, 제품 평가의 각 차원은 모두 구매 선호도에 영향을 주었다. 특히 주목할 부분은 VMD 평가차원 중 공간구성 및 정보성 요인은 구매 선호도로의 직접경로뿐 아니라 제품평가의 두 가지 차원인 감성적 제품평가와 기능적 제품평가를 매개로 한 간접경로가 모두 관찰되었다는 것이다. 이는 매장의 역할이 더욱 중요하게 부각되는 SPA 브랜드의 경우 매장의 공간구성 및 상품에 의한 정보전달만으로 소비자의 구매의사결정을 이끌어 낼 수 있다는 것을 의미한 것으로서 단순히 VMD가 상품의 연출 및 유행성을 보여주는 심미적 평가의 부각으로는 구매 욕구를 자극하기에 부족하다는 것을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate consumers’ evaluation of the VMD of SPA brands and examine the effect their evaluation has on product evaluation and purchase preferences, focusing on SPA brands introduced into Korea. In addition, it compares the difference between consumers’ evaluation of the VMD and products according to type of SPA brand by comparing the differences in VMD evaluation, product evaluation and purchase preferences according to consumers’ shopping tendencies. 10 SPA brands distributed in Korea were selected based on consultations with experts and a search for second stage data related to fashion distribution to help select brands used for an empirical study. Then, women in their twenties to forties, the main age customer groups of SPA brands, filled out self-entry typed questionnaires and the results were used to extract only valid data. The results of this study are as follows: As a result of analyzing factors for the VMD evaluation of SPA brands, three kinds of factors were extracted - ‘space layout and information factor’, ‘display and trend factor’ and ‘store atmosphere factor’. As a result of analyzing factors for the product evaluation of SPA brands, two kinds of factors were extracted, such as ‘emotional product evaluation’ and ‘functional product evaluation’. All the sub-composition dimensions of VMD evaluation had an effect on all the sub-composition dimensions of product evaluation and sub-composition dimensions of product evaluation had an effect on the purchasing preferences as well. Moreover, out of the sub-composition dimensions of VMD evaluation, the ‘space layout and information factor’ was observed not only to be a direct course to purchase preferences, but also to be an indirect course mediating the sub-composition dimensions of product evaluation. For SPA brands that highlight the role of a store more than anything else in particular, just the space layout and information factor can induce a decision to make a purchase in consumers, which implies that aesthetic VMDs that only display products and trends are not good enough to lead to purchases.

This survey was compared and analyzed using a questionnaire to survey 186 dental hygienists working in Kyung-nam province, South Korea. It was conducted from July 2009 through August 2009. Indicators of building related self-consciousness symptoms of health were extracted. The data was analyzed using the SPSS WIN 13.0 program. The following conclusion were reached. 1. Among general traits, age, marriage, dental office, the amount of medical experience, position, and the number of working years were analysed as significant. 2. Among general characters related self-consciousness symptoms of health, the group of general symptoms and stimulus symptoms were higher than the group of skin symptoms and respiratory organ symptoms. Musculoskeletal Disorder Subjective Symptom experience of ‘Numbness of the shoulder region’ and ‘There are parts of wrist pain and numbness’ 4.19±0.801, 4.19±0.895 were higher than the group. Respiratory organs symptoms experience of ‘My heart seems stuck’ 1.63±0.744 were lower than the group. 3. The dental hygienist has to stand straight up for long periods of time. The percentage they have to bend over to do their work is, 3.99±0.73. The percentage for sitting in a stool for long periods of time is 3.85±0.75 were higher than the group. The percentage for standing straight up with both legs together is 2.31±0.063. They were the lowest group. 4. Satisfaction with working conditions in Psychological satisfaction of environmental conditions 3.19±0052 were higher than the group, the degree of relaxation time 2.35±0.059 was lower than the group. 5. According to experience, the percentage for workers air time is the worst environmental conditions afternoon 91(48.9%) the most common, the number of natural ventilation of Once a day to 92(49.5%) respectively. The primary cause of odor on suction 97(52.2%), the number of working out outside on never been out 86(46.2%) respectively. Standing working hours 6-8H 86(46.2%) respectively.

In the recent age of excessive exposure to information, the fashion information industry is more important than simple assistant relations. The purposes of this study were: 1) to classify the fashion information systematically from user's perspective and 2) to compare the awareness and practical using behavior of fashion information among user groups in apparel industry. For an empirical research, online survey was conducted with questionnaire about the awareness of information service and information searching behaviors. 221 samples collected from textile/garment manufacturing businesses, exporting businesses, retailers and each of the work areas of designing and product planning of fashion assisting industries and 216 samples were finally analyzed As a result of an exploratory factor analysis to identify the structural dimensions of fashion information, three factors were extracted; marketing research information, fashion trend forecasting information, and market trend information. Differences in the awareness of importance and practical applications of on line based fashion information according to type of fashion industry and work area were tested by compared t-test. The results of this study suggest that the contents of daily fashion information accessible at real times are becoming important and fashion information may be classified by the level of processing.