Earticle

민사소송법 제216조는 제1항에서 확정판결은 주문에 포함된 것에 한하여 기판력 을 가진다고 하면서, 예외적으로 제2항에서 상계를 주장한 청구가 성립되는지 아닌 지의 판단은 상계하고자 대항한 액수에 한하여 기판력을 가진다고 규정하고 있다. 이와 같이 판결이유 중의 판단임에도 불구하고 상계 주장에 관한 법원의 판단에 기판력을 인정한 취지는, 만일 이에 대하여 기판력을 인정하지 않는다면, 원고의 청 구권의 존부에 대한 분쟁이 나중에 다른 소송으로 제기되는 반대채권의 존부에 대한 분쟁으로 변형됨으로서 상계주장의 상대방은 상계를 주장한 자가 반대채권을 이중으 로 행사하는 것에 의하여 불이익을 입을 수 있게 되고, 상계주장에 대한 판단을 전 제로 이루어진 원고의 청구권의 존부에 대한 전소의 판결이 결과적으로 무의미하게 될 우려가 있게 되므로 이를 막기 위함이다. 이러한 상계항변에 기판력을 인정하는 취지를 구체적으로 이해하고자 본고에서는 상계항변의 기판력에 대하여 다음의 순서 로 살펴보았다. 먼저, 기판력을 인정하는 요건을 자동채권에 관한 것과 수동채권에 관한 것으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 전자에서는 자동채권에 대한 법원의 실질적 판단이 필요하다는 점과 법원의 실질적 판단에 의해 상계항변의 사법상의 효력이 발생한다고 하는 통 설･판례(정지조건설)가 적당한지, 본래 상계의 효력발생시점인 상계의 의사표시가 상 대방에게 도달한 때로 볼 것인지(해제조건설)에 대해 살펴보았다. 후자에서는 수동채권이 존재할 것 및 수동채권이 소송물(혹은 이에 준하여)로 심판되는 채권일 것이라 는 요건을 살폈다. 그리고 피고가 상계항변을 한 경우에 원고가 상계(소송상 상계 혹은 소송외 상계)를 재항변으로 제출하는 것이 적법한지를 검토하였다. 여기에서는 앞의 수동채권이 존재해야 한다는 실체법적 측면과 소송절차의 안정성 유지, 복잡성 배제라는 소송정책적 측면을 고려하였다. 다음으로는 상계항변에 인정되는 기판력의 구체적 내용에 관한 대립학설을 알아보 았다. 마지막으로는 상계항변에 인정되는 기판력의 객관적 범위에서는, 특히 자동채권액 이 수동채권액을 초과하는 경우, 법원이 소구(수동)채권액의 일부만 인정하는 경우 나아가 복수의 자동채권 중 일부는 인정되고 일부는 인정되지 않은 경우에, 기판력 이 발생하는 ‘상계하고자 대항한 액수‘를 어떻게 이해할 것인지에 관한 수동채권액 한도설과 자동채권 전액설에 대하여 설명하였다. 나아가 소송외 상계 재항변에도 기 판력이 인정되는지에 대한 긍정설과 부정설을 살펴보았다.

Article 216 of the Civil Procedure Act stipulates that in paragragh 1, a final judgement has res judicata only if it is included in the order. Even if the judgement is confirmed, if the judgement in the grounds of judgement is not binding, the dispute may be reproduced and the judgements in the grounds of judgement may be contradictory, so it is a question of whether to recognize the res judicata in the grounds of judgement. On the other hand, as an exception, the determinatioin of whether or not a claim claiming offset in paragragh 2 is established is determined to have res judicata only for the amount opposed to offset. The purpose of acknowledging the res judicata in the court’s judgement on the offset claim is that if the res judicata is not recognized, the dispute over the existence of the plaintiff’s claim will be transformed into a dispute over the existence of the counterclaim filed in another lawsuit, preventing the counterclaim from double exercising the counterclaim. Therefore, in order to understand the legal principles according to the purpose in detail, this paper examined the res judicata power of the countervailing defense. First, the requirements for recognizing res judicata will be divided into automatic bonds and passive bonds. In the former, we will examine whether the court's practical judgement on automatic bonds is necessary, whether the precedent (suspension condition theory) that the judicial effect of the countervailing defense is appropriate, and whether the expression of intention to set off, which is the originally effective time, reaches the other party (revocation condition theory). In the latter case, the existence of passive bonds and whether the passive claims are claims judged as litigation items (or equivalent thereto) are problematic. And, in the case where the defendant makes a defense of set-off, we will review whether it is lawful for the plaintiff to submit a set-off (namely, litigation set-off and non-litigation set-off) as a re-defense. This will be considered in consideration of not only the substantive legal aspect that passive claims must exist, but also the litigation policy aspect of maintaining the stability of the litigation process and eliminating complexity. In addition, we examine the objective scope of the substrate power recognized in countervailing defense, especially if the automatic bond exceeds the passive bond amount, and if the court recognizes only a part of the claim (manual) bond amount, some of the multiple automatic bonds are recognized and some are not recognized. Furthermore, we will look at the positive and negative theories on whether res judicata are recognized in countervailing disputes other than litigation.

본 연구를 위해 먼저 국내⋅외 해상⋅해안국립공원의 운영프로그램 현황에 대한 조사를 시행하였으며, 조사된 일부 사례의 경우 기후 및 지형적 요인, 그에 따른 생태환경의 차이, 그리고 관련 법령 차이 등의 이유로 즉시 국립공원에 도입하기 보다는 중⋅장기적 운영계획과 인프라의 확충, 전문성 확보 등 체계적인 준비가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 보다 적합한 탐방프로그램의 개발을 위해 사업대상지 현장방문을 실시하였으며, 기존 운영프로그램 현황, 각종 시설, 인력현황 파악, 주변 환경 분석, 담당자 인터뷰 등을 통해 맞춤형 탐방프로그램을 구성하였 다. 태안해안국립공원의 경우, 연구원 협업 철새 가락지 부착체험, 태안 해변길 - 솔모랫길 탐방, 태안해변 드론 탐방, 마음의 의자, 연날리기, 새와 예술 그리고 … 등의 체험형 프로그램과 한서대학교와 함께하는 해양 안전 교육 프로그램, 유류 오염 교육 프로그램 등의 교육형 프로그램 등 모두 8가지 해양국립공원 운영프로그램이 도출되었다. 제안된 탐방프로그램을 운영하기 위해서는 별도의 장소 및 운영시설의 확충, 예산편성, 운영을 위한 타당성 검토 등이 우선되어야 할 것이다. 특히 탐방프로그램을 효율적으로 운영하기 위해서는 프로그램 지도자의 역량개발이 필요하며, 현재 운영되고 있는 프로그램을 보완하고 새로 운 프로그램을 시행하기 위한 추가적 논의가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

For this study, we first examined the currently operating programs of domestic and overseas maritime and costal national parks. It was found that some of the programs require systematic preparations such as mid- and long-term operation plans, infrastructure expansion, and maintenance of professionalism rather than immediately introducing them into national parks due to the differences in climatic and geographic factors, ecological environment, and relevant regulations. To develop more suitable programs, on-site visits were made and the customized programs were suggested by closely examining the status quo and interviewing people in charge of running the currently offered programs. For Taean Coastal National Park, eight programs were recommended as feasible ones, including the experiential programs such as Bird Ringing, Taean Beach Trail - Sol Sand Trail Walking, Travel Taean Beach with Drone, Thinking Chair, Kite Flying, and Culture & Arts Program (Birds, Arts, and …), and the educational programs such as Marine Safety Training and Oil Pollution Awareness Program. For the suggested programs to be realized, the expansion of separate places and operating facilities for each program, budgeting, and feasibility study should be preceded. To operate the programs effectively and efficiently, in particular, it is necessary to develop the competency of program leaders, and additional discussion for supplement the currently operated programs and implement new programs.

이 글은 학지(學知) 최광 교수의 연구저작물에 대한 해제이다. 그는 1985년 3월부터 2013년 2월까지 28년간 한국외국어대학교 경제학과에 재직하였다. 그 사이 2년의 연구년과 5년여의 공직봉사 기간을 가 졌다. 미국 유학기간을 포함한 36년의 연구생활 기간(1977~2012년) 중 280편이 넘는 저작을 남겼는데 저서, 편저, 역서 및 보고서가 90편이고 학술논문이 197편이다. 영어 저작이 60편인데 저서 등이 9권, 논문이 51 편이다. 동료 연구자나 후학과의 공저도 없지 않지만 많은 경우가 1인 저작이다. 이들 저작에 관한 상세한 서지(書誌)는 2012년에 간행된 정년퇴임 기념문집에 부록으로 정리되어 있다. 그는 그간의 학문적 업적과 학문의 국제교류에 기여한 공로로 세계 60여 개국 1,200여명의 재정학자에 의한 우편투 표로 선출되는 국제재정학회(IIPF) 운영이사(총 12인, 임기 3년)에 선임된 바 있다(1999년, 2002년). 본고에서는 학지 연구저작물의 개요를 간략히 정리하고 이들의 내용 소개와 학술적 정책적 의의 고찰 의 순으로 서술한다. 저서와 논문의 경우 8가지 주제 즉 경제성장의 정치경제학, 재정과 재정정책, 세제 와 조세정책, 재정사와 조세정책사, 공공선택론, 지하경제와 금융실명제, 자본주의 시장경제, 제도경제학 과 정명론(正名論)으로 구분하여 정리하고 있다. 각 주제에서는 학문적 열정이 컸던 초기의 저작과 그가 대표 저작물로 꼽은 것을 중심으로 해제한다. 그리고 오래 전의 연구과제인 경우 최근의 연구 동향을 함께 소개하여 독자의 이해를 돕고 있다.

This essay is an bibliographical notes and their analysis focused on Prof. Kwang Choi who is an emeritus professor at the Department of Economics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies(HUFS). He has worked for HUFS last 28 years and retired from the professorship in February 2013. He wrote over 280 volumes during 36 years of research period from 1977 when he was studying for Ph.D at the Department of Economics of University of Maryland to 2012, one year before retirement at HUFS. His academic outputs include 90 volumes of books and reports and 197 academic articles. In these writings 60 volumes are written in English, which consist of 9 books and 51 professional articles. Most of his writings were written by him alone. Details of bibliography are described at appendix of Bae Jun-Ho(2012) which was published as a memorial book for Kwang Choi’s retirement. At first, I summarize the outline of his writings, and describe the contents, meaning and implication of his works from the perspectives of academics and policy application. I classified his writings by 8 themes, such as political economy of economic growth, public finance and public policy, taxation and tax policy, history of public finance and taxation, public choice, underground economy and real-name financial transaction system, market economy and capitalism, institutional economics and right naming to an event or thing.

The objective of this study is to determine the possibility of re-using waste concrete. The strength test was conducted with four aggregate compounds(0%, 15%, 30%, 50%) which were replaced a natural aggregate with recycled aggregate. For the relatively comparison between natural and recycled compounds, while the unit aggregate weight was changed, other conditions were fixed. The results of experiments showed that the strength value was usually similar or decreasing within the limites of 50 percent and blow and the best of it was 30% of replacement ratio because recycled aggregate includes high rate of absorption and adhered mortar. As a result, recycled aggregate concrete with mechanical properties of plain concrete can be used as an alternative.

The food industry is growing faster and absorbing variety fields. Despites this developments, HMR industry is not concerned as well. In this situation, need to focused in HMR. So, the purpose of this study is to segment Home Meal Replacement(HMR) customer for marketing based on F&B Information Recognition. Using the factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and ANOVA to find out different behavioral intention in each clusters, the result elicited some implications. First, Using factor analysis to reduct F&B Information Recognition variables and analyzing the level of recognitions for the grouping by cluster analysis. The results showed that 3 clusters(High, Mid, Row recognition of F&B information) were founded and had difference in behavioral intentions. Cluster 3 which is higher recognition group has higher satisfaction of F&B information recognition and purchasing their favorite stores. The customers who have row level of recognitions lead to low satisfactions and repurcahsing. The result shows that market researcher in food and berverage should approach different marketing strategy and provides various information might customer want. This research need to survey broad populations for generalizing the results and using diversity variables to reveal relations between information and another variables.

This study has been carried out in order to make a contribution to insuring substan-tiality of the hotel industry's training in the future by grasping what effects the training and organizational environment of the hotel industry will have on the motivation of employees.For accomplishing the purpose, this study has advanced theoretical considerations based on documentary research and previous studies and also conducted demonstrative an-alyses using the variables extracted through the theoretical considerations.The questionnaire survey was confined to employees working in the guest room depart-ment, food and beverage department, cuisine department and administrative (supporting) de-partment of 13 top-class hotels in Seoul Metropolitan Area, and the self-administered method was chosen for questionnaire survey. It has turned out that support from the organization and bosses, in particular, have a very significant effect on the motivation, and this verifies the support of the organization or bosses can help carry out work activities with strong motivation and raise the volition of achieving the objectives. That means the motivation of employees will be enhanced if there is an institutional mechanism for this support.

OECD 주요국의 연금체계와 개혁동향을 분석, 우리의 연금개혁에 주는 시사점을 모색한다. 기초연금을 도입,운영하는 일본과 영국의 사례, 기초연금이 없는 독일, 프랑스, 미국의 사례를 살펴봄으로써 2년째 담보상태인 우리 연금개혁의 방향을 찾아본다. 모수치 조정 개혁을 추진하는 정부여당의 시도는 기초연금 도입이라는 구조 개혁을 주장하는 야당의 반대에 부딪혀 법개정이 미뤄지고 있다. 기초연금 운영국가와 그렇지 않은 국가의 십수년에 걸친 연금개혁의 기본방향과 이러한 방향을 가져온 국가별 특성를 분석하여 우리 연금개혁에 대한 시사점을 찾아보았다. 분석결과 독일, 일본에 뿌리를 두고 있는 국민연금은 희귀한 유형의 제도가 되었지만, 기초생활보장과 연계한 운용으로 영국, 독일의 사회보장과 유사한 보장효과를 낼 수 있는 제도이고, 사각지대 해소와 공무원연금과의 형평성 도모가 남은 과제이며, 기초연금을 운영하는 영국, 일본의 경험과 최근 논의는 기초연금 도입의 필요성에 의문을 던져준다는 점 등을 지적하고 있다.

Last decade many OECD countries reformed their public pension system including private pensions. Two countries that have basic pension, Japan and England tries to reform its basic pension to another pension or a public assistance system by introducing pension credit or minimum guarantee pension. Also Germany, France and USA that have no basic pension tries to reform its public pension of income proportionate type to less benefits type or to introduce individual account similiar to IRA and Keogh plan. Korea have tried to reform cutting pension benefit from two years ago but not to accomplish its reform because of resistance by opposition parties. This paper reviews case studies in many OECD countries concerning public pension reform last decade and tries to get implications for Korean pension reform. Especially reviewing the appropriateness of introducing new basic pension plan into nation pension system, we insist on adapting parametric reform such as cut benefits and increase contribution rate instead of paradigmatic reform such as introducing basic pension.

Writers such as Johnson(1979) Rosenbluth(1989) Calder(1993) Katz(1998) who have investigated Japanese problems empathize that some kind of characters decribing so called Japanese Economic System(JES) and MITI's industrial policy could be listed the most powertful factors to explain Japan's high-level economic growth during last four decades. JES decribes the characteristic Japanese economy structure where bureaucrat in MITI and MOF and some politians representing industry and business' interests play a key role in planning and budget allocation, and are accustomed to use administrative interference, regulation /protection to urge compromise and yields of related business and industry for the purpose of pursuing living-together/minimizing drop-out strategy if necessary. Elite bureaucrat did not admit of winner-takes-all system that have prevailed in western world in Japan market. They have been educated to lay priority in equality and cooperation than efficiency and competition. Also they appreciate social-democratic compromise in decision making of hot conflict issues to accomplish Sozialstaat ideal. Of course many business conglomarates including old-chaibatz, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo could get competitiveness by virtue of high value added technology and R&D projects for semi-conductor, supercomputer, space and aviation technology. That projects have been coordinated by MITI and affiliated institutions for the purpose of catching up with western industry and surpassing them until 1980s. In this paper we insist that government-guided growth strategy namely JES could not function well in borderless global economy of these days even though it have accomplished to build comparative advantage of Japanee business and industry until 1980. Japanese bureaucrats wish to keep up with small government under increasing social security burdens, so that they can pursue no more living-together strategy that depend on budget expenditure for public works and public investment and loans. Also they have lost powerful policy tool like financial intervention since performances of financial institutions including big banks and securities have grown worse during last decade.

The bioequivalence of two aceclofenac tablets was evaluated in 14 normal volunteers (age yrs) following oral administration. The test product was 'Apental tablet' made by Asia Pharmaceutical Co. and the reference was 'Airtal tablet' made by Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co. After one tablet containing 100 mg aceclofenac was administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of the drug in plasma was quantitated with an HPLC method. AUC, were calculated and statistically analyzed for the bioequivalence of the two products. The results showed that the differences in AUC, between two products were , respectively. The powers for AUC,$\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}\;were\;>90\%,\;>90\%\;and\;85.8\%$, respectively. Confidence intervals were within for three parameters. All of these parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that 'Apental tablet' is bioequivalent to 'Airtal tablet'

리튬이온 배터리(Lithium-ion batteries)는 휴대용 전자기기, 전기차, 그리고 전력망 응용 분야에서 지배적인 에너지 저장 기술로 자리잡고 있다. 그러나 -20℃ 이하의 저온 환경에서는 전기화학적 반응 속도의 저하, 이온 전도도의 감소, 전극-전해질 계면의 불안정성 등으로 인해 성능이 급격히 저하된다. 본 리뷰에서는 저온 리튬이온 배터리의 최신 연구 동향을 종합적으로 고찰하였다. 특히 전극 소재 설계, 전해질 공학 및 계면 조절 기술과 같은 새로운 접근법을 중심으로 논의하였다. 또한 극한 환경에서의 실용화를 위해 해결해야 할 도전 과제와 향후 발전 방향을 제시하였다.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the dominant energy storage technology for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid applications. However, their performance deteriorates significantly at sub-zero temperatures due to sluggish electrochemical kinetics, reduced ion conductivity, and unstable electrode-electrolyte interfaces. This review summarizes the recent progress in low-temperature LIBs, focusing on electrode material design, electrolyte engineering, interface modification, and emerging strategies such as solid-state electrolytes and external thermal management. Challenges and future directions for realizing practical low-temperature LIBs in extreme environments are also discussed.

금속-유기 골격체(MOF)는 매우 큰 비표면적과 조절 가능한 다공성, 금속 노드와 유기 리간드의 조합을 통한 구조·전자적 특성 설계 용이성으로 인해 리튬 이온 전지(LIB) 전극 소재로 주목받고 있다. 이러한 특성 덕분에 MOF는 음극과 양극 모두에 적용될 수 있으며, 특히 MOF 유래 다공성 나노구조는 모체의 기공 네트워크를 보존해 충·방전 과정에서의 부피 팽창을 완화하고 높은 용량을 구현함으로써 장기 사이클 성능에 기여한다. 한편 양극 적용은 본질적으로 낮은 전기전도도와 구조 취약성의 제약을 받기 쉬워, 전도성 탄소와의 복합화, 헤테로원자 도핑, 전도성 2차원 MOF 합성, MOF 유래 탄소/금속 코팅 및 킬레이트 작용기를 갖는 MOF 중간층을 활용한 계면 안정화 등 다양한 설계 전략이 병행되고 있다. 본 총설은 이러한 전략을 중심으로 최근의 공정·설계 기법을 체계적으로 정리하였다. 끝으로 대면적 전극 제조와 장수명 구동 환경에서 요구되는 화학적·전기화학적 안정성, 원가 및 공정 호환성 이슈를 논의하고, 실용화를 위한 향후 연구 방향을 제시한다.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their exceptionally high specific surface areas, tunable porosity, and modular control over structure and electronic properties via reticular chemistry. These attributes enable the use of MOFs in both anodes and cathodes. In particular, MOF-derived porous nanostructures preserve the parent pore network, buffer the volume change during cycling, and deliver high capacities, thereby improving long-term cyclability on the anode side. Cathode applications, however, are often limited by the intrinsically low electrical conductivity and structural fragility of many MOFs. To address this, recent strategies include forming composites with conductive carbons, heteroatom doping, synthesizing 2D conductive MOFs, applying MOF-derived carbon/metal coatings, and employing chelating MOF interlayers to stabilize interfaces and mitigate transition-metal crossover while facilitating Li-ion transport. This review organizes summarized recent developments of MOFs for enhanced ion transport and stability. Remaining challenges in large-area electrode fabrication, chemical/electrochemical durability, and cost/process compatibility are discussed, together with perspectives toward practical MOF-based LIB electrodes.