Earticle

세계 경제에서 차지하는 중국의 위상이 커지면서 가이아나를 포함한 카리브해에 위치한 국가들에 대한 중국의 원조가 증가해왔다. 특히 가이 아나에 대한 중국의 교육 지원과 경제 협력이 두드러지면서 두 국가 간 관계가 강화되고 있다. 지난 46년 이상 지속된 가이아나와 중국의 관계를 살펴보면서 이 논문은 중국이 가이아나의 경제와 사회발전에 기여한 부분에 대한 고찰을 통해 카리브해 지역에 대한 중국의 접근 방식을 살펴보는 것을 목표로 하고 있다.

Recently China has been solidifying ties with Caribbean countries. Being the second major economy in East Asia and the world, China has been able to provide foreign aid and investments to the Caribbean, including Guyana. Because of China’s and Guyana’s long standing relationship that includes diplomacy, trade and investment and people to people diplomacy, Guyana has been able to benefit greatly from aid to enhance its economic and social development. Many Guyanese students have benefited from studying in China and Guyanese businesses have benefited from having access to China’s emerging market. Through these initiatives, China not only have a growing presence in the Caribbean but Guyana specifically. This has resulted in China fostering a relationship in the Caribbean and Guyana based on mutual friendship, trust and cooperation. Both the Caribbean and Guyana are mutual beneficial partners from this relationship. Located geographically on South America’s north Atlantic coast and culturally and historically connected to the rest of the Caribbean, Guyana is a developing country. It’s the only English speaking nation-state in Latin America. With over 46 years of bilateral ties with the PRC, this research is aimed at examining this relationship. China has been making significant contributions to trade and investment in Guyana and as such it is important to explore how these projects have benefited Guyana and China mutually. Also, China has given aid in the areas of health, education, infrastructure, security and technology. Therefore it is useful to study the effects of these initiatives on Guyana’s social and economic development. This paper seeks to primarily identify the economic and social benefits of foreign aid from China to Guyana. In addition it looks at some of the sectors that have benefited from China aid in Guyana. Further, it will address how China scholarships have benefited the education sector in Guyana. Finally, it will address the issue of how China aid benefits emerging states in Latin America and the Caribbean.

지난 수 십 년 간 중국은 아프리카 대륙에 많은 관여정책을 추진해왔다. 중국과 아프리카의 경제 관계는 상당한 진전을 이룩했고 이는 특히 1988년 외교관계를 수립한 중국-남아프리카공화국 관계에서 두드러진다. 많은 학자들은 중국이 아프리카에 지니는 관심을 안정적인 에너지와 천연자원 확보라는 전략을 통해 설명하고 있다. 이 논문은 중국과 남아프리카공화 국 관계를 두 나라의 역사, 경제, 정치 관계를 통해 되돌아보고 이들이 제공하는 도전과 기회 그리고 미래에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 있다.

During the last couple of decades, China has found itself engaging further and more deeply with the African continent. The economic relations seemed to have improved significantly for most African countries, and in particular for South Africa, which officially established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China in 1998. Since then, bilateral relations between South Africa and China has remarkably deepened. Most scholars suggest China’s reason for engagement in Africa is to satisfy its energy and raw material needs. This paper aims to describe China-South Africa relations by referring to its history, and to analyze its current economic and political relations, identifying the opportunities, challenges, and effects that arise from the relationship.

국제무역은 세계를 하나로 묶고 상호의존적인 관계를 형성시킨다. 미국과 중국은 세계의 가장 큰 경제로 이 둘의 긍정적인 관계는 세게 경제 안정과 발전의 핵심적인 요소로 작용한다. 하지만 최근의 미중 무역분쟁은 양국 관계의 긴장을 유발시키고 있다. 이 논문은 미중 무 역분쟁의 배경, 미국의 선제 행동과 중국의 대응 그리고 이 과정이 대만에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 있다. 이를 통해 미중무역분쟁의 과 정을 요액하고 함의를 도출하고자 한다.

International trade helps to connect different parts of the world, establishing interdependent relations. China and the United States are the world’s largest economies and positive relations between these two countries is the key to global stability, and development (CCG, 2018). However, the recent trade war is causing tensions between Sino-US economic ties. This articletackles the background of the U.S.-China trade war, the United States Action and the response of China to the United States’s protectionist measure, and the impact of trade war to Taiwan and its actions towards the issue. This paper will conclude by summarizing the issue and show its implications.

식민지에서 독립한 이후 가나는 발전을 위한 심각한 장애물에 부딪혔으 며 이는 가나의 경제발전을 가로막는 요소로 작용했다. 가나 정부의 지속적인 노력에도 불구하고 급속히 증가하는 인구성장으로 인해 가나의 발전은 여전히 지체되었다. 중국 정부가 실행한 2007년 가나의 국채 탕감 과 이후 중국이 지속한 인프라와 기술 분야에 대한 투자는 가나의 성장을 앞당기는 주요 요인으로 기능했다. ‘원조 넘어 가나’는 가나가 원조 공여국 에 대한 경제적 종속을 지양하고 풍부한 천연자원을 활용해 독자적인 발전 정책을 추진하기 위해 마련한 정책이다. 이 논문은 원조 넘어 가나 정책을 통해 가나와 중국이 상호협력, 신뢰, 존중을 통해 공동 발전을 추진해 온 과정을 설명하고 이를 통해 가나가 중국의 성공 스토리를 자체적으로 계승 발전시킬 수 있는 가능성을 지니고 있음을 설명하고 있다.

Since colonial era through independence, Ghana has faced myriads of developmental challenges ranging from infrastructure deficit, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, corruption, poor governance amongst others and this has stalled the economic growth and development of the country. Successive governments have contributed efforts through various intervention programmes to help address these developmental bottlenecks. Most of these interventions have been successful but with a rapidly growing population, a lot still needs to be done. China’s involvement in Ghana’s development commenced in 1961, shortly after the two countries established formal diplomatic relations. The former’s developmental assistance to the latter has contributed immensely in helping Ghana address its developmental challenges; from writing off Ghana’s debt in 2007 to massive infrastructure and technological breakthroughs in the area of energy, transport, telecommunication, and building construction, China has now become a major developmental partner for Ghana as well as a top trading partner in recent years. The move by Ghana to go ‘beyond aid’ was born out of the need for the country to chart its own development path by prudently managing the country’s natural resources and financing its development agenda without depending on external assistance. In other words, the country will be in-charge of its own reforms and development agendas rather than allowing priorities to be set by donor partners and institutions. In addition, the ‘Ghana Beyond Aid’ agenda aims at equal partnership and mutual benefits with developmental partners. The paper argues that, Ghana and China have come a long way through mutual cooperation, trust and respect. Four decades ago, China embarked on aggressive economic reforms that propelled its economy from low-income to high-income status, thus, as Ghana is seeking to replicate China’s success story by undergoing similar reforms through its ‘Ghana Beyond Aid’ agenda, the bilateral relations between the two countries will further be deepened, moving it to greater heights. The impact of the reforms will be mutually beneficial and the prospects are equally promising.