Earticle

Neurotransmitters has been implicated in a number of physiological and behavioral functions, such as control and regulation of affective behavior, sleep, vigilance, reward system, motor and cognitive function, and neuroendocrine function. The nanotechnology-based bio-barcode- amplification analysis offers an innovative approach to detect dopamine. We evaluated the efficacy of this protein-detection method in detecting dopamine in normal and oxidative stress damaged dopaminergic cells. In this study, a coupling of DNA barcode and bead-based immnunoassay for detecting neurotransmitter with PCR-like sensitivity is reported. The method relies on magnetic nanoparticles with antibodies and nanoparticles that are encoded with DNA and antibodies that can sandwich the target protein captured by the nanoparticle-bound antibodies. The aggregate sandwich structures are magnetically separated from solution, and treated to remove the conjugated barcode DNA. The DNA barcodes were identified by PCR analysis. The concentration of dopamine in dopaminergic cell can be easily and rapidly detected using bio-barcode assay. The bio-barcode assay is a rapid and high-throughput screening tool to detect of neurotransmitter such as dopamine. Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (2009-0080860) and by the Nano/Bio Science &Technology Program (M10536090001-05N3609-00110) of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and by Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea as "The Eco-technopia 21 project".

A lipid bilayer plays an important role in studying ion channels. However, a lipid bilayer created using conventional techniques is not storable and automatable, precluding practical applications. We have formerly described a method of forming a droplet interface bilayer by falling an aqueous droplet on the interface created between aqueous and organic phase. Here we demonstrate a storable lipid bilayer precursor frozen with ion channels implementing DIB. A glass vial with aqueous solution and organic solution, 4:1 mixture of hexadecane and n-decane with 3% asolectin dissolved, was flash frozen in -80℃ methanol immediately when an aqueous droplet was released. Upon thawing, the gravity automatically draws the droplet down to the interface along the electrode to initiate lipid bilayer formation. Lipid bilayer formed and incorporation of ion channel alpha-hemolysin showed typical capacitance and conductance consistent with previous literatures. This golden method as a whole can be automated, leading to fully labor free task that can be carried out in any place, increasing the accessibility of ion channel studies and applications for nanobio sensors, drug screening and DNA sequencing.

A CPP (cell penetrating peptide) screening method was developed using mRNA display. The target cell lines, i.e. Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK 293) and HeLa cells, were incubated with a mRNA display library and the cDNA/mRNAs fused with CPPs were harvested after cell washing, amplified with PCR, and subsequently sequenced. The screened CPPs for each cell line were identified after 4 rounds of selection. CPPs showing a higher cell penetration efficiency were selected, and they were compared with a well known CPP, i.e. polyarginine (R11).

Total 7 PCBs antigen have been produced and used for the antibody generation and validation. And 6 polyclonal antibodies against PCBs have been produced G1-1/G1-2/G2-1/G2-2/G2-3/G2-4), 19 monoclonal antibodies {1F7, 2C7,5A6(G2-1), 2A11, 3A11, 4D7, 22G7(G2-2), 1G6, 10F9, 12G5(G2-3), 1E7, 2A10, 3H4, 4F10, 5A9, 5C2, 6F1, 6H3, 7C4(G2-4)} against PCBs are developed. 11 clones out of 19 are massively produced. 8 clones have been conjugated with gold. In final, 2 clones 2A11 (G2-2), 2A10(G2-4) have been selected for the Biosensor as a result of validation test. It is expected that the cost and time for measuring the transformers’ PCB by the developed antibodies would be more competitive and swift than by GC-MC or GC-ECD. Also the more effective Biosensor would be developed if the additional validation test is performed and PCBs detect test is supplemented.

A lipid bilayer integrated with ion channels is used in various fields such as molecular sensors and drug discovery. Many researchers study drug screening by using a lipid bilayer and membrane proteins. However, the current techniques of a drug screening platform using lipid bilayers are not compatible with high throughput format. Here we demonstrate a high-throughput screening platform using PDMS. The PDMS absorbs the organic solvent. Using the property of the lipid bilayer self-assembly process can control thinning out time. We have developed a membrane array system using high freezing point organic solvent and PDMS material to ensure mobility. Moreover, we describe the M.S.T(Multi-switching-tool) for measuring multi membranes. This system as a whole provides mobility as well as multiple electrical measurements for drug screening. Unlike the conventional system, our device is compatible with a standard HTS system, potentially enabling high-throughput screening of ion channel related drugs.

The cardiac troponin I (cTnI), one of biomarkers to diagnose acute myocardial infarction. In order to produce recombinant single chain variable fragments (ScFv) antibody against cTnI, Single-stranded complementary DNAs were synthesized from the hybridoma cell lines #6 and #12 which produce specific antibodies against cTnI. Heavy chain variable region and light chain variable region were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Each amplified gene was linked using (Gly4Ser)3 linker. Then each scFv gene fragment was cloned into pET26b vector containing signal sequence pelB for secretion of target proteins. ELASA analysis revealed that the secreted scFvs were active against cTnI. In order to display on the surface of M18 phage display the cTnI-ScFv12 gene fragment fused with PⅢ gene derived from M18mp19 was cloned into pUC119 phagemid vector. ScFv-cTnI12 was successfully displayed on M13 phage, and antibody engineering will be progress to improve binding affinity of the antibody.

As surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a convenient and sensitive method that can detect the analytes even on a single molecule level using a simple nanostructure, it has been employing as an attractive strategy for sensitive DNA sensing. Here, we report the development of a multiplex bacterial DNA detection method employing Au particleon-wire systems as a SERS sensing platform1. The Au NW-on-wire exhibits superb reproducibility, excellent sensitivity, and good time stability. A pattern formed by multiplex Au NW sensors provides positional address and identification for each sensor. By using this system, multiplex target DNAs were detected with a detection limit of 10 pM in a quantitative manner. The target DNAs obtained from reference strains and clinical samples were identified by the particle-on-wire SERS sensor developed in this study successfully, predicting practical values of this sensor in a variety of biosensing application where DNA binding involved. [This research was supported by IT Leading R&D Project from the Ministry of Knowledge Economy through IITA, and World Class University Program of MEST.]

A novel DNA-based biomemory device that was comprised of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of ssDNA/Cu heterolayers on Au electrodes was fabricated for making biomemory device. A thiol-modified single strand DNA (26 bp) was designed and immobilized on the Au electrode. The film fabrication was confirmed by surface plasmon resornance (SPR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The redox properties of the ssDNA/Cu molecules were measured though cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments and open circuit potential to assign the memory parameters. The open circuit potential amperometry (OCPA) provides a various memory function using these three assigned parameters. This novel DNA-based memory device gives the new-type memory system for new biochip technologies. Acknowledgments : This research was supported by the Nano/Bio science &Technology Program (M10536090001-05N3609-00110) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), by the Original Technology Research Program for Brain Science through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2009-0093907), and by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) and Korea Industrial Technology Foundation (KOTEF) through the Human Resource Training Project for Strategic Technology.

Progress in biomedical imaging depends on the development of probes that combine low toxicity with high sensitivity, resolution, and stability. A new class of highly fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles with narrow size distributions and enhanced photostability, known as poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene (MEH-PPV) cores coated by silica-based shells were prepared with a reverse micelle method and their fluorescent properties. The morphologies, particle size distribution and fluorescent properties of MEH-PPV/SiO2 particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size analyzer and fluorescence emission spectra by DLS, UV, PL, ELS, confocal microscopy.

Various methods have been developed to concentrate bacteria from the raw sample by their coagulations and sedimentations. However, these methods did not prefer to low concentration bacteria in the real world applications. In this study, we developed simple concentration method of gram negative and positive bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, respectively). High concentrated bacteria (gram negative and positive) were well isolated using hydrophilic surface under salty condition (pH4, 100mM of phosphate) whereas the adsorption efficiencies of bacteria were dramatically decreased in case of low concentrated bacteria. We optimized the bacteria adsorption on hydrophilic surface using aquatic chemistry. The optimal conditions were determined with PEG and divalent cations for E. coli and with divalent anions for B. cereus. The adsorption rate increased up to 50% when low concentration bacteria less than 102c.f.u were applied with optimal conditions. As a result, this method could be directly applied to detect E. coli in low concentration in beef sample [101c.f.u/g]. Acknowledgment: This subject is supported by Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea as “The Eco-Technopia 21 project” and by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No.M10755160002-20100020657))

Hybrid liposomes and Quantum Dots(QD) are widely used in medical fields of science as a novel fluorescent platform. Detection of disease related molecules and targeting of tumor cells can be done using functional group attached lipid. However, current techniques to create quantum dot(QD)- encapsulated liposome are not up to date requiring a long time and expertise. Moreover, liposomes created with conventional techniques are not evenly sized. Therefore, we demonstrate an automated platform of quantum dot(QD)-encapsulated liposome using microfluidic device and spinning device in order to collaborate multiple steps as a single process. In this paper, we illustrate the concept of automated formation method of quantum dot(QD)-encapsulated liposome. We have confirmed the properties of quantum dot(QD)- encapsulated liposome made by using microfluidic device and spinning device under fluorescent microscope, confocal laser scanning microscopy and particle analyzer. This automated formation method of quantum dot(QD)-encapsulated liposome will provide a more effective and efficient than formation method by using sonication or extruder instruments.

Artificial taste sensors, so called ‘electronic tongues’, are normally used in food and beverage industry. Usually those electronic tongues utilize synthetic materials but cannot mimic the biological features of the human tongue. To overcome these limitations, we applied biological human taste receptor to the development of artificial taste sensor. Here, we demonstrated human bitter taste receptor, hTAS2R38, produced from E. coli-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube (swCNT)-field effect transistor (FET) can detect target tastant with high selectivity and sencitivity. Each taster (PAV) and non-taster (AVI) haprotype of human bitter taste receptor genes, hTAS2R38, were cloned into bacterial expression vector and expressed in E. coli at high-level. The receptors were then immobilized on swCNT-FET sensor platform and stimulated by various tastants. The taster haplotype (PAV) of hTAS2R38 on swCNT-FET responded to bitterness compounds, phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and propylthiouracil (PROP), with high sensitivity up to concentration as low as 100 fM but non-taster haplotype (AVI) did not. This artificial taste sensor showed very similar to performance with human taste system.

Cell adhesion on solid surface is one of the key processes in cell based micro chip and medical fields such as implants and artificial organs [1]. Particularly, cell adhesion manipulations without any chemical and biological reagents have been studied at in vivo applications. However, systematic results have not been reported yet. We investigated nano structural effect on the adhesion of epithelial cells on the solid surface [2]. Well defined PMMA (Poly (methyl methacrylate)) nano pillar structures with a diameter of 60 nm and various lengths of 50 - 200 nm was fabricated by nano imprinting methods based on nanoporous AAO template. These structures were confirmed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). As a result, the cell adhesion manipulation with only nano pillar structure could be applied for cell to be patterned. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No.M10755160002-20100020657) and Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea as “The Eco-Technopia 21 project”

The graphene have been widely explored as supporting materials for decoration of noble-metal nanoparticles (NPs) owing to a large surface area, excellent mechanical and chemical properties. However, there are insufficient nucleation sites on graphene sheets for growth of metal NPs, which results in low loading metal NPs. Recently, several attempts have been developed to achieve high loading NPs on graphene sheets for various applications. Herein, we demonstrated the functionalization of graphene sheets (G) with ionic liquid (IL) (f-graphene) and preparation of gold (Au) NP/f-graphene nanohybrids for glucose biosensor. The morphology of Au NP/f-graphene was investigated by TEM imaging. The electrochemical properties of Au NP/f-graphene were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry measurements.

Planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) are primary tools in studying ion channels that working lipid bilayer and bio screening. Painting methods, introduced by Muller, are used widely but the method has several drawbacks of needed high skilled operator and lack of stability that assemble it inefficient. For this reason Mueller method has critical drawbacks as substituted by patch clamp method, another gold standard method to study ion channels in live cell. Consequently, Mueller method to assemble lipid bilayer has been studied for increasing stability, lessen intensive labor and decreasing degree of skill required. First, we use high melting point lipid solution which 2:8 squalene and hexadecane mixture. The lipid solution freezes at ~14°C. The lipid solution was deposited a small aperture and frozen before using at experiment. The membrane precursor can be stored freezing and enabling transportation. This membrane precursor can be transported to other place and thawed where a membrane is needed. However, using high melting point lipid solution method has a low success rate (~30%) and various thinning out time. To overcome the problem, pin tool is used for exact volume control in previous work. Despite increased precision of deposition, several problems remained. To resolve problems we used PDMS gasket instead of conventional hydrophobic films. PDMS gasket extracts organic solvent, promoting lipid bilayer formation. This characteristic advanced optimization and at the same time reduced the membrane formation time to ~30 minutes. Membranes were created timely in a controlled. Adapt to automated array system. An array of lipid bilayer membrane can be developed for the potential use of high-throughput ion channel screening. To exhibit high-throughput measurement of ion channels use an analog switch, enabling sequential measurement of each membrane using just one amplifier. Membranes measured using this switch were shown identical to those in the conventional system. We will show a number of potential applications using our membrane system. BLMs can be used for high-throughput screening.

Recently, we can find that a successful results of solid devices and biochips in the development of nanosclae lithographic technique. Nanoimprint lithography(NIL) is most effective to make nanospatterns because of its merits. Especially ultraviolet-nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) is widely used among nanoimprint lithography method because of efficiency in view of cost and time. By using this technique, we get successfully fabricated 100nm wide silicon nanowires on the Silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer. We identify that the nanowire patterns were distinguished by FE-SEM and the characteristic of nanowire conductance were measured by semiconductor parameter analyzer. And we get graphs of electric change that are used for the detection of dopamine. Consequently, these nanopatterned SOI substrates would be able to use as bioplatform for nanoscale biochips. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by National Nuclear R&D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. 2010-0018194) and by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) and Korea Industrial Technology Foundation (KOTEF) through the Human Resource Training Project for Strategic Technology. And This research was supported by the Original Technology Research Program for Brain Science through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2009-0093907) References : 1. W. Lee, B. -K. Oh, Y. -W. Kim, and J. -W. Choi ,Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 6, 3521(2006) 2. Ho-Gil Choi, Ajay K. Yagati, Ki-Seok Kim, Gun-Young Jung, Sang Baek Lee, Jeong-Woo Choi, and Byung-Keun Oh, J. Nanosci. Nanotechol, 8, 4945-4950(2008)

We have developed a new strategy in which a polymerase enzyme is controlled to accomplish an unnatural extension reaction even at the mismatched site of a primer with template DNA. The validity of this novel concept was systematically demonstrated by using Hg2+ and Ag+ ions to intentionally trigger an unusual illusionary polymerase activity at respective T-T and C-C mismatched primers on the basis of their specific interactions with the respective mismatched base pairs T-T and C-C. By utilizing this new concept, a molecular scale logic gate system has been successfully constructed by rationally designing primers and selecting the type of DNA polymerase employed. The most notable feature of the logic gates devised herein is their simplicity and cost-effective design since the only requirement for construction of the new logic gates is the incorporation of a single mismatched base (T and C) at the 3’ end of the primer and the application of metal ions (Hg2+ and Ag+). Moreover, this novel concept that the unnatural polymerase activity could be triggered by metal ions could be utilized to develop new strategies for the detection of metal ions (Hg2+ and Ag+).

Optical biosensors based on noble nanostructures currently receive attention due to their highly efficient, simultaneous analysis of a number of important biomolecules from proteomics to genomics. In this report, the combination of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) with interferometry in the relative reflected intensity (RRI) spectrum of the gold capped oxide nanostructure was thoroughly exploited for label-free detection of aptamer-protein interactions. The fabrication of gold capped oxide nanostructure involved the deposition of gold on the surface of porous anodic alumina (PAA) layer chip. This novel nanomaterial enabled to simultaneously monitor the changes in both LSPR and interferometric characteristics since the biomolecular interactions occur. After immobilizing the aptamer I on the chip surface, our sensor could be applied easily for specific detection of thrombin and aptamer II with a limit of detection of 1 nM thrombin in the sample. Our optical biosensing devices connecting with the gold capped oxide nanostructure has a high potential to highly sensitive monitoring the other biomolecular interactions, such as protein-protein interactions, DNA-protein interactions, DNA-DNA hybridizations, and ligand-receptor with a massively parallel detection capability in a high-throughput system. [This work was supported in part by the IT Leading R&D Support Project from the Ministry of Knowledge Economy through KEIT].

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementia. Although the number of AD patients is currently dramatically increasing, tool for definitive diagnosis is the only postmortem examination of brain tissue. Therefore, the development of new biomarkers is necessary for early detection of AD before onset of clinical symptoms. In this study, plasma proteomes of 2 mon (n=13, asymptomatic) and 4 mon (n=7, symptomatic) tau transgenic mice (pNSE/htau23) were compared to control group (n=8) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). As a result, 18 proteins (200% up-regulated and 50% downregulated compared to control, respectively) were identified by LCMS/MS. Among these proteins, 3 meaningful proteins, I (p<0.001), Ⅱ (p<0.01), and Ⅲ (no significance), and their tendency of change were confirmed by Western blotting. In the conclusion, this finding suggests that the 3 proteins related to metabolism and energy deficiency and to apoptosis induction in AD mechanism have a potentiality to be diagnostic tool for early detection of AD.

Crude extracts of pine needle have been used as a health-food and cosmetic-good materials. In this study to screen the bioactivities of water, 50, 100% ethanol extracts from three pine (seapine (Pinus thunbergii), generalpine (Pinus halepensis) kumkangpine (Pinus densiflora for. erecta) which were easily colleted in Gyeongbuk regions of korea. This research was performed to determine the antioxidant, tyrosinase, phenolic contents, general composition (water, crude protein, lipid, ash, fatty acid) of pine needle extracts. Antioxidant activities measured DPPH (1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. 50% ethanol extract of seapine possessed strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. The ethanol extract of kumkangpine had relatively higer tyrosinase activities than the remaining pines Total phenolic content was the highest in 100% ethanol extract of seapine. Most of the biological activities of pine tree extracts were in the order of seapine >kumkangpine >generalpine. This suggest that seapine have the greatest properly as a natural antioxidant resources and raw material for foods cosmetic-goods.

The inhibition of melanin synthesis by Bambusae caulis in Taeniam extract were evaluated. The extract of Bambusae caulis with methanol increased tyrosinase inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner. The cellular inhibitory melanogenesis was observed in B16 melanoma cells by measuring the content of melanin synthesized. The extract of Bambusae caulis inhibited the melanin synthesis not only in the cell but also extra-cellular medium. Proteome changes in melanoma treated with Bambusae caulis extract were analyzed using 2-DE. By the image analysis, 12 spots related to the melanogenesis were detected and their effects on melanin synthesis were analyzed for the profiling of related proteins.

Studies were made for the removal of residual pesticides in ginseng extracts, using supercritical carbon dioxide. The tolclofos methyl was monitored as a maker pesticide. The removal process was optimized with various conditions of supercritical carbon dioxide, pressure and temperature. Other extraction conditions were also optimized. The removal of residual pesticides improved cosmeceutical properties. Enhanced activities of anti-oxidation and anti-wrinkle were observed with pesticides removed materials.

The coffee flavor and taste are affected by roasting conditions and extraction temperatures. Studies were made for the changes of coffee flavors and tastes by different roasting times and temperatures also different extraction temperatures extracted from Vietnamese Robusta. Vietnamese Robusta green beans were roasted in different times from 5 to 20 minutes and at different temperatures from 100 to 250 degrees. Then, the roasted coffee was extracted at five different temperatures from 80 to 120 degrees. The coffee flavor was evaluated by 6 key odorants including 4-vinyl; guaiacol; guaiacol; 4-ethylguaiacol; 2-ethyl-3, 5-dimethylpyrazine; 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine and 2-furfuryl. The coffee taste was evaluated by 7 main compounds which make bitterness and sourness including caffeine, trigonelline, caffeic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid and chlorogenic acid.

Japanese flounder is distributed in western pacific: Japan, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Korean Peninsula to the South China Sea, and is one of the most popular fish in Korea. In order to increase the consumption of this fish, various processed foods and cosmetics need to be developed. In this study, amino acid contents of hot-water extracts of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were analyzed for cosmetic application. Several cosmetic formulations have been prepared to measure moisturizing and soothing effects on skin. The moisturizing effect increased with the extracts concentration. Some advantages on the skin effect of the extracts were discussed also. This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science Technology (MEST) and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Human Resource Training Project for Regional Innovation(2010)

In this study, papurika fruit (Capsicum annuum var. angulosum Mill.) was used to prepare the extracts after removing seeds and inner vine part. vitamin and amino acid contents of freeze-dried extracts of Capsicum annuum var. angulosum Mill. were analyzed for cosmetic application. The vitamin contents were 3.2, 22, and 229 ppm for vitamin K, E, and C. Vitamin A contents were 2.3 ppm and a little amount of vitamin B were detected. Several cosmetic formulations have been prepared to measure moisturizing and soothing effects on skin. The moisturizing effect increased with the extracts concentration. Some advantages on the skin effect of the extracts were discussed also. This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science Technology (MEST) and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Human Resource Training Project for Regional Innovation(2010)

In this study, amino acid contents of hot-water extracts of Muraenesox cinereus’ skin were analyzed for cosmetic application. Several cosmetic formulations have been prepared to measure moisturizing and soothing effects on skin. The moisturizing effect increased with the extracts concentration. Some advantages on the skin effect of the extracts were discussed also. This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science Technology (MEST) and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Human Resource Training Project for Regional Innovation(2010)

Daggertooth pike conger (Muraenesox cinereus) occurs from the littoral zone to the upper bathy-benthic region. It has been marketed mainly fresh but needs to be processed for food and cosmetic application. From our knowledge, there is no report on the application of Muraenesox cinereus extracts. In this study, amino acid contents of hot-water extracts of Muraenesox cinereus were analyzed for cosmetic application. Several cosmetic formulations have been prepared to measure moisturizing and soothing effects on skin. The moisturizing effect increased with the extracts concentration. Some advantages on the skin effect of the extracts were discussed also. This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science Technology (MEST) and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Human Resource Training Project for Regional Innovation (2010)

Two flavonol triglycosides, camelliaside A (CamA) and camelliaside B (CamB) of green tea seed extract (TSE) were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. Among five kind of glycolic enzymes investigated, β-galactosidase (Gal) induced the selective hydrolysis of CamA. On the other hand, pectinase (Pec) and cellulose (Cel) induced the hydrolysis of CamB. The combination of the use of Gal and Pec afforded nicotiflorin (NF) with high specificity. Crude NF with 22% purity was recovered from the enzymatic reaction mixture by extraction with organic solvent, and pure NF with above 95% purity was obtained by crystallized in water. The chemical structure of NF was confirmed by 1H-and13C-NMRanalyses.

We investigated the enhancement of the antioxidant activities of the seeds of Prunus persica by several extraction processes: water extraction at 100℃ and 60℃, 70% ethyl alcohol at 60℃, microwave, ultrasonification at 90 KHz and high pressure at 500MPa. The extracts from high pressure extraction had the highest total phenol contents as 116.239 ㎍/㎎, which was two times higher than the extracts by water extraction at 100℃ in adding 1 ㎎/㎖. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts from high pressure extraction also showed high ratio as 74.68% to ascorbic acid. DPPH of the extracts from another processes were observed as 44.56, 44.52, 47.01, 52.02, 61.42 and 63.34(%) from water extraction 100℃ and 60℃, 70% ethyl alcohol, microwave ,ultrasonification at 90 KHz, respectively. The extracts from high pressure extraction process were found to have the highest antioxidant activities among seven extraction processes because high pressure extraction could easily destruct cell membranes of hard seeds of Prunus persica and also elute high amounts of active compounds from them.

Aloe vera gel is known to be effective for soothing and moisturizing the skin. However, it is hard to penetrate through the skin because it is mainly composed of high molecular weight polysaccharide. To overcome the limitation of active ingredient delivery through the skin and reliably improve the efficiency of in progress researches, nanoliposome was used as an active ingredient encapsulating material. Lecithin was used to make double layer phospholipid which is similar to cell membrane. This method was optimized. Aloe liposome made by Microfluidizer was measured to determine the particle size. Various parameters to measure the stability were optimized.