Earticle

After the 1998 financial crisis in Korea, the government has increased the amount of credit guarantees to provide small business firms with the funds necessary to survive in such a crisis. Recently, the IMF expressed worries over too large ratio of the credit guarantees relative to the gross domestic product, recommending the government to reduce the ratio to the level of other countries. The IMF advice urges us to decide the optimal size of the credit guarantees that is consistent with the economic growth. The policy makers could not easily cut down the credit guarantees, as it will hamper the economic growth by shrinking the investments of small business firms. This fact requires us to take many things into account in calculating the optimal size of the credit guarantees. Our discussion suggests the main findings as follows: The application of the optimal control techniques makes it possible to compute the optimal size of the credit guarantees that is consistent with several policy objectives, such as the economic growth and the balanced budget, because many of them can be incorporated in the social welfare function.

연안역의 이용 및 개발 그리고 이에 따른 연안환경 문제는 더 이상 한 국가의 문제가 아닌 동북아 지역의 중대한 국제문제로 부상하고 있으며 환경적으로 지속가능한 연안역 관리는 동북아 연안국가들의 중요한 정책과제가 되고 있다. 동북아 지역의 대표적 연안국인 중국과 한국은 공통적으로 연안역의 지속가능성에 대한 위협을 받고 있으며 연안자원의 이용 및 연안역 관리에 있어서 지속가능성의 실현을 위한 노력을 핵심적 국가정책과제로 삼고 있다. 지속가능한 연안역 관리를 위한 동북아 연안국가간의 협력적 국제거버넌스 체계의 구축은 국가간 경제협력 못지않게 진지한 정책적 노력이 투입되어야 할 국제적 과제이다. 이를 위해서는 우선 동북아 지역의 연안환경문제를 국제정치경제라는 구조적 틀 속에서 바라보는 관점이 필요하다. 본 연구는 동북아 연안국가를 대표하는 중국과 한국의 국제정치경제적 관계에서 양국의 연안역 개발과 연안역 환경문제를 개관하고 지속가능한 연안역관리를 위한 한국과 중국의 제도적 노력을 살펴 본 뒤 양국의 지속가능한 연안역 관리를 위한 국가간 환경거버넌스 체계를 모색한다. 이 논문은 중국의 연안역이 개방정책에 다른 경제적 실험장으로서 연안도시들의 산업화와 이에 따른 연안환경 문제에 직면해 있음을 논의함과 동시에 한국의 연안역 개발과 연안환경문제를 개관한다. 그리고 한국의 지속가능한 연안역관리를 위한 통합연안관리제도의 출현을 논의하고 중국의 지속가능한 연안역을 위한 제도적 노력을 분석한 뒤 양국의 지속가능한 연안역관리를 위한 국제환경거버넌스의 실천적방안을 제시한다.

The year 2001 was marked as the year of local culture designated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. On March 1, 2003, a local culture network was established in Gyeongju. Also, in 2005, there were loud cries for the enactment of a law on the promotion of local culture. Such phenomena are products of the decentralization and balanced national development policies of the Participatory Government. The need is on the increase to further foster local culture in line with the decentralization policies of the Participatory Government. The implementation of unbalanced growth policies in the process of radical modernization has deepened cultural unbalance among locals following the unbalanced development in the areas of economy, society and education, leading to weakening the foundation of regional culture promotion led by local governments and the civic sector and lacking in peculiar local culture programs that appeal to local residents. The change of outside environment such as the operation of hi-speed trains and the enforcement of five-day working week system gives us an opportunity with a crisis in regard to the development of regional culture, and the promotion of local culture in the 'knowledge information industry age' will be both the motive of the recovery of local economy and the foundation of attainment of cultural-democratic welfare for the people. The current Promotion of Local Cultural Institutes Act has its own limits in the promotion of local culture and arts. To overcome such limits, a Local Culture Development Act should be introduced to create a fund, train specialized manpower and improve local cultural infrastructures, which will replace the existing Promotion of Local Cultural Institutes Act with its partial adoption. The Local Culture Development Act, as its major contents, needs to include the training of local culture personnel, the expansion of cultural facilities, the utilization of telecommunication technology and providing of relevant information, the strengthening of support activities for the civic sector, etc. One of the important functions of the cultural policies is to upgrade cultural infrastructures, including the formation of cultural organizations, the maintenance of facilities, and the improvement of information systems. To vitalize the culture and arts activities, it needs to form human organizations of artists, etc. concerned, to install physical facilities of theaters, art museums, etc., and furthermore to build information systems related to culture and arts. Based on such cultural infrastructures, it will be possible to accomplish the promotion of local culture which form the keynote of balanced local development and cultural welfare for the people.

December 11th, 2001, 15 years after its Application, China began to be a regular member of WTO successfully. On the General Agreement between China and other WTO members, the government of China made a lot of promises on market-opening in service industry, tariff-falling, non-tariff barrier removing, equal opportunity in economic activity for all the home and overseas enterprises, etc. At first, most people in China were encouraged for earning a more free and huge overseas market. Because most restrictions to Chinese enterprises has being removed. But some people in China were worried about being a member of WTO because of having a more competitive domestic market for many industries less of competition. In order to dealing with the new economic environment better and strengthening domestic enterprises' competitive, the government of China adjusted its industrial policies an its industrial structure, smoothed the domestic environment for economic activities following the WTO principles. Basing on the proper adjustment for being s member of WTO, China made a big progress on economic growth in 5 years. In the year of 2001-2006, China gained a over-10%-growing in GDP. The total value of imports and exports in 2006 is 3 times more than the one in 2001. 19 enterprises joined the world's biggest 500 in 2006, 8 more than in 2001. On the other hand, after the 5-year transitional period there will be more challenges for Chinese economies.

This study indicates the substance and limitation of blue ocean strategy and examines the successful implementation of blue ocean strategy. Blue ocean strategy seeks to provide higher value to customer and company through pursuing differentiation and low cost simultaneously, and make competition meaningless. Management should make a constant effort to capitalize on blue ocean marketing strategy to create new markets and make a high-profit performance. If management carefully watch the customer needs and choose the best strategic movement for customers, they can create new profitable market, blue ocean. The blue ocean, however, would not be forever. The fast followers will enter the market one after another through imitating blue ocean strategy. As blue oceans become bloody, management needs to be more concerned with value innovation and should make the best use of strategic tools for the successful implementation of blue ocean strategy.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of international reserves using the model with the amount of imports, opportunity cost of international reserves, exchange rate volatility and foreigners' equity investment. This paper shows that while the import coefficient of the post-crash period is much greater than that of the pre-crash period, the coefficients of opportunity cost and uncertainty are not significantly different between pre- and post-crash period. This study finds that the coefficients of import, foreigners' equity investment and exchange rate volatility have positive signs and that of opportunity cost negative one as expected. And the international reserves are in the condition of the economies of scale, but the degree of economies of scale tends to decrease, indicating that more deliberate management of international reserves is required and that the actual reserves are accumulated more than the optimal level.

This paper intends to classify Jeonnam Region into islands region, plain region, remote mountains region and suburbs regions, to figure out actual condition of the farm liabilities in detail through research on the actual condition by farmers in the field, to survey repayment plan of the farm liabilities, and to understand their present actual status and perception. Consequently, by integrating rural development with development direction for revealed rural economic's reality, the purpose of study is to analyze liabilities flow of the farm and to be useful for reviewing of their actual profits in future. Given causes of their liabilities and flow of required capital, there are four causes in broad. That is, there are farming expenditure corresponding to agricultural management, consumers' expenditure such as living expenses, capital expenditure of investment concept in that the government provide them with credit and security as policy fund including farm liabilities mitigation measure and fund required for life, and expenditure for purchasing agricultural land and machines and implements. In addition, for capital flow, there were lots of cases required for moving to urban areas for their children's education in the past, but in this case, as a result of research on the actual condition of farm liabilities, weight for life expenses, ceremonial occasion expenses and liabilities payment is large according to aging.