Earticle

Korean shows very different sentence structure from Indo-European language, but unfortunately, its characteristic features are not yet clearly described. This paper claims the following structural characteristics: (1) No obligatory sentential element can be posited for the Korean sentence. (2) A Korean sentence consists of necessary elements in consideration of context. (3) A discussion of sentential semantics presupposes the distinction between meaning conveyed by the linguistic expression and information conveyed through the context. (4) Practically all Korean sentences are described not in terms of 'subject-predicate' structure, but in terms of 'topic-comment' structure. (5) The topic can be defined as 'field of judgement', the comment as 'content of judgement', and the sentential ending, as 'intention of utterance'. (6) The shared information between the speaker and the addressee is conveyed mainly through the context. (7) Examples of translation between Korean and English reveal the characteristic features of Korean sentence.

This study is the thesis analyzing the educational contents of particles in Korean textbooks. Korean particles are difficult for foreigners to learn while they are important characteristics in Korean. Korean particles which show the relation or function between words belong to the grammatical morpheme. In this study, the educational contents of particles in Korean textbooks are compared and analyzed with '에서', adverbial particles in Korean. At first, the usage of '에서', adverbial particles in Korean is classified as 'place's relation' and 'shift's relation' in large, and then classified as 'a place', 'a space's background', 'a point of departure' ,'a starting point', 'a comparison's feeling', and 'a basis' reason' in detail. Through selecting, comparing and analyzing the contents of '에서', adverbial particles in Korean which are in the textbook of Pekin University in China and those in textbooks generally used in Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Kyung hee University and Konkuk University, I observed what systemicity each textbook has. As a result, '에서', adverbial particles in Korean is intensively educated only in the beginning level, which include more or less partial usages about specific cases. It is involved in this study that the education of '에서', adverbial particles in Korean needs to have more systemicity by analyzing textbooks.

Usually in the Korean old domestic novel stepmother or a concubine give rise to a conflict in the home. But the <Banssijeon(潘氏傳)> deals with the conflict between daughters-in-law and this novel shows a ideal women character in a rare terrible tragedy. Seemingly <Banssijeon(潘氏傳)> shows that the fierce intrigue surrounding the authority of family is due to daughter-in-law who came from another family and highlights the value of the traditional ideal women who is good daughter-in-law and she has a dependency on the patriarchy. However, in-depth analysis on the narrative structure and the characters of the text provides new message to us. This novel criticizes the inability of men of home in a roundabout way and emphasizes seemingly patriarchal society, but the practical power belongs to women within the home. Furthermore, this novel shows how the patriarchy which is centered on male kinship would be imperfect and reveals how to crack in that system and how to make up for it. Women suffered under patriarchy, but eventually women, in other words the mother took control of home.

朝鮮朝前後時期，經濟非常貧困，醫術落後，傳染病及其他疾病肆 虐，整個社會非常脆弱。因而書札幾乎缺少不了記述貧困、疾病，以 及感歎殘酷喪變的內容。那個時代的人們所經曆的這些不可抗拒的人 生苦難時至今日依然令人扼腕不已。 士大夫和政治是不可分離的。不過，君主專制統治下的政治非常僵 化，黨派之爭異常嚴重。在這種環境上踏上仕途一展胸中抱負，固然 可以獲取成就感，但同時也不無忐忑不安、如坐針氈的感覺。因此， 士大夫們往往懷著歸去來的意識，而這種歸隱意識也經常見諸書札之 上。 士大夫不可能擺脫倫理規範的約束。實踐三綱五常的儒教倫理成爲日 常行爲。他們警戒自身，盡量避免享受比別人更多的福分，並且反複 強調要順應天理。而且事大慕華意識在書札上也有體現。 賢者避世也是修己治人的反面。在對現實絕望再無留戀時，士大夫們 就會夢想逃避現實。這種意識不但朝鮮士大夫們有，在朝鮮後期黨爭 激烈、士禍頻仍時，這種意識尤其頻頻地出現在書札中。 有的書札還記述了地主對佃戶的嚴厲訓斥，也有請求減免熟人之罪的 請求文字，還有請求解決匱乏物品的，如藥用的半瓶藥酒，喪禮用的 衣服等。士大夫的理想原本就是修己治人，自然要嚴以律己，避免違背倫理道德規範的言行。擔任官職的話， 爲了實踐公職人員的理想， 也要不斷努力。不過，他們也是生活中的一份子，也要和人們建立一 些關系，經營自己的生活，因此，有時也會表現出與現實妥協，稍稍 背離常道的意識。不過，這點不能只從負面去認識，而應該視爲人性 化的偏離。 綜合士大夫書札表現出的這類意識可以看出，當時士大夫們雖然試圖 竭盡全力應對現實，但在現實不盡人意的時候，就會退隱，力守自己 的節氣，維護身爲士大夫的自尊。從中還可以了解到，他們在面對疾 病、殘酷的喪變，以及貧困時，盡管痛苦不堪，但仍能通過克己克服 這些困苦。 從士大夫書札可以推知，士大夫同樣極爲人性化，他們一直沒有忘卻 自己的地位和作用，即便與現實產生沖突，也會不斷努力，尋求與自 身的調和。

This text tries to explain how women and sexual discussion combine in liberation period novel. In later Japanese colonial period, Joseon men who flew in due to compulsory military service and draft did not come back after liberation in August, 1945, or even if they did come back, there were many cases that they were in the situation that they deprived their economic ability. In such situation, women had to be in charge of not only themselves but also the livelihood of family. Since that was the period educational quotient of women were absolutely vulnerable, they couldn’t find proper job. There were many cases that most of women fall to poor strata, thus dependence on prostitution also gradually increased. Culture and system of US military government brought the change of life of women and sexual discussion. The voice to free women from house chores and social contribution got higher with inflow of American democracy. On the other hand Joseon men still kept their feudal values about women`s sex. In society of the time, worry about many women sell their chastity due to ‘liberation wind’ and ‘Yankee wind’, and its negative awareness were overflowing. Since modernization of women focused with sexual deviation, women who cry for gender equality considered as a target of negation, thus the phenomenon that construction of new Joseon considered as an exclusive property of men happened. During the liberation period, various discussions such as free women, gender equality, good wife and wise mother were reproduced and died out, appearance of pressured women started to make their appearance through this. Some male writers exposed that dichotomous structure of ‘corrupted women/chaste women’ is a figment of masculine authority system. The liberation period was the period that reason about existence of women by competing negative side of sexual politics and subversive side of sexual revolution.