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Climate change may significantly influence flash floods due to the accelerated frequency of extreme precipitation events. Climate change causes a shift in the frequency and intensity of precipitation, which ultimately results in more intense rainfall events. This study proposes flood disaster preparedness plan for Sindh and Balochistan province of Pakistan. Study primarily focused on floods in 2022. Major recommendation includes the increasing the capacity of existing lakes through rising embankment and increasing the lake area. Furthermore, study proposes the construction of cross drainage system between the lake and Indus river. Study emphasize the use of hydrological modeling and Geographic Information System (GIS) based technology for flood control and management across the region.

Drought is a critical natural hazard that can cause severe environmental and social economic damages special in arid region like Pothohar region of Pakistan. Analysis of observation data is useful in progressing this knowledge as these human activities and feedback are intrinsically included. Hence, in current study, the impact of Simly dam on Hydrological drought characteristic at downstream has been analyzed. Two drought analysis methods i.e., 50th and 80th percentiles (TL-50 and TL-80) threshold level method and standardized index approach were used for hydrological drought calculation and upstream-downstream approach was used for assessment of impact of Simly dam. For upstream-downstream approach the entire data period was divided into two sub periods i.e. pre dam (1970-1982) and post dam (1983-2012). Based on the analysis, it was concluded that during post-dam period there was a decrease in total duration by 1.88%, frequency by 15.24% and maximum severity by 69.5% of drought events occurred at downstream as compared to upstream. The Simly dam reservoir may have mitigated the short-term drought at downstream, however, unable to reduce the impact of long-term drought. Moreover, in the presence of dam a delay in drought occurrence was observed at downstream. This study also showed an applicable way forward with quantifying the human influence on hydrologic drought.

In addition to mutual cooperation between neighboring regions, cross-border (inter-regional) international relief can be effective in the event of a major disaster or accident. According to the Charter of the United Nations, one of the purposes of the United Nations is to promote international cooperation to solve international problems that belong to the nature of international economic, social, cultural and human welfare. For the first time in human history, international aid was embodied because the United Nations helped rebuild the post-war region through international cooperation for the first time on the European continent, which has been devastated since World War II. In modern society, the international community relies on the coordination of the United Nations to provide humanitarian relief (UN) in emergencies caused by natural or man-made disasters in areas beyond the independent capacity of national authorities. The 6 February 2023 earthquake in Turkey killed 59,259 people, 297 missing and 121,704 injured in the region, including Turkey and Syria, one of the strongest earthquakes experienced in at least a century. In this international relief operation, China participated in the post-disaster international relief operation with a total of 440 people, including Chinese rescue teams, ram rescue teams, and blue sky rescue teams. This article will help optimize China's international relief capabilities by analyzing the current status and structural capabilities of China's international relief capabilities (government + private) and structural action processes in the event of a Turkish earthquake.

The primary objective of this study is to deeply analyze the responsiveness of urban lifeline systems to climate change and explore effective strategies to enhance their adaptability to climate change. As the impacts of climate change become increasingly apparent, the stability of urban lifeline systems directly affects the sustainable development of cities and the quality of life of residents. The thesis first analyzes how cities can address these challenges through adaptive management, urban ecosystem, and social-ecological resilience theory frameworks. Subsequently, it details specific adaptive measures for various systems, including technological innovations and policy support, and provides a range of practical adaptation strategies. Finally, it presents a series of policy recommendations aimed at supporting urban decision-makers and planners to more effectively respond to climate change.