Earticle

This paper raises a question whether we can still draw a dichotomy between morphology and syntax as an autonomous component of grammar. Words are the output of a morphological component, so a syntactic component cannot access to the internal structure of words. Insomuch as two distinct components of morphology and syntax co-exist in grammar, morphologically formed elements are expected to behave as an atomic entity in syntax and hence syntactic operations cannot look at their internal structure. To the contrary, syntactically formed elements are expected to be visible to syntactic operations. However, under the scrutiny, the standard distinction between morphology and syntax can hardly hold. In particular, causative constructions and deverbal nominalizations weaken the morphology and syntax distinction since they display ambiguous properties of morphological (lexical) and syntactic properties.

This study explores whether Hawaiian, a canonically VSO language, has the properties of topic-prominent (TopP) languages. Based on tests using the diagnostics for TopP and subjectprominent (SP) languages, this study concludes that Hawaiian is closer to TopP languages than SP languages. First, Hawaiian has a topic marker like other TopP languages. When Hawaiian 'o is followed by an NP in the sentence initial position, the NP becomes the center of attention in the sentence and is definite. In addition, the 'o-marked fronted NP can control co-referential constituent deletion. Second, there are sentences that can be viewed as double-subject constructions, which appear in TopP languages but not in SP languages. Third, Hawaiian has no constraint on what may be the topic, which again suggests that Hawaiian has the properties of TopP languages. Finally, lack of subject-verb agreement and dummy subject supports that Hawaiian is distant from SP languages.

본고는 현대 중국어 감탄문에서 대표적으로 사용되는 정도부사 “多(么)”, “真”, “太”의 사례들을 분석하여 의미, 화용, 통사적 측면에서의 공통점과 차이점을 찾아 각각 비교연구 하였다. “多(么)”, “真”, “太”가 감탄문에서 전달되는 의미적 기능에는 조금씩 차이가 있는데 “真” 은 “정말로” 혹은 “실제로” 라는 의미로 사물에 대한 화자의 긍정적인 감탄 표현에 주로 사용된다. “太”는 “매우” 혹은 “너무나” 라는 뜻으로 감탄 대상에 대한 화자의 주관적인 느낌이일정한 기준을 초과 하였을 때 사용되는데 감탄 혹은 대상에 대한 불만을 표출할 때도 모두사용된다. “多(么)”는 “얼마나”라는 의미로써 주로 감탄어기와 결합하여 감탄문을 구성하는데“真”과 “太”에 비해 감탄의 강도가 다소 약하다. 화용론적 관점에서 “多(么)” 감탄문은 청자와의 같은 공감대 형성에서 비롯되거나 청자와 관련하여 감탄이 이루어지기 때문에 반드시청자의 존재가 필요하다. 뿐만 아니라 가설이나 가상의 사건에 대한 감탄도 가능하다. “真”과“太” 감탄문은 과거에 발생했거나 앞으로 발생 가능한 일에 대해서도 감탄표현이 가능하며“多(么)”와 상이하게 청자가 반드시 존재하지 않아도 된다. 통사적 특징으로는 “多(么)”, “真”, “太”모두 술어와 결합하여 “-X” 구조의 감탄문을 형성하며 “真”, “太”는 문장에서 술어나 보어 성분으로 쓰이고 “多(么)”는 경우에 따라 부사어와 목적어로도 사용 가능하다.

This paper selected the use often contains the subjective degree adverb “Duo(me)”, “Zhen” and “Tai” exclamation, further analysis from the semantic meaning, pragmatic features and syntactic level, explore their similarities and differences. Degree adverb “Duo (me)” and other expressions of the degree of strength of the adverbs are different. “Duo (me)” is the degree, the lack of emphasis on meaning. The Adverb “Zhen” of the meaning of “real and true” means that the speaker's affirmation of the form of the thing is an exclamation, thus forming an exclamation sentence. As an expression of the degree of adverbs. “Tai” grammar meaning generally has two kinds, one is to express a high degree beyond a certain limit, in this case, containing “Tai” sentence might be exclamatory sentence, may also be non exclamatory sentence; the other is a high degree of representation, in this case, with “Tai” the sentence is exclamation. When the speaker uses “Duo (me)”, it is generally a reflection of the listener's thinking, and trigger the listener's resonance or remind the listener to pay attention to a situation, The Adverb “Zhen” can be followed by a conversation with the listener, can also be self feeling. This sentence structure can refer to both the speaker and the listener, also can express the evaluation of the third. The use of “Tai” is also a feeling of the speaker of the speaker's own emotional vent, the expression of feelings of self, or the evaluation of things. When the “Duo (me)” is used to predicate the “Duo (me) X” structure, the “X” is usually an adjective or a verb. The “Zhen” is used in front of some predicates, which can form the structure of “Zhen” X. In the “Tai” X exclamation sentence, adjective must have the degree of difference between the meanings of adjectives is not state adjectives.

본 연구에서는 한국어 연결어미 ‘-으면’과 ‘-거든’으로 이루어진 조건 접속문의 통사적 제 약과 의미적 특징을 중심으로, 그에 대응되는 중국어 조건 표현 구문과의 대조를 통해 한중 조건 접속문의 공통점과 차이점을 밝히는 데에 목적을 두고 있다. 두 언어의 대조 연구를 통 하여 두 언어의 조건 표현이 가진 통사적 제약, 의미적 특징, 중·한 조건 표현의 대응관계를 살펴보았다. 한국어 관련 논의는 기존 연구에 근거한다. 한국어 연결어미 ‘-으면’은 의향법 제 약, 서술어 제약, 주어 제약이 없으며 넓은 영역에서 많이 쓰이지만 어미 ‘-거든’은 상당히 제 약을 받아 한정된 좁은 영역에서 쓰인다. 한국어 ‘-으면’과 ‘-거든’은 주로 중국어 조건표현을 나타내는 ‘如果/要是’, ‘的话’와 대응되며 대응되는 중국어 구문에서는 의향법 제약, 서술어 제 약, 주어 제약이 없음을 밝혔다. 그리고 중국어 ‘如果/要是’, ‘的话’는 한국어 ‘-으면’보다 좁은 영역, ‘-거든’보다 더 넓은 영역에 쓰임을 알았다. 연결어미 ‘-으면’은 불가능한 조건, 불확실 성 조건과 확실성 조건에서 쓰일 수 있지만 연결어미 ‘-거든’은 불확실성 조건과 확실성 조건 에서만 쓰일 수 있다. ‘-으면’이 관습적 사건에 대해 확실성 조건을 나타내는 기능을 할 때, 이에 대응하는 중국어 표현은 ‘一.......就’구문이며, 초시간적 사건에 대해 확실성 조건을 나타 내는 기능을 하는 경우, 이에 대응하는 중국어 표현은 단문이나 긴축문(緊縮文)이 된다.

This paper explores the syntax and semantics of Korean conditional compound sentence which is composed of “emyeon” and “koeden” and its corresponding relationship with Chinese. This paper also attempts to examine the similarities and differences of conditional compound sentence between Chinese and Korean. The findings suggest that “emyeon” in Korean and “ruguo, yaoshi, dehua” in Chinese have no syntax constraint, while “koeden” in Korean is largely constrained by syntax. Usually “koeden” is used in imperative sentences, so its predicate has to be a verb, and the subject could not be the third person. Meanwhile, in the compound sentence composed of “koeden”, the subjects in the first and the second clauses should not be the second person at the same time. The findings further suggest that “emyeon” is widely used in conditional compound sentences, and it has high level of corresponding relationship with “ruguo, yaoshi, dehua” and with “yi...jiu” as well in Chinese. However, when “emyeon” is used to express natural phenomenon, rules, common sense and truth, there is no corresponding words in Chinese. “Keoden” can only be used in hypothetical sentence, and its corresponding expression in Chinese is “ruguo, yaoshi, dehua”.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the syntactic nature of the components of English focus constructions. The focus constructions are characterized in the spec-head configuration between an operator carrying the focus feature and the head with the matching feature of the functional projections in CP domain. From the same theoretic standpoints, the syntactic mechanism of the cleft-based focus operation is characterized to reveal how the cleft-based structure generates the focus functions. In the cleft-based focus constructions, the syntactic roles of the complementizer type nominal that are closely related to the configuration of spec-head of FocP. The complementizer type that is somewhat distinctive from the wh-pronominal such as who, due to the subject-completement asymmetrical nature of the movement operation. The copula is treated as a spell-out of a functional category of predication (Pr) resulted from the predication percolation. It becomes the condition under which the [EPP] feature carried by the head of PrP triggers occurrence of the expletive it.

도시부 보행네트워크의 보행성 평가를 위해서 Space Syntax Theory(공간구문론)을 반영한 보행모형 구축이 요구된다. 공간구문론은 통합도를 도출하여 보행로의 중심성에 대한 정량적 평가지료를 제공한다. 보행모형은 이동성, 편리성, 안 전성의 보행지표로서 보행성을 나타내는 정량적 판단근거를 제시한다. 그러나 보행네트워크에서 공간구문론을 반영하기 위해서는 회전지체 반영을 위한 네트워크구축기법의 검토가 요구된다. 특히 기존의 연구에서 제안된 나무기반 Dial 알고 리즘은 회전지체 반영을 위하여 네트워크확장이 요구되었다. 본 연구는 덩굴망기반 Dial 알고리즘과 공간구문론의 통합방안을 제시하였다. 덩굴망기반 Dial 알고리즘은 인접링크의 사이에서 발생하는 회전지체를 포함하는 3단계 수행과정을 수행하므로 네트워크확장의 우회가 가능하다. 따라서 공간구 문론의 축노드와 축노드가 만나는 시각교차점에서 회전지체가 발생하는 상황에서도 네트워크의 변형을 최소화하면서 시 각거리와 물리거리를 일치시키는 측면에서 덩굴망기반 Dial 알고리즘이 활용이 필요하다. 도시부도로와 같이 보행이 복잡한 권역의 평가를 위해서 활용이 가능함을 향후 연구로 제시하였다. 특히 사례연구를 통해서 제안된 기법의 수행과정을 도출하였다.

Evaluation of the walkability of the urban pedestrian network requires construction of a pedestrian network model that reflects Space Syntax Theory. Space Syntax Theory deduces an integration value through which materials for evaluation of the pedestrian network’s connectivity can be produced; and can aid in illustrating the ease of walkability through the model’s calculation of pedestrian indices such as movability, comfort, and safety. But the representation of space syntax theory in the pedestrian network requires that turn delay be added by means of a network-type construction method. While tree-based Dial Algorithm proposed for the logit-based probability walkability distribution model may be effective for link-based pedestrian volume distribution, it requires further network expansion to reflect turn delays. In this research, Vine-based Dial Algorithm is executed in order to obtain a measure reflecting the integration value for Space Syntax Theory. The Vine-based Dial Algorithm of two adjacent links, which forms the minimum unit of the Vine network, has the advantage of encompassing turn delay, and thus eliminates the need for network expansion. Usage of the model to evaluation of complicated pedestrian spheres such as urban roads is left to further research. Especially the progression of the proposed method is deduced through case study.

Space Syntax에서 개별링크의 통합도가 크면 네트워크에서 접근이 편리함을 나타낸다. 보행자가 통합도가 높은 링크들의 연결성을 경험하도록 보행로를 설계하거나 집적도가 높은 토지이용을 유도하는 것이 타당하다. 보행자 통행배정모형은 보행수요(보행자)의 불편 도(통행거리 및 시간) 등을 최소화하는 경로선택을 반영한다. 이는 보행자의 불편을 최소화하는 실제 통행패턴을 제시한다. 본 연구는 Space Syntax와 보행자 통행배정모형을 통합하는 방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 인천시 부평역을 대상으로 통합모형의 유효성을 검증 하는 실증분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 부평역 주변은 통합도가 매우 높게 나타나나 보행전용구역인 역 북부지역은 상대적으로 통합도 가 낮게 나타났다. 모형의 구조는 통합도가 높은 지역에 실제 이동수요를 반영하여 통합도가 적합하게 유지되는지 설명이 가능하다. 통합모형은 Space Syntax의 네트워크에 대한 가시거리를 나타내는 축선도와 건물과 도로로 구획된 링크를 결합하는 방식과 보행자 통행 배정모형의 기종점의 유사경로를 파악하여 균일 배정하는 방안을 도입한다. 제안된 모형은 보행개선지역 및 사업의 사전/사후평가 등에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

In Space Syntax, the greater the degree of integration between separate links, the greater the links' accessibility from the target network. As such, planning pedestrian walks so that links with high degrees of integration are connected, or else inducing high integration value land use are both valid options. The travel distribution model reflects how walking demand, or more specifically, the pedestrian, partakes in route choosing behavior that minimizes select criteria, notably level of discomfort, as measured using travel distance and time. The model thus demonstrates travel patterns associated with demand pertaining to minimization of discomfort experienced by the pedestrian. This research introduces a method that integrates Space Syntax and the pedestrian travel distribution model. The integrated model will determine whether regions with high degrees of integration are actually being used as pivots for pedestrian demand movement, as well as to explain whether the degree of integration is sustained at an appropriate level while considering actual movement demand. As a means to develop the integrated model, a method that combines display of the visibility of the space syntax network and road-divided links is proposed. The pedestrian travel distribution model also includes an alternative path finding mechanism between origin and destination, which allows for uniform allocation of demand.

This research aims to inherit the character induced from the relationship between living and spatial structure in Korean Traditional Houses. Space Syntax was selected as the analyzing tool because of its objectiveness in representing these type of relations in hard figures. Especially, inner/outer space shows phased differences according to the living activities which can be summarized into the four factors of individual activity, communal life, household affairs, and social activity. In other words, the mechanism of living within traditional houses was found to be in direct connection with spatial structure. This study analyes space sequence space Korean traditional residence, highlighting the perspective of living place that embodies not only visual design itself but also philosophical meaning embedded in. also, It attempts to examine the characteristics of space that variety space(that is "healthy space") for the people. In doing so, this study aims at contributing to a better understanding of the distinctive features of traditional residence by space sequence as well as searching a model to fit with a lifestyle of the Korean people.

Syntax of nominal phrases have been the center of the linguistic discussion across languages, as they reveal the core constitutes of the structural organization of nominal phrases. Numerous analyses on the syntax of nominal phrases assume the well accepted structure of a noun phrase in English, and examine whether a language in question can be accounted for by the structure of an English noun. This paper pursues this type of an approach in addressing a question of the syntax of mei ‘every’ in Mandarin by assuming a recent syntactic approach of English every in Borer (2005). Although mei in Mandarin has been paid much attention in the literature, most of the studies thus far have focused on the formal semantics of mei. Not only the syntactic proposal on mei is scarce but also its comparison to a recent proposal of syntax of English every is lacking. This paper proposes that mei is similar to English every in that it can realize a D head or Num(ber) head. However, this paper also shows that mei is different from English every: it cannot portion out a noun that denotes mass in the sense of Borer (2005). Consequently, it cannot realize a Div(ision) head instantiated by English every. Overall, this paper contributes to the current discussion on the structure of the word ‘every’ by suggesting that a nominal meaning ‘every’ across languages does not seem to share the same syntactic roles.

This paper examines the language development of dative alternation in English, double object (DO) dative and prepositional object (PO) dative. It has been reported (cf. Gropen et al. (1989)) that children or speakers with insufficient linguistic knowledge tend to make errors in or over-generate dative alternation. Pinker (1989) took a semantics- based approach to the acquisition of argument structure proposing the broad-range rule and the narrow range verb classes. This paper takes an alternative syntax/UG-based approach to the issue at hand, arguing that the functional category Applicative plays an indispensible role in introducing a DO dative, thus attributing the use of the latter to the development of the former. We further argue that the development of the functional category Appl(icative) emerges from statistical learning of verb classes while children experience syntactic distributions of verbs in English.

The aim of this study is to explore the appropriate structures of English cleft constructions based on their semantic and pragmatic function as well as their syntactic distribution, which is closely investigated as compared to the syntactic distribution of the other operator-variable constructions such as appositive relative clauses, topicalized clauses, extraposed clauses, etc. in the light of the notion of presupposition.

This paper aims to establish the grammatical relationship between the syntactic positions of S-adverbs and information structure. The crosslinguistic properties of S-adverbs are as follows: i) S-adverbs have a focal stress only in a post-subject position; ii) S-adverbs cannot occupy a post-subject position when subject is focused; iii) S-adverbs in a pre-subject position are usually interpreted as topic. To analyze these properties, a new approach toward S-adverbs is attempted in this paper. This approach actively applies two important Minimalist theories, that is, Agree and phase. Under the Agree mechanism suggested here, the Probe C0 carrying an uninterpretable feature [uF] seeks for its Goal containing an [iF]. By Agree, every S-adverb bearing an [iF] can be independently licensed by C0, a phase head. On the other hand, under the phase-based focusing mechanism made in this paper, only the highest syntactic element (either subject or S-adverb) can receive a focal stress in the spellout domain of the CP phase (i.e. TP). In other words, the spellout domain is a focus domain for S-adverbs. Unless it has a focal stress, neither subject nor S-adverb can survive in the focus domain. For this reason, S-adverbs occurring in a pre-subject position are the outputs of anti-focus movement, and thus they are usually interpreted as topic.