Earticle

Modern society is a risk society characterized by 'uncertainty'. The leaders in a risk society play an important role in maintaining order and safety. The leader's message in a risk situation has a positive effect on actions and motivation to protect citizens and contributes to the minimization of damage. In this study, under recognition of the importance of the leader's role in disaster safety, leaders' messages were investigated. For the purpose, a language-network analysis was performed on the speeches related to disaster and safety of recent Korean four presidents from the 16th to the 19th. The results are as follows: First, Korea's crisis management revealed in the President's speech reflects the situation at that time. Second, the speech contains the Presidents' political philosophy and values. Third, many of the words found in the speeches of the four Presidents show the governments' struggles to induce a higher level of safety behaviors and attitudes of citizens while giving highest priority to the safety of citizens.

1907년에 발행된 역사전기물『애국부인전』은 프랑스의 여성 영웅 잔다르크의 일대기를 다룬 작품이다. 이 작품에는 잔다르크를 소재로 한 여타의 기록물에는 보이지 않는 두 가지 특성이 나타난다. 잔다르크의 긴 연설이 작품의 한 회(回)를 차지하고 있다는 것과 작품 곳곳에 고소설적 요소가 들어 있다는 것이 그것이다. 본고는 이 두 가지 특징적 면모를 살피고, 이들이 작품 속에 나타나게 된 유래를 탐색하였다. 『애국부인전』과 가까운 시기에 나왔으며, 외국의 영웅들이 주인공인 번역 역사전기물들 중에서 연설이 들어간 작품들을 몇 편 확인할 수 있다. 인물의 연설을 삽입하는 것이 당시 번역 역사전기물들에서 하나의 문학적 관습이었음을 알 수 있다.『이태리건국삼걸전』은 영국의 원작을 일본이 번역하고, 일본 작품을 중국이, 중국 작품을 한국이 다시 번역한 것이다. 여기서 영국의 원작에 이미 연설이 들어가 있고 이것이 일본, 중국, 한국의 작품에서 차례로 번역되었다. 역사전기물에 연설을 삽입하는 방식이 서양, 일본, 중국을 거쳐 한국에서 전해졌음을 추정할 수 있게 한다.『애국부인전』에 연설이 삽입된 것은 이와 같이 동서양을 관류하는 대규모의 문학적 흐름 속에서 생겨난 일이었다. 『애국부인전』은 고소설적 면모를 지향하였다. 그런데 역사화된 잔다르크의 서사는 본래 군담적 화소를 지니고 있다. 따라서『애국부인전』은 특히 군담소설적인 색채를 강하게 띠게 되었다. 외국의 영웅을 주인공으로 한 역사전기물에 고소설적 요소를 활용하는 방식은 앞서 나온 중국의『瑞士建國誌』에 이미 보인다.『애국부인전』은『瑞士建國誌』로부터 고소설을 활용하는 발상을 얻었을 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 실제 작품 창작에서는 조선의 고소설을 모방한 것으로 보인다. 『애국부인전』의 연설과 고소설적 요소는 이처럼 근대 초기에 한국을 관류한 역동적인 국제 문화의 흐름을 반영하고 있다.

『Aekukbuin-jeon(愛國婦人傳)』(1907) is a biography of Jeanne d'Arc, the heroin of France. This work has two distinctive features. One is a long speech of Jeanne d'Arc, and the other is old novel's style. This paper examined those features, and searched for the origin of them. Some translated biographies which was published nearly at『Aekukbuin-jeon』also have speeches. It informs us that insertion of speech was a kind of literary custom.『Italy-geonkuk-samgeol-jeon(伊太利建國三傑傳)』's original text is a British's. Japan translated British's, China translated Japan's, Korea translated China's. The British's already has a speech. It translated by Japan, China, Korea in order. It informs us that the use of speech in a biography transmitted from western to Japan, China, Korea in order. The use of speech in the『Aekukbuin-jeon』occured in the large stream of literary like this. 『Aekukbuin-jeon』pursued old novel's style. In addition to that this work has a kind of war story. As a result『Aekukbuin-jeon』specially exhibits the color of war story(Gundam-novel, 軍談小說). The use of old novel's style had been tried at『Seosa-geonkuk-ji(瑞士建國誌)』, Chinses novel. It implies that『Aekukbuin-jeon』got the idea of using old novel's style from『Seosa-geonkuk-ji』. And『Aekukbuin-jeon』seems to have used the Korea's old novels in the actual writing. Like these『Aekukbuin-jeon』’s speech and old novel style reflect the dynamic stream of international culture in the early days of modern ages in Korea.

Once an interpreter begins to interpret source languages into Korean, the interpreter becomes the speaker for the Korean audience. Therefore, the ability for the interpreter to render a speech in Korean is as important as the ability to understand the speaker's message. However, graduate schools and training institutions of interpretation in Korea do not provide students with a structured Korean speech training. Rather, they tend to focus on training students with their foreign language ability. In this study, it surveys claims of scholars and instructors who teach interpretation that the ability to give a speech in A language can be the key to successful interpretation in the interpretation market. It emphasizes that Korean interpreters are expected to be equipped with perfect Korean language ability and speech delivery skills. By analyzing common features between speech and interpretation, this paper also shows that the interpreter becomes the speaker when an interpreter begins to deliver the message before audience. Finally, it is suggested that more structured curriculum for Korean speech training must be developed and offered in teaching interpretation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of aromatherapy on speech anxiety and self-esteem of elementary students. Methods: Sixty-eight elementary students were studied for one week during which they underwent lavender fragrance treatment using vaporizer. All subjects were in 4th grade of elementary school in Seoul. Before and after treatment, the severity of speech anxiety and self-esteem was evaluated by questionnaire. Results: After treatment, the score of speech anxiety had decreased significantly from 20.1 to 18.5 (p=0.000) and the score of self-esteem had increased significantly from 28.9 to 30.3(p=0.020). Conclusion: According to the study results, it can be concluded that aromatherapy showed effect on speech anxiety and self-esteem of elementary students

본 연구는 놀이기법 스피치 수업 경험을 한 학생들을 대상으로 자신의 삶에서 놀이기법 스 피치 수업이 어떤 의미를 갖는지 탐구하고자 하였다. 기존의 스피치 교육 효과 분석과는 다르게 수업현장, 심층인터뷰, 심층설문조사 등의 자료를 텍스트로 삼아, 연구 참여자 학생들의 삶, 수업경험, 수업으로 달라진 자신의 모습, 수업의 의미를 내러티브 탐구를 통해 살펴보았다. 그들은 대학 이전에 스피치 전문 교육을 받은 적이 전혀 없었으며 가부장적 가정환경이나 학창시절 입시 실패, 스피치 관련 부정적 경험을 통해 자신감을 잃은 경험이 있으며 길거리스피치, 칭찬샤워, 암흑산책 등의 스피치놀이를 통해 자신감을 회복했다고 밝혔다. 연구 참여자들은 대체로 놀이기법 스피치 수업으로 자신감과 긍정적 에너지를 얻고 스피치란 스킬이 아닌 삶의 태도 자체라고 인정하고 놀이기법 수업을 통해 변화, 깨달음, 치유의 경험을 했다. 일부 참여자들은 추후 기술적인 측면이나 연습을 통해 스피치를 더욱 연마하고자 했다. 이 점은 스피치 능력을 통해 사회적으로 인정받고 취업 경쟁에서 우위를 점하고 자기계발적 주체가 되고 싶어 하는 욕구가 반영되었다고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로 대학의 스피치교육은 자신감 회복과 더불어 보다 본질적인 의사소통을 위한 커뮤니케이션 교육이 되어야 함을 제언한다.

This study aimed to explore the significance or the impact of a semester-long course that used speech games as a technique on the daily lives of eight students. While other studies have explored the educational effects of speech courses, this study analyzed the texts such as daily records of study site and materials from in-depth interview or in-depth survey using the methodology of narrative inquiry. Through these methods, the significance of the course for the students, their experiences of playing speech games, and the impact of the course on their lives were examined. The students had received no professional education on public speaking or interpersonal communication; moreover, they tended to lose confidence when speaking in public, because they came from patriarchal households, or had negative experiences during public speaking in school. The students stated that they regained their confidence by participating in speech games such as speeches on the campus called “Street Speeches”, getting compliments called “Compliments Shower”, or walking with a blindfold on, etc. Further, the students who were interviewed felt that they had regained confidence and positive energy and realized that speeches is not a skill related speaking, but the attitude itself toward life. Nevertheless, some of the students wished to learn about the more technical aspects of speaking and to get more practice in order to improve their speaking skills. This response is believed to reflect the students’ needs to gain social recognition and a competitive advantage in their careers. In conclusion, it is suggested that speech education in universities focus on the essential factors of communication to restore students’ confidence as part of the process of continuous adjustment.

이 논문은 딕과 캐리(Dick & Carey)의 체제적 교수 설계법을 이용하여 성인학습자를 대상으로 한 설득 스피치 교육프로그램(이하 ‘체제적 설득 스피치 교육 프로그램’)을 개발하고 시행하여 학습자들의 설득 스피치 능력이 향상되었는지를 학습자들의 자기보고식(설문지) 평가를 통해 분석함으로써 교육의 효과를 검증하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 딕과 캐리의 체제적 교수 설계법을 적용한 교육 프로그램과 학습효과 분석도구 및 항목을 개발하여, 체제적 교수 설계법을 적용한 학습자는 실험집단, 기존에 시중에서 활용되고 있는 설득 스피치 프로그램, 전통적 방식의 학습자는 비교집단으로 하여 교육을 받기 이전과 이후의 스피치 능력 향상도를 설문조사를 통해 수집·분석하였다. 사전점수를 고려한 공분산 분석을 시행한 결과, 실험집단과 비교집단 간의 설득 스피치 능력 6개 하위영역 가운데 ‘태도와 자세’, ‘설득능력’에서 실험집단이 비교집단보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 ‘태도와 자세’가 다른 요인보다 외현적으로 측정 가능하기 때문으로 보이며, ‘설득력’은 실험집단이 비교집단보다 교육과정에서 프로그램 내용이 강화되어 프로그램 수행과정을 통해 향상된 것으로 보인다.

This study aims to develop and enforce persuasive speech education program with adult learners using Systematic Design of Instruction by Dick & Carey and verify its educational effects by analyzing improvement of learners’ persuasive speech ability through questionnaire. For this, the present study selected experimental group which employed of the Systematic Design of Instruction Learning Effects Analysis tools and items Development, as educational program and comparative group which used commercial persuasive speech program and collected and analyzed their questionnaire on improvement of speech ability before and after the education. Considering the pre-test analysis of covariance performed, experimental group showed statistically higher improvement in ‘attitude and posture’ and ‘persuasive ability’ of six sub-areas of persuasive speech education program. These research results were attributed to the external measurability of attitude and mind compared to other factors and persuasive power was built through the course of program performance based on more strengthening of program contents in curriculum of experimental group than comparative group.

전쟁과 분단에 대한 상이한 경험은 코호트 간 통일인식 차이를 유발한다. 통일교육 방안의 하나로서 전쟁 코호트와의 정서공유를 제안할 수 있다. 사회신경과학에서 개인은 정서감정에 노출될 때 다른 사람들의 정서를 자동적으로 공유한다. 이와 관련된 현상으로 동작반사, 모방, 정서전염 등이 있다. 특히 정서전염은 내가 아닌 다른 사람의 정서에 대한 공유기제로서 공감을 위해 작용한다. 통일교육에서 정서전염은 전쟁과 분단, 이산가족의 고통을 직접 경험하지 않은 학생들로 하여금 정서 신경네트워크의 공유를 통해 전쟁 코호트의 정서를 자신의 것처럼 느끼도록 한다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 궁극적으로 전쟁과 분단을 겪지 않은 학생들이 민족의 통일을 나와 거리가 먼 이야기가 아닌 바로 나의 이야기로 대할 수 있도록 돕는다. 사회신경과학 기반 코호트 간 정서전염 통일교육은 전쟁 코호트와의 동행 프로그램 형식으로 구성될 수 있으며, 교육 목적은 전쟁 코호트의 통일정서에 대한 정서공유와 정서전염을 통한 통일 공감 형성이다. 교육 방안으로 전쟁 코호트와 학생들의 면대면 정서 표현, 내러티브 접근, 담화 활용 등이 전쟁 코호트의 삶을 주제로 적용 가능하다. 진정한 통일교육의 현장으로 학교 통일교육이 변화하기 위해서는 구호만 있는 통일교육에서 학생들로 하여금 전쟁 코호트와 만나고, 소통하고, 느끼고, 공유하고, 공감하게 하는 통일 정서교육으로 변모할 필요가 있다.

Different experiences of war and division of the korean peninsula lead to differences in recognition of unification between cohorts. It is possible to suggest emotional sharing education to students with the war cohort’s experiences as a method of unification education. In social neuroscience, individuals share their emotions automatically when exposed to emotion. There are related phenomena such as motion reflection, imitation, and emotional contagion. Especially, emotional contagion acts as empathy for others. In the unification education, emotional contagion education is meaningful in that students who do not directly experience the suffering of war, division, and separated family’s feeling emotions of war cohort through the sharing of emotional neural network. Ultimately, students who have not suffered wars and the pain of seperation caused by the war help to deal with the reunification of their nation as their own story, not as an irrelevant story. The social neuroscience-based cohort emotional contagion education can be organized in the form of a program to accompany the war cohort. The purpose of the education is to form empathy through emotional sharing and emotional contagion about the unification emotion of the war cohort. Its education methods include the use of face-to-face emotional expressions, narrative approaches, and speech as the subject of the life of a war cohort. School unification education should be changed as a place of true unification education. To get rid of the unification education nothing more than slogan, it is necessary to make an unification emotional education to meet, communicate, feel, share, and empathize with the war cohort.

Subsequent to the deregulation of the markets in the 1990s, a bigger diversity of clients (Sheth & Shainesh, 2005), and a significant change in consumer behavior, the situation for numerous sectors, such as the bank sector, drastically changed and led to a crisis of confidence. To find a way out of this situation, certain financial organizations looked to improve their image by reinforcing customer-employee interaction and intensifying interpersonal relations (Berry, 1993). In this respect, the experience of the Austrian cooperative bank Raiffeisenlandesbank (RLB NÖ-Wien) could inspire microfinance. The bank provided specific linguistic and intercultural training for its staff working with a multi-ethnic population, and has bank branches with multi-language speaking employees in high immigration density districts. This managerial model could be of particular interest in the Ivory Coast given that the linguistic communication model upon which microfinance is based in the Ivory Coast has shown its limits with regard to an illiterate clientele or one with a poor level of French.

본 연구는 현대 한국사회의 프레젠테이션 문화가 형성된 과정과 그것이 한국사회에서 갖는 문화적 함의를 탐색하였다. 먼저, 한국사회의 프레젠테이션 문화의 형성 과정은 상용화, 문화화, 능력화라는 세 가지 핵심어로 설명 가능하다. 이러한 현상의 배경에는 국내에서 빠르게 정착한 테크놀로지 환경과, 서구 커뮤니케이션 방식의 도입으로 인한 스피치 문화의 형성이라는 사회적인 변화가 자리한다. 한편, 한국의 프레젠테이션 문화의 함의는 크게 세 가지 키워드를 통하여 살펴볼 수 있었다. 첫째는 ‘영상시대와 영상 세대’로, 프레젠테이션은 시청각 기기를 활용하는 커뮤니케이션이라는 측면에서 영상문화의 도래와 깊은 관련을 가지고 있다. 프레젠테이션은 2차적 구술성, 하이퍼텍스트적 속성과 같은 특성과 더불어 영상문화의 주체로서의 영상세대의 표현도구로 설명할 수 있었다. 둘째는 ‘스피치 전통의 재림’으로, 프레젠테이션의 전신을 연설로 보면서 이를 수사학의 발달이라는 큰 줄기 속에서 이해하였다. 오늘날의 프레젠테이션은 그것의 구성방식이나 목적에서 이전의 연설과 상당부분 유사하지만, 보다 광고의 특성에 가까운 형태를 띠면서 자본주의 시대의 설득의 도구로 활용된다. 이때의 설득은 단지 상품이 아니라 개인의 아이디어나 능력을 어필하는 보다 넓은 관점에서의 광고를 의미한다. 마지막은 ‘신자유주의와 자기계발’로, 프레젠테이션은 한국의 사회체제와 자기계발 문화 속에서 하나의 강력한 담론으로 영향을 미친다. 신자유주의의 출현은 많은 분야들을 점점 경제적 영역으로 전환하였고, 이는 효율적이고 광고적 특성을 가지는 프레젠테이션 말하기 형식의 확산과 그 궤를 같이한다. 이러한 신자유주의 체제 내에서의 프레젠테이션은 곧 현대인의 자기계발 도구이자, 그들의 기업가적 자아의 정체성을 잘 보여 주는 상징적인 커뮤니케이션 수단으로 이해할 수 있다.

This paper focuses on ‘presentation’, which is being used as a means of communication in a variety of fields. This study explores the history and formation of Korea’s presentation culture, as well as its implications in the Korean society. In order to accomplish the tasks, the researchers analyzed the news articles for the last 20 years, and then combine those works into theories. The emergence and formation of Korea’s presentation culture is characterized by the expansion of practice from only a few corporations to various areas of the society in the early 2000s. This phenomenon is based on the rapid development of technology environment and western-style speech culture in Korea. Researchers picked up three keywords to explain the presentation culture in Korea these days. The first keyword is ‘visual technology.’ Since presentation is a communication method which takes advantage of audio-visual equipment, the formation of the presentation culture is closely related to the visual culture. Presentation can be explained as the video generation's tool of expression. The second keyword is ‘speech.’ By regarding presentation as a special form of speech, the presentation culture can be understood as a development of rhetoric. Presentation is analogous to speech in its purpose and configuration. However, in the era of capitalism, its characteristics are becoming more and more similar to advertisement. The last keyword is ‘neoliberalism and selfdevelopment.’ Presentation has gained a strong influence in the Korean social system and the self-development culture in Korea. In the era of neoliberalism, where the advertising nature of presentation is highly valued, presentation has become a symbolic means of self-development and showing one's entrepreneurial identity.

skills and interpretation. Interpretation is not merely the act of transcoding a message in one language into another, but involves comprehension, analysis and finally presentation. The emphasis in this article will be placed on the output and performance aspect of interpretation. In the case of consecutive interpretation and to a lesser degree simultaneous interpretation, the presentation or delivery of the message can sometimes have as much influence on the message as the contents themselves. By looking at the different aspects of speech communication and blending them with interpretation, this paper will provide some guidelines to improve the communication aspect of interpretation.

본 연구는 정서인지기능이 탈화제 발언(脫話題 發言)에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 탈화제 발언(OTS: Off-Topic Speech)이란 화제에서 벗어나는 이야기를 말하는 것으로, 이야기의 초점이 맞지 않고 일관성이 결여된 것이 그 특성이다. OTS가 노년기에 자주 발견되는 원인은 주로 억제결함가설과 실용적 변화가설로 설명되어 왔으나, 연구결과는 일관되지 않거나 또 다른 원인에 대한 가능성을 시사하였다. 본 연구에서는 대화 장면에서 중요한 역할을 하지만 노화에 따라 감퇴하는 얼굴 및 언어적 정서인지기능이 OTS 발생의 관련요인일 수 있음을 가정하여, 선행연구에서 검증대상이었던 억제기능, 일반지능, 사회기능과 함께 연령차를 살펴보고, 제 기능이 OTS에 미치는 영향력을 알아보았다. 그 결과, 노인은 청년에 비해 억제기능, 정서인지기능, 일반지능이 저조하였으며, 노인의 감퇴한 얼굴정서 인지기능은 연령과 더불어 OTS 예측요인으로 나타났다. 논의에서 본 연구 결과의 함의, 제한점 및 추후 연구 방향에 대해 기술하였다.

Off-Topic Speech (OTS) refers to speech that may start with a particular topic but quickly becomes prolonged, unconstrained, and irrelevant to that topic. Key determinants of OTS are lack of focus and lack of coherence. Inhibitory deficits and pragmatic changes in communicative goals have been proposed as causes for age-linked OTS. The present study investigated whether OTS might be related to a difficulty in decoding emotional states from facial expressions and lexical stimuli. Participants were 69 younger (18-27 years; M = 21.75, 34 male & 35 female) and 68 older (63-86 years; M = 72.22, 33 male & 35 female) adults. Participants were asked to recognize emotions expressed either facially or lexically, then tell stories about 4 topics. They were also asked to test inhibition ability, crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and social competence. The results showed that older adults were less accurate in recognizing facial and lexical emotion as compared to younger adults for all basic emotions, including happiness, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and surprise. Older adults’ OTS levels were higher than those of younger adults. The facial recognition ability and age were related to OTS, and these variables were significant predictors of OTS among older adults. These findings suggest that declining emotion recognition ability along with inhibitory deficits may be another cognitive determinant of OTS.

Objective To analyze speech and linguistic features in children with articulation disorder characterized by consonant and vowel phonological errors.Methods Between February 2007 and June 2015, 117 children who showed articulation disorder were selected for the study. Based on comprehensive speech and language assessments, the subjects were classified into articulation dysfunction (AD), or AD overlapping with language delay. Detailed information of articulation, including percentage of consonants correct (PCC) and normal percentage of variable consonants derived from the Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children test, were compared between the two groups.Results Totally, 55 children were diagnosed as AD and 62 as AD with language delay. Mean PCC was not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, the acquisition order of consonants followed the universal developmental sequence. However, differences were observed in the nasal & plosive consonants abnormality between the two groups. When adjusted to their delayed language level in AD with language delay group, 53% of children had appropriate articulation function for their expressive language level. Conclusion Speech and linguistic characteristics in children with articulation disorder were variable. Therefore, comprehensive assessment is required in children with inaccurate pronunciation, and a proper treatment plan based on the results of assessment should be followed.

Speech Dysarthria is a disorder in which speech muscles become weak, and it becomes difficult to articulate otherwise linguistically normal speech. This work is based on detection of speech dysarthria and how it can assist physicians, specialists, and doctors in its detection. The proposed work achieves higher accuracies on the TORGO dataset by using a transfer learning based convolutional neural network model (TL-CNN) and by converting the audio samples to Mel-spectrograms. The proposed work TL-CNN achieved better accuracy when compared with other machine learning models.

Background As people age, changes in speech characteristics naturally occur. If differences in speech features exist between frail older adults and those experiencing healthy aging, speech assessment could become a valuable tool for monitoring frailty. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in speech characteristics according to frailty in older adults. Study design A cross-sectional design Methods Forty-two individuals aged 65 and older were recruited from senior community centers. Frailty was assessed based on weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, low physical activity, slow gait speed, and weak grip strength, classifying participants into three groups: frail, pre-frail, and robust. Speech variables, including total speech duration, voiced and unvoiced duration, speech and articulation rates, mean syllable duration, and number of pauses during speech, were compared across the three groups. Results Frail and pre-frail older adults exhibited significantly slower speech and articulation rates, taking longer to speak the same sentences compared to robust adults. Additionally, frail older adults showed a significantly longer mean syllable duration and more pauses during speech than their robust participants. Conclusions These findings suggest that speech characteristics could be valuable indicators of frailty in older adults. Future large-scale studies should further explore the relationship between frailty and these speech features.

Objective To analyze the effects of speech therapy between children with specific language impairment (SLI) and mild intellectual disability (ID). Method Fourteen children with SLI and thirteen children with mild ID who had received speech therapy for more than 1 year were enrolled. The language function and cognitive function of all subjects were assessed before and after speech therapy. Results Improvement of receptive and expressive language development were shown in 78.5% and 71.4% of children with SLI, respectively. However improvement of receptive and expressive language development was shown in only 30.7% of children with ID. Improvement of verbal intelligence which had appeared in the SLI group was not shown in the ID group. Conclusion Effects of speech therapy were different in children with SLI and mild ID and more favorable outcomes were demonstrated in children with SLI.

Apraxia of speech (AOS) is the impairment of motor programming. However, the exact nature of this deficit remains unclear. In particular, AOS without other speech-language deficit is called pure AOS, but it is very rare. When diagnosing AOS, the characteristic of articulation is considered a crucial criterion, which has been proposed for diff erentiating AOS from phonological and dysarthric disorders. The present study reports on pure AOS in a 37-year-old right-handed male after a left insular, front, temporal infarction. This report may be useful for further AOS study and diagnosis in the clinical setting.

Speech emotion recognition (SER) is a critical field within affective computing, aiming to detect and classify emotional states from speech signals, which vary dynamically over time. These signals encode complex relationships between features at multiple time scales, effectively reflecting a speaker’s emotional state. Despite significant progress, SER faces the persistent challenge of labeled data scarcity, a major obstacle given the data-intensive requirements of deep learning models. This scarcity often results in small, imbalanced datasets that hinder model generalization. Various strategies, including feature selection, data augmentation, domain adaptation, and fusion techniques, have been employed to mitigate these issues. However, comprehensive reviews that critically analyze these methods remain limited. In this paper, we provide an extensive review of these data scarcity strategies in SER, assessing their merits and limitations in terms of efficiency and robustness. Special attention is given to how these strategies enhance the performance of both acoustic and multimodal SER systems when operating on limited datasets. Additionally, we highlight the potential of fusion strategies combined with attention mechanisms as promising solutions to improve convergence and reduce model complexity.

Online hate speech has become a pressing issue in the era of information and Online hate speech has become a pressing issue in the era of information and communication technologies. This study examines the psychological roots of communication technologies. This study examines the psychological roots of prejudice in online hate speech from the perspectives of contact theory and prejudice in online hate speech from the perspectives of contact theory and intergroup competition theory. By analyzing social survey data collected from intergroup competition theory. By analyzing social survey data collected from 1,000 Korean online users in 2022, this study finds that social network size 1,000 Korean online users in 2022, this study finds that social network size and online hate speech experiences influence prejudice, emphasizing how and online hate speech experiences influence prejudice, emphasizing how interactions and perceived competition shape attitudes toward out-groups. interactions and perceived competition shape attitudes toward out-groups. According to the results, social network reduced prejudice against people from According to the results, social network reduced prejudice against people from different regions or with different religions, but increased prejudice against different regions or with different religions, but increased prejudice against groups perceived as competing for resources, such as immigrants or feminists. groups perceived as competing for resources, such as immigrants or feminists. These findings show that the mechanism linking contact and hate may vary These findings show that the mechanism linking contact and hate may vary depending on the specific context -particularly in the context of resource depending on the specific context -particularly in the context of resource competition. At the same time, they suggest which groups are at risk of competition. At the same time, they suggest which groups are at risk of becoming targets of prejudice in contemporary Korean society. These findings becoming targets of prejudice in contemporary Korean society. These findings suggest that eliminating hate requires more than intergroup interactions or suggest that eliminating hate requires more than intergroup interactions or policies alone; addressing underlying existential threats and fostering empathy policies alone; addressing underlying existential threats and fostering empathy are crucial.

Objective : The COVID-19 pandemic has brought non-face-to-face healthcare service delivery system. Research into telehealth system and its efficacy remains unclear. Methods : Seven healthy adults participated in this study to investigate effects of tele-monitoring with the speech-to-text (STT) application to induce changes in occupational activities on occupational balance in healthy adults. Subjects were requested to choose occupational activities they wanted to have researched and then register them to the STT application. The STT application provided an alarm to check whether the pre-registered activities were performed on time, and whether the subjects performed it by their voice. The subjects were followed for 1 week, with assessments at baseline, and after 1-week’s tele-monitoring. Results : Our findings showed that the subjects were willing to participate in tele-monitoring with the STT application with high adherence and satisfaction. In addition, there was a significant improvement in occupational activities related to health (p <.05). Specifically, adherence, satisfaction, and efficacy of the tele-monitoring with the STT application could successfully bring occupational balance in short-term periods. Conclusion : These findings highlight that tele-monitoring with a smartphone could be considered as one promising way to restore occupational balance in lockdown after the COVID-19 outbreak.