Earticle

This study investigated how Korean EFL students’ self-directed English learning abilities, learning strategy use, and the relationship between the two constructs change as they advance to upper level schools. Data were collected from 447 elementary, middle, and high school students in Seocho-gu, Seoul, using Self-Directed Language Learning Readiness (SDDLR) and a revised version of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). The results showed that elementary school students’ SDDLR and SILL scores were significantly higher than those of middle and high school students, with no significant difference between the two groups. Among the learner factors, interest toward English study was the only factor which affected all the three groups’ SDDLR as well as SILL scores. The influence of study-abroad experience and starting age of private education was limited to the elementary school student group, indicating their short-lived effects on self-directed learning and strategy use. Lastly, there was a high or moderately high positive correlation between SDDLR and SILL in all the three groups. However, the specific relationship among subcategories of the two constructs was complicated and different among the three groups.

The purpose of this study is to research the practical conditions of Gyeonggi Province middle school boys’ leisure time at weekend and based on this to search the suggestions for activities of their leisure time since whole enforcement of 5 days a week school system. By sequence of this study the following registration points were come to a conclusion. First, the use of youth‘s leisure time is increased generally after whole enforcement of 5 days a week school system, and private education is also increased by students of wealth and high achieved performance records. Second, since introduction of 5 days a week school system they don ‘t make good use of their leisure time that is needed in youth development, because they stay almost at home without activities at school or youth facilities. Third, to take advantage of more increasing their leisure time not only school but facilities out of school must also develop various youth activity programs setting in interest of youth and their desire in highest priority.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the suitability analysis of MB government’s 6 ․ 3 private education expenses reduction policy. As the private education expense increased, every government tried to make a policy for reducing private education expenses. But it is acknowledged that the 6·3 private education expenses reduction policy enforced by the MB government showed the effect of reduction in private education expenses to some extent. This study will analyze the 6.3 policy mainly by focusing on the concept of school education competitiveness. The method of this study includes literature study and research study with Likert-type 5 point scale. According to the results, the policies on the adequacy of 6 ․ 3 private education expenses reduction evaluated above 3.5 are the enhancement of the transparency of private educational institute expenses(3.80), the service quality of EBS college scholastic ability test lectures(3.68), the educational service of after school(3.67), the quality of English education and narrow the gap(3.63), and the project of non-private-education school(3.59). The policies evaluated below 3.0 are the science olympiad and improvement of election type gifted education candidate(2.96), and national academic achievement test(2.76). The other 12 policies are marked between 3.0 and 3.5. The groups discussed by the policy adequacy are statistically significant. Based on this result, it is strongly recommended that the private education expenses reduction policy in MB government should be considered as an important policy for reducing private education expenses.

This study seeks to draw policy implications for the future by analyzing the effectiveness of the MB government's comprehensive 6·3 policy aimed at reducing private education expenses using a Likert-type 5-point scale. The area of policies designed to provide alternatives to private education received the highest effectiveness rating of 3.52. The area of policies focused on improving oversight of private educational institutions scored 3.29. Policies aimed at establishing institutional and cultural support for reducing private education costs scored 3.20, and area of Internalization of public education scored 3.12, Improvement of the entrance examination system scored 3.08. Five policies were highly rated, with scores of 3.5 or higher : improving EBS SAT lecture services (3.60), and increasing transparency in academy management (3.60), enhancing after-school educational services (3.53), improving English education quality (3.51). The remaining policies was between ratings of 2.71 and 3.50. In the period following the implementation of these policies, private education costs, which had previously been rising sharply, began to stabilize or decrease due to government intervention. However, when subsequent administrations reduced focus on this issue, private education expenses once again began to climb. This suggests that while the policies were effective in the short term, they lacked adequate long-term management and sustainability. Therefore, it is recommended that future efforts to reduce private education costs be integrated into a broader, long-term educational vision for Korea, rather than treated as a standalone policy.

최근 몇 년 동안 중국의 사립 고등교육은 빠르게 발전하여 양적, 질적 측면에서 어느 정도 성과를 이루었으며, 이와 같은 사립 고등교육은 공립 고등교육의 일정 부분을 보완하는 매우 중요한 기능을 지니고 있다. 중국에서 사립 고등교육의 증가는 고등 교육의 다양한 기능을 담당해 주었으며 이러한 기능은 중국의 경제발전 과정에서 높은 수준의 인재에 대한 수요와 기존 고등교육의 부족 사이의 문제점과 모순을 효과적으로 해결해 주었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 공립대학에 비해 사립대학은 여전히 상대적으로 자원, 교사, 규모 등 면에서 취약한 점이 있다. 특히 공립대학에 비해 사립대학과 대학교의 교직원 구성이 심각하게 열악한 환경에 놓여 있다는 점이다. 이러한 요소는 사립대학의 발전에 심각한 영향을 미쳤다. 최근 사립대학 및 대학교의 직원 만족도에 대한 연구에 따르면 직장에 대한 교직원의 불만족 요인이 가장 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 따라서 교직원 만족도를 향상시키고 고등교사 및 관리자의 상대적 상실감을 제거함으로써 사립대학의 교육수준 및 관리수준을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 보여진다따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 연구 배경하에 중국 하남성의 4개 사립대학 및 대학교의 전임교사 및 관리인력을 연구 대상으로 하여 직원 만족도에 대한 심층적인 조사 및 분석을 수행하였다. .관련 문헌 연구에 따르면 직원 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 크게 두 가지로 분류되고 있다. 인구 통계학적 요인 (성별, 연령, 교육 기간, 학교 길이, 직위 및 직책) 및 직무관련 요인 (업무 자체, 근무 환경, 리더십 관리, 근무 환경, 업무 스트레스, 대인 관계 및 학교 운영)이다. 직원 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인에 따라 본 논문의 가설과 연구 모델을 수립해 보았다. 이에 따라 본 논문의 연구방법은 문헌탐구와 더불어 설문조사 방법을 통한 실증분석을 실시해 보았다. 설문조사의 경우 두 가지 형태에 의해 진행 되었는 바 :첫 번째 부분은 인구 통계학적 특징이며, 두 번째 부분은 업무 자체, 작업 환경, 리더십 관리, 업무 분위기, 업무 스트레스, 대인 관계 및 학교 관리의 8가지 상위차원, 및 32개의 하위차원의 직원 만족도 설문조사를 실시하였다 본 연구는 SPSS 22.0을 통해 다중회귀분석 등을 실시하였고, 그 결과 1) 상위차원에서 교직원은 대인 관계, 업무 환경 및 작업 환경에 대한 만족도가 높았으며, 업무 자체, 리더십 관리, 학교 관리, 직장 스트레스 등에 대한 만족도가 낮았다. 2) 하위차원에서 교직원은 각 그룹 및 캠퍼스 환경과의 관계에 따라 급여, 성과 평가 시스템 및 학습 개발 기회와 같은 요소에 매우 만족한 것으로 나타났다. 3) 학업 성취도와 취업기간 간의 교직원 만족도에는 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 4) 8개 상위차원 모두 직원 만족도에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 5) 리더십 관리, 직장 분위기, 학교 관리 및 직원 자체에 대한 업무 자체 만족도 기여도는 큰 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 만족도의 영향 요인에 따라. 경쟁력있는 보상 시스템과 과학적이고 합리적인 성과 평가 시스템의 수립. 직원 교육 및 경력 개발. 편안하고 개방적인 업무 분위기 조성. 작업 과제의 합리적인 계획의 다섯 가지 측면 및 직원 만족도 향상을 위한 전략을 제안해 보았다.

In recent years, China’s private higher education has developed rapidly, with a peak in both quantity and quality, Private higher education is an effecient complement to and an important part of higher education. The rise of private higher education diversifies China’s higher education. It effectively alleviated the contradiction between the demand for advanced talents in China’s economic construction and the shortage of existing higher education. However, private colleges and universities are still in a disadvantaged position compared with public universities in terms of resources, enrollment, teachers, scale, etc. Compared with public universities, the construction of the teaching staff of private colleges and universities is seriously lagging behind which is embodied in that the structure of teaching staff is unreasonable with young teachers as a main part and the academic leaders or backbone teachers very few, and the teaching staff is unstable with a high mobility. Those factors seriously discourage the development of private colleges and universities. Therefore, research on the satisfaction of employees in private universities, finding the unsatisfactory factors that employees have in their work can enable colleges and universities to find appropriate solutions, improve employee satisfaction and avoid the loss of advanced teachers and managers, thus improving teaching and management. This paper takes full-time teachers and management personnel at all levels in four Private Higher Education in Henan province as research objects to conduct in-depth investigation and analysis of employee satisfaction. Through the review of Employee Satisfaction Theory, the theoretical basis cited in this paper is clarified. According to the literature research, the factors affecting employee satisfaction of Private Higher Education grouped into two categories: demographic factors (gender, age, education, university working years, job title and position) and work related factors (the work itself, working environment, remuneration, leadership and management, working atmosphere, working pressure, interpersonal relationships and university management). Based on the influencing factors of employee satisfaction, the hypothesis and research model of this paper are proposed. The research methods employed in this research are literature method and questionnaire survey. The questionnaire is divided into two parts: the first part is about the demographic characteristics; the second part is about the employee satisfaction survey. Altogether 32 questions in 8 dimensions, namely the work itself, working environment, remuneration, leadership management, working atmosphere, working stress, interpersonal relationships and university management; SPSS22.0 was used to analyze the data, and the he results of descriptive statistics, T test, one-way variance, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression and other analysis results are as follows: (1)The staff satisfaction in Chinese Private Higher Education is at an average level; (2)In the eight first-level dimensions, employees are satisfied with interpersonal relationships, working environment and working atmosphere. Low satisfaction in work itself, leadership management, university management, working pressure and remuneration; In the second dimension, employees are satisfied with the relationship with various groups and the campus environment, and are not satisfied with renumeration, performance appraisal system, learning and development opportunities; (3)There are significant differences in employee satisfaction in education background and years of service; (4)All eight dimensions have a positive correlation with employee satisfaction; (5)Leadership management, working atmosphere, university management and work itself contribute significantly to employee satisfaction; Finally, depending on the degree of influencing factors of satisfaction, strategies to improve employee satisfaction are proposed in terms of the establishment of a competitive compensation system and a scientific and reasonable performance evaluation system, emphasis on employee training and career development, creating a relaxed and open working atmosphere and rational planning tasks.

이 연구는 대학의 고등평생교육기관으로서의 위상 정립을 위해 교육부가 추진하고 있는 <대학의 평생교육체제 지원 사업>(LiFE)의 개선책 마련을 목적으로, 해당 사업에 참여 중 인 지방의 한 대형 사립대학 사례를 분석하였다. 연구자들은 이 사업의 핵심이 일선 대학 의 체제 변혁에 있다는 점에 주목하여, 성인 친화적 교육체제 구축 작업이 대학 내부에서 어떻게 전개되고 있는지 그 맥락과 과정을 들여다보면서 지속가능성을 타진하는 작업을 진행하였다. B지역에서 2018년부터 이 사업에 참여하여 성인단과대학을 설치, 운영하고 있 는 A대학 구성원 14명을 연구 참여자로 선정하여 면담을 진행한 결과, A대학 성인단과대 학은 학생 모집부터 학생 관리, 수업의 질 관리 등 교육 전반에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 외 딴 ‘섬’처럼 고립되고 단절된 조직으로 운영되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 연구자들은 이러한 어려움과 한계가 대학 본부의 비협조적 태도에서 기인한 것이라기보다, 교육부 사 업 설계의 경직성과 평생교육 관련 개념적 혼란에서 기인한 측면이 크다는 점을 간파할 수 있었고, 대학의 성인 친화적 교육 체제 구현을 위한 새로운 접근 모형을 제안할 수 있 었다.

This study analyzed the case of a large private university in a province with the aim of preparing improvement measures for the <Lifelong Education at universities for the Future Educaiton>(LiFE) promoted by the Ministry of Education. Noting that the core of this project lies in the transformation of the front-line university system, the researchers looked into the context and process of how the work to establish an adult-friendly education system was being developed within the university. As a result of interviewing 14 members of A University, who have been participating in this project since 2018, A University's adult university was operating as an isolated and disconnected organization without securing basic educational support services enjoyed by other universities. The researchers could see that these difficulties and limitations were largely due to the rigidity of the Ministry of Education's project design and conceptual confusion related to lifelong education, and proposed a new approach model to implement the university's adult-friendly education system.

한국은 2018년 3분기 합계출산율이 세계에서 유일하게 0.95명을 보임으로서 최저 출산국이 되었다. 한국 정부는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 그동안 막대한 예산을 지원하며, 문제를 해결하려 하였으나, 실효를 거두지 못하고 오히려 점차 더 심각한 저 출산의 문제가 발생되었다. 학계에서도 한국의 이러한 저 출산 문제의 원인을 다양하게 연구해 왔다. 그중 자녀교육비와 저 출산율과의 관계를 검토한 연구들이 다수 있어왔고, 자녀교육비 중 사교육비와 저 출산의 문제와 관련한 연구도 다수 있어왔다. 이러한 연구들을 살펴본 결과, 사교육비와 자녀출산 간에는 부정적 영향이 미치고 있었다. 또한 다양한 원인으로 공교육이 위기에 처한 상황에서 사교육이 팽창되어, 사교육비를 더욱 가중시킨다는 연구도 있었다. 하지만 공교육 활성화 방안과 사교육비 절감방안, 그리고 이를 통한 출산율 확대 방안에 대한 연구는 미진했다. 하여 본 논문에서는 한국교육전반의 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고, 그 해결방안을 모색하고자 했다. 이를 위해 스웨덴의 교육을 참고 하였다. 연구방법은 선행논문과 다양한 학술 자료들을 면밀하게 비교 검토하고 분석하였다. 연구결과 한국교육의 문제점은, 공교육과 사교육으로 나눠 검토할 수 있었고, 우선 공교육의 문제점은 첫째, 잦은 교육개정 때문에 학생과 학부모들이 불안이 가중되었다. 이로서 공교육이 신뢰를 잃으면서 위기에 봉착했다. 둘째, 입시위주의 교육현장에서 교육의 본 역할이 사라지고 명문학교 입시를 위한 단순 답안만 주입시키는 암기식 수업의 문제점이다. 셋째, 협력보다 경쟁과 서열을 우선시함으로써 통합교육을 저해하고 차별적 환경에서 경제적 소외계층에 박탈감을 갖게 했다. 넷째, 경직되고 획일화 된 주입식 교육환경에서 학생들의 적성개발 및 창의성 발현능력, 자기주도 학습능력, 자기결정능력, 사회성 발달 등의 기회를 박탈시켰다. 다섯째 교육현장에 학력과 학벌위주의 사고가 팽배해 무조건 명문대학을 진입하기 위한 과도한 사교육비를 지불하게 했다. 이로서 산업현장에 고학력자들의 과잉공급으로 고학력자들의 실업률을 증가시키고 있다. 여섯째 휴식과 여유가 없는 교육환경에서 학생들의 심신건강에 심각한 문제를 낳고 있다. 사교육의 문제점은 첫째, 부모의 사회경제적 능력에 따른 사교육비 지출의 양극화를 조장하고 치열한 경쟁 심리를 조장해 차별을 정당화 하며, 경제적 소외계층에 박탈감과 상실감을 조장했다. 둘째, 선행학습으로 학생들이 학교수업에 흥미를 잃어 잠을 자는 상황을 조장해 교실 붕괴를 초래했다. 셋째, 대학입시를 위한 시험답안만 주입시키고 암기시키는 훈련만 하여 청소년시기의 전인적 발달을 저해하고 인간 로봇화 현상을 조장했다. 넷째, 학생과 부모에게 무조건 심각한 불안을 조장하여 막대한 사교육비를 쏟아 붓도록 유인했다. 위와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위한 공교육의 활성화 방안은, 첫째, 학교수업 중에 민주주의 정신을 고양시키고, 통합교육을 실현해야한다. 둘째, 일관성 있는 공교육방향을 확립하여 공교육에 대한 학생과 학부모들의 신뢰를 회복해야 한다. 셋째, 공교육비의 무상지원을 한국현실에 맞게 단계별로 확대해 나감으로서 영유아교육부터 대학교육까지 모두 무상지원을 현실 화 해야 한다. 이로서 자녀교육비로 인한 학부모들의 경제적 부담을 없애야 한다. 넷째, 차별을 유발하는 서열 평가중심의 수업을 금지하여 학생들이 시험스트레스에서 벗어나도록 해야 한다. 다섯째, 학생들의 적성개발에 초점 맞춘 개별 맞춤형 수업을 실천하여 산업현장에서 실질적 능력발휘가 가능한 인재를 양성을 해야 한다. 여섯때, 창의력개발과 자주성 신장수업을 활성화하여 자주적 문제해결 능력과 창의적 융합형 사고를 지닌 인적자원으로 양성해야 한다. 일곱째, 활발한 토론수업을 통해 상호협력 하는 사회성이 발달되도록 해야 한다. 여덟째, 교사 1인에 적정학생수를 배정함으로서, 교사가 개별 학생에게 충분한 관심을 갖는 가운데 개별적성과 특성에 맞게 맞춤형 지도가 가능하도록 해야 한다. 아홉째, 차별금지법을 활성화시킴으로서 상호인권존중이 가능하도록 해야 한다. 열 번째, 휴식과 여유가 있는 학교환경을 조성하여 학생들이 스스로 심신건강을 지키도록 해야 한다. 열한 번째, 교사의 권위를 회복하기 위해서는 관료제적 획일적 교육시스템을 전면 수정하고 교사의 자율권과 사기를 높여주어야 한다. 사교육 절감을 위한 방안으로는 첫째, 산업형장에서 학벌과 학력에 따른 인력을 수요하는 현상을 개선해야 한다. 둘째, 대학입시제도에서 과정중심의 절대평가를 정착시켜야 한다. 이를 위해 교과목 중심의 서열 형 상대평가를 없애야한다. 셋째, 산업현장에서 능력에 따른 정당한 예우와 공정한 임금을 지불하도록 해야 한다. 이를 위해 학력과 학벌에 따라 임금을 지불하던 현상을 개선하고 이에 대한 사회적 인식도 개선해야 한다. 넷째, 과도한 사교육비를 유도하는 행위나, 선행학습을 진행하는 행위를 방지하기 위해 사교육시장에 대한 관리 감독을 철저하게 시행해야 한다. 본 논문의 시사점은 위와 같은 방안들이 교육현장에 정착되어 공교육을 활성화 시키고, 사교육의 필요성을 무의미하게 한다면 사교육비의 과다한 지출을 방지하고, 자녀교육비 부담으로 결혼 및 출산을 기피하는 현상을 막아내어 저 출산의 문제를 해결할 수 있게 된다는 점이다. 더불어 국민적 신뢰가 회복되고 통합사회가 정착됨으로서 학생들의 삶의 질이 향상되고, 21세기 미래창조사회에 필요한 적합한 인적자원으로 거듭나 사회･국가･세계 발전에 이바지할 수 있게 된다는 점이다. 본연구의 한계점으로는 이번 정권이 바뀌면서 새롭게 개정된 교육정책들이 충분한 국민적 합의를 거치지 않은 가운데 시행되고 있어, 이에 대한 실효성을 예측하기 힘들었던 점과, 이에 대한 국민적 혼란과 불안을 방지할 수 있을지에 대한 불안한 기대 때문에, 공교육 활성화 방안제시에 대한 명료한 현실적 제언을 갖기가 힘들었던 점이다. 추후 현재 진행되고 있는 새로운 공교육 정책들이 학교에 적용되고 실행되는 과정들을 좀 더 깊이 있게 지켜보면서, 사회적 실효성을 거두는 부분에 대한 미진한 점을 다시 한 번 폭넓게 구체적으로 연구를 해야 할 것이다.

South Korea is the lowest birthrate in the world with only 0.95 total fertility rate in the third quarter of 2018. In order to solve these problems, the Korean government has been supporting huge budget and trying to solve the problem, but it has not been effective and has become increasingly serious problem of low fertility. The academic community has also studied various causes of such low fertility problems in Korea. There have been a number of studies that have examined the relationship between child education costs and low fertility rates, and there have been a number of studies on the issue of private education costs and low birth rates among child education expenses. As a result of these studies, there was a negative effect between private education costs and childbirth. In addition, there have been researches that private education is expanding in the situation where public education is at risk due to various reasons, and private education expenses are further increased. However, there is little research on ways to stimulate public education, reduce private tutoring costs, and increase fertility rates. In this paper, we examined the current status and problems of Korean education in general and sought to find a solution. For this purpose, I refer to Swedish education. The research method was carefully reviewed and analyzed in the preceding articles and various academic materials. As a result of the study, problems of Korean education could be divided into public education and private education. First of all, the problems of public education were firstly anxiety of students and parents because of frequent education revision. As a result, public education faced a crisis of losing trust. Second, the main role of education disappears in the entrance examination - oriented education field and it is a problem of the memorization class which injects only the simple answer for the entrance examination of the prestigious school. Third, competition and order are more important than cooperation, which hinders integrated education and deprives the economically marginalized in the discriminative environment. Fourth, the students were deprived of the opportunity to develop aptitude and creativity, self - directed learning ability, self-determination ability, and social development in a rigid and uniformized infant education environment. Fifth, education and academic-centered accidents were prevalent in the education field, which forced them to pay excessive private education expenses to enter a prestigious university. As a result, the unemployment rate of highly educated workers is increasing due to the over-supply of highly educated workers in the industrial field. Sixth, there is a serious problem in the physical and mental health of students in the educational environment where there is no rest and leisure. The problems of private tutoring are as follows: First, they stimulate polarization of spending on private education expenses by parents’ socioeconomic ability, foster fierce competition and justify discrimination, and promote deprivation and loss feeling in economically marginalized class. Second, preliminary learning led to the collapse of the classroom by encouraging students to lose their interest in school classes and sleep. Third, by only injecting and memorizing the test answers for college entrance examination, it inhibited the development of the whole period of youth and promoted the phenomenon of human robotization. Fourth, it instigated students and parents unconditionally serious anxiety and attracted huge amount of private education expenses. In order to solve the above problems, the way to activate public education is as follows: First, it promotes democratic spirit and realizes integrated education during school class. Second, a consistent direction of public education should be established to restore student and parent trust in public education. Third, the grant of free public education expenses should be expanded gradually in accordance with the reality of Korea, so that free education support for both infant education and university education should be realized. This should eliminate the economic burden on parents due to the cost of their children’s education. Fourth, students should be excluded from the test stress by prohibiting classroom-based instruction that induces discrimination. Fifth, students should be trained to practice practical skills in the industrial field by practicing individualized classes focusing on student aptitude development. Sixth, creativity development and independence education should be promoted to foster human resources with independent problem solving ability and creative fusion thinking. Seventh, we need to develop social competence to cooperate through active discussion classes. Eighth, by allocating the right number of students to one teacher, the teacher should be able to provide customized guidance according to individual performance characteristics while having enough interest for individual students. Ninth, by enacting anti-discrimination laws, mutual respect for human rights should be made possible. The tenth, relaxed and affordable school environment should be created to ensure that students are on their own. The eleventh, in order to restore the authority of the teacher, the bureaucratic uniform education system should be revised thoroughly and the autonomy and morale of the teacher should be raised. As a way to reduce private tutoring, first, it is necessary to improve the phenomenon of demanding manpower according to academic background and educational background in the industrial complex. Second, the process-oriented absolute evaluation should be settled in the college admissions system. To do this, we must eliminate the sequential relative evaluation centered on the subject. Third, the industry must pay fair wages and fair wages based on ability. To this end, it is necessary to improve the phenomenon of paying wages according to academic background and academic background, and to improve social awareness. Fourth, the supervision and supervision of the private education market should be thoroughly implemented in order to prevent the act of inducing excessive private education expenses or proceeding with prior learning. The implication of this paper is that if the above measures are settled in the education field and the public education is revitalized and the necessity of private tutoring becomes unnecessary, it prevents the excessive expenditure of private education expenses and prevents the phenomenon of avoiding marriage and childbirth due to the burden of education for children, It is possible to solve the problem of. In addition, the restoration of national trust and the establishment of a unified society will improve the quality of life of students and enable them to become suitable human resources for the 21st century creative society and contribute to social, national and global development. The limitations of this study are that it was difficult to predict the effectiveness of the revised educational policies and that the revised education policies had not been passed through sufficient national consensus as the regime changed and that it could prevent national confusion and anxiety Because of the uneasy expectation, it was difficult to have a clear and realistic suggestion for the public education promotion plan. The new public education policies that are being pursued in the future will need to be studied more extensively in detail once again while observing the processes applied and applied to the school in a more in-depth manner.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of household income, education needs, private education expenses and expenditures of preparation for old age for mothers of school-aged children and to discover the causal relationships among these variables. The subjects in this study were gathered from among 393 mothers living in Daegu with school-aged children from 8 to 19 years old and with wage-earner husbands. The research tool was a questionnaires which addressed the general characteristics of the subjects, household income, the scale of education needs, the scale of private education expenditures, the scale of perceived burden of private education, and the scale of expenditures of preparation for old age. In order to analyze the study data, factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS were used, and structural path analysis using AMOS was used. The main results of this study were as follow:First, the greater the household income, the greater the education needs. Second, household income and education needs had no significant influences on private education expenditures. Third, education needs and private education expenditures turned out to have significant effects on the perceived burden of private education expenditures. Fourth, expenditures of preparation for old age among mothers of school-aged children was influenced by the education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures. The household income of mothers of school-aged children had no significant influence on private education expenditures. Finally, education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures for mothers of school-aged children had a direct effect on the expenditures of preparations for old age. On the other hand, in mediating education needs, household income of these mothers had an indirect effect on expenditures of preparations for old age. The perceived burden of private education expenditures turned out to have the biggest total effect on the preparations for old age of mothers with school-aged children.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the amount of private education expenditures for on-line education and the factors which affect on-line education expenditures and its decreasing effect of private education expenditures. The results of this study can provide basic materials to found policy to decrease private education market and private education expenditures. The sample of this study was 484 parents who had an experience using on-line education for their children being in mainly constituted by classes of pre-school over and less than high school student. The results was as follows. First, education expenditures for on-line education are 64,900won and the English and the Mathematics as main reasons using on-line education were that it is available for 24 hours and cheaper than off-line education. The parents got information for on-line education by internet, mass media and their next-door neighbors. Second, the significant variables which affect on-line education expenditures and its decreasing effect of education expenditures were the children's school level and financial related factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between household income, consumption wants for education, private education expenses, and old-age economic preparation behaviors in mothers with school-aged children. The participants in this study comprised 393 mothers living with children aged 8–19 in Daegu. All participants had wage-earning husbands. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Factor analysis was conducted using SPSS and structural regression analysis was performed using AMOS. The main results of this study were as follows: The participants’ old-age economic preparation behaviors were influenced by their household income, the proportion of private education expenditures they paid, and the perceived burden the participants had of these private education expenditures. The consumption wants for education in mothers with school-aged children had no significant impact on the proportion of private education expenditures paid by the participants. Household income, proportion of private education expenditures, and perceived burden of the private education expenditures had a direct effect on the old-age economic preparation behaviors of the participants. When the perceived burden of the private education expenditures was mediated, the consumption wants for education in mothers with school-aged children had an indirect effect on their old-age economic preparation behaviors.

본 연구는 국내에서 진행되고 있는 체육 교육과정 클러스터 수업이 가지고 있는 효과를 확인하고 나아가 사교육을 대체할 수 있는 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 2022년 3월부터 12월까지 체육 교육과정 클러스터 프로그램을 운영한 고등학 교 네 곳의 2학년 14명을 선정하여 심층 면담을 수행하였다. 교육과정 클러스터는 사교육에 비해 심리적 안정감, 전문적 진로 및 진학상담, 체육에 대한 태도 및 인식변화면에서 사교육을 대체할 수 있는 이점을 가지고 있었다. 반면 여전히 사교육을 받 아야만 할 거 같은 군중심리는 사교육을 대체하기 위한 가장 큰 방해요인이었다. 실기능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 우수 강사진의 확보, 학생들이 선호하는 학습분위기 파악, 교육과정 클러스터 수업과 연계 가능한 프로그램 개발, 그리고 지역내 교사들끼리 의 커뮤니티 형성에 대한 부분들이 유지 혹은 발전된다면 사교육을 대체할 수 있는 가능성이 충분하다고 판단된다.

This study explored the replaceability of private institutes by applying physical education cluster curriculum. Total 14 students in 4 high schools operating the physical education curriculum cluster from March, 2022 to December, 2022 were recruited and in-depth interview was conducted. Results indicated that the cluster curriculum has benefits in providing psychological stability, specialized career and admission consulting, changes in perception of attitudes regarding physical education. Whereas peer pressure caused by the ‘bandwagon effect’ negatively affects students, and this is the greatest barrier factor to substitute private education. In conclusion, securing outstanding instructors, understanding preferred learning atmosphere, developing programs linked to the curriculum cluster, and forming teacher community within the cluster are required to maintain and develop, making it possible for the curriculum cluster to substitute private education.

본 연구는 코로나의 발현으로 급격한 교육의 변화 가운데 피아노 사교육에서 비대면 교육의 문제점들이 무엇인지 진단하고 앞으로 음악교육의 한 방향이 될 수 있는 비대면 온라인 수 업을 위한 교재의 선별이 기존의 교육과 달라져야 함을 제시하였다. 음악적 연주완성을 중 심으로 제작된 피아노 교재들은 인터넷 접속으로 이루어지는 온라인 수업에 있어 음악 외적 기술의 영향에 따라 달라질 수 있는 음의 길이, 박자, 음악의 흐름 등을 판단하고 학습자에 게 교육하기엔 많은 제한이 있으므로 이에 대한 대안으로 신체의 움직임을 중심으로 교육할 수 있는 테크닉 교재를 사용하는 것을 제안하였다. 이에 대한 구체적인 예로 박태희의 <알 레그로 시리즈> 중 테크닉 부교재인 <땡큐 피아노 1권>을 선정하였고 온라인 교육에 적용 할 수 있는 장점과 전체 연습곡들을 릴렉스, 도약과 이동, 고른음 내기, 강약의 네가지 주요 테크닉 관점으로 나누어 설명하였다.

This study diagnosed the problems of non-face-to-face education in piano private education amid rapid changes in education due to the outbreak of COVID-19 and suggested that the selection of textbooks for non-face-to-face online classes should be different from existing education. Since piano textbooks focused on completing musical performance have many limitations in determining the length, beat, and flow of music that may vary depending on the influence of non-music technology in online classes, it is suggested to use techniques that can educate learners about body movements. As a specific example of <Allegro Series>, Park Tae-hee’s <Thank You Piano Volume 1>, a technical adjunct, was selected, and the advantages and overall practice songs that can be applied to online education were divided into four main technology perspectives.

본 연구에서는 가구의 월평균 전체 사교육비와 소프트웨어 및 인공지능 관련 사교육비, 그리고 학업성취 간 관계를 분석하여 소프트웨어 교육의 양극화 실태를 조명하였다. 이를 위해 전국의 초등학생 자녀를 둔 학부모 2,780명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하였으며 상관분석과 차이검증을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결 과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소프트웨어 교육 참여 여부에 따라 자녀의 학업성취도에는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 자녀의 학업성취도가 높을수록 소프트웨어 사교육에 참여하는 비율도 현격히 증가하는 경향성을 확인하였다. 셋째, 총 사교육비와 소프트웨어 관련 사교육비는 유의미한 정적 상관이 있었다. 넷째, 소프트웨어 사교육비와 학업성취도 간에는 통계적으로 유의미하지는 않았으나 정적 상관이 존재하는 것으로 드러났다. 본 연구를 통하여 학부모는 공교육에서 제공하는 소프트웨어 교육이 충분하지 않은 탓에 사교육 참여와 그 지출 규 모를 늘리고 있고, 가구소득에 따라 미래 인재로 성장하기 위한 주요 역량을 키우는 데에 격차가 존재한다는 문 제가 있음을 확인하였다.

This study analyzed the polarization of software education by analyzing the relationship between the average monthly total private education expenditure, software education expenditure, and academic achievement. For this purpose, data were collected and analyzed by surveying 2,780 parents of elementary school children nationwide. The results of this study are as follows: First, there was a statistically significant difference in children's academic achievement depending on whether or not they participated in software education. Second, the higher the children's academic achievement, the higher the percentage of participation in software private education expenditure. Third, there was a significant positive correlation between total private education expenditure and software-related private education expenditure. Fourth, although not statistically significant, there was a positive correlation between software private education expenses and academic achievement. In this study, software education provided by public education is not sufficient. For this reason, participation in private education and the amount of expenditure are increasing, and there is a gap in improving the main competencies of students according to household income.

한국 사교육시장의 규모 확장 속에서 연간 학원비 변동은 가계 경제력, 교육 공급구조, 정책 규제 등 복 합 요인의 영향을 받으나 그 작동 메커니즘과 과목별 이질성은 충분히 해석되지 않았다. 본 연구는 수급 이론을 기반으로 지역별 1인당 소득, 교원 규모, 학원 수가 학원비에 미치는 영향을 계량분석하고 과목 유형별 이질적 가 격 결정 메커니즘을 실증적으로 규명하였다. KEDI와 KOSIS의 2013-2023년 패널데이터를 활용한 이중고정효과 모델 분석 결과, 1인당 소득(탄성계수 0.833)과 교원 수(0.469)는 학원비 상승에 정(+)의 영향력을 보인 반면 학원 수 증가(-0.462)는 경쟁을 통한 가격 억제효과가 확인되었다. 특히 비수험과목(국제화·예능)의 소득탄성(1.057-1.480) 이 수험과목 대비 유의미하게 높았으며, 특수교육 분야에서는 ‘학원 확장 → 비용 상승’의 역설적 현상(탄성계수 0.577)이 관측되어 수요 경직성 시장의 독점적 가격결정 특성을 드러냈다. 디지털 교육 환경 강화背景下, 인공지능 기반 맞춤형 학습플랫폼과 한국 정부의 디지털교과서 보급 정책은 교육격차 해소에 기여할 수 있으나 기술 접근 성 격차와 데이터 프라이버시 보호 체계 구축이 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구결과는 교육시장의 분류별 규제 최적화 와 기술융합형 교육정책 수립에 실증적 근거를 제공한다.

This study analyzes Korea’s private education costs using 2013-2023 panel data, finding per capita income (+0.833 elasticity) and teacher supply (+0.469) increase fees while more academies (-0.462) reduce prices through competition. Non-exam subjects (e.g., arts) show higher income sensitivity (1.057-1.480) than exam-focused courses, and special education exhibits a paradox where academy expansion raises costs (+0.577) due to monopolistic pricing. Digital tools like AI platforms and digital textbooks may address disparities but require improved access and privacy safeguards. The research provides evidence for tailored regulations and tech-integrated policies in evolving education markets.

목적 이 연구는 사교육이 입시에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 공교육 체제 밖의 요소들이 대입에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 이해하며, 이를 통해 대학교육과 입학전형의 개선에 주는 시사점을 탐색한다. 방법 이를 위하여 C국립대학교의 당해 연도 입학생 548명을 대상으로 고등학교 재학 동안에 경험한 사교육의 유형과 비용을 조사하였다. 그런 다음 관련 변인들이 대입 전형 요소에 얼마나 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위하여 빈도분석, 교차분석과 t검정 등 통계 처리하였다. 결과 대학입시에서 정시전형이 수시전형에 비해 사교육의 영향력이 컸으며 고교 내신이 반영되는 교과 전형과 대학수학능력시험을 준비하기 위해 사교육을 받는 경우가 많았다. 또한 입학생들은 고등학교 내신 성적과 입시를 위해 사교육에 참여하였으나 대학에서의 학업에까지 영향을 받지 않았다. 결론 이 연구는 공교육 체제와 입시의 괴리를 극복하기 위한 노력의 일환이며, 이와 함께 대학교육과 연계성이 있는 국가수준 교육과정 운영을 통해 사교육의 부작용 문제를 해소하고 입시의 공정성을 도모할 수 있다는 점을 제안하는 바이다. 이를 지원하기 위한 교사 및 입학사정관의 전문성 개발, 성공적인 사회생활을 위한 인성의 요소 등이 심도 있게 논의되어야 한다.

Objectives By analyzing the impact of private tutoring on the college entrance examination, this study understands how factors outside the public education system affect college admission, and based on the understanding, explores implications for improving college education and admission system. Methods To this end, 548 students enrolled at C national university this year were surveyed regarding the types and costs of private tutoring they experienced while attending high school. Afterward, to find out the effect of pertinent variables on the college admission system-related factors, the acquired data were statistically processed through frequency analysis, cross-tabulation, and t-test. Results The influence of private tutoring on college entrance examination was greater for regular admission types than for occasional admission types. In many cases, students got private tutoring to prepare for the comprehensive school report-based admission that reflects high school grades, and college scholastic ability test (CSAT). In addition, entrants received private tutoring to improve their high school grades and prepare for the entrance examination, but it did not effect their studies at university. Conclusions This private tutoring impact assessment suggests the following: to promote fairness in the selection process, with more efforts needed to narrow the gap between the public education system and entrance examinations, through the national-level curricula operation connected to university education, problems caused by side effects of private tutoring should be improved. To support this, the matters to be considered with interest are the professionality development of teachers and admissions officers, and personality factors for successful social life.