Earticle

본고는 채만식의 <흥보씨>를 연구 대상으로 삼아 텍스트에 형상화된 세계의 특징을 분석하고, 도덕적 당위성과 의미가 중지됨으로써 발생하는 패러디의 의의를 규명하고자 하였다. <흥보씨>에는 작가의식과 직결되는 가치의 대립이나 당위적 가치가 존재하지 않는다는 점을 밝히고, 작가가 ‘어떤 문제의식을 가지고 있었느냐’ 혹은 ‘문제 제기에 성공했느냐’의 여부가 아닌 다른 지점으로부터 패러디의 의의를 도출하고자 한 것이다. 이를 위해 <흥보씨>의 제비박 화소의 활용과 아감벤이 말한 “새롭고 가능한 사용”으로서의 놀이를 환유적 관계로 해석하여 패러디로서의 <흥보씨>의 가치에 접근하였다. 흥부전의 제비박 화소가 <흥보씨>의 제비삽화로 변용되는 과정에서, 제비가 땅에 떨어지는 사건이 계기가 되고, 선량한 마음씨가 동기가 되어, 제비를 다시 둥지 위로 올려준다는 행동의 형식은 그대로 유지된다. 그러나 사람의 손길이 닿으면 제 새끼라도 둥지 밖으로 밀어내버리는 제비의 습성이 새롭게 설정됨에 따라 그러한 형식이 ‘제비의 보은’으로 표상되던, ‘착한 사람은 복을 받는다’ 혹은 ‘선에 대한 권면’이라는 의미와 맺고 있던 관계는 해체되어 새로운 맥락에 위치한다. 특정한 행위나 존재는 기존의 서사적 기능으로부터 해방되고, 고전소설 흥부전을 통해 계승되던 도덕적 가치의 교훈적·정치적 효용은 중지된다. 즉, 고전서사의 문법에서는 원인(善)으로부터 결과(福)에 해당하는 의미가 도출되는 과정 자체가 규범화되어 ‘착한 사람은 마땅히 복을 받아야 한다’는 의미 질서가 고정되어 있었다면, <흥보씨>는 그러한 문법의 효용을 중지시키고 새로운 의미의 가능성을 획득한 작품이다. 이에 <흥보씨>에서는 형식이 의미와 맺고 있던 관계가 해체됨에 따라 ‘~해야 한다’는 실천적 의미는 낯선 것으로 대상화되며, 고전의 교훈적이고 정치적인 의미 체계에 대한 비판적 거리가 발생한다. 이때 <흥보씨>는 다른 패러디 텍스트처럼 원본 텍스트에 대한 기존의 이해를 반전 또는 반대로 재확인시키거나 그에 대한 재성찰을 유도하는 것이 아니라, 전형적인 것이든 독자적인 것이든 기존 해석의 효용 자체를 무의미한 것으로 만듦으로써 원본 텍스트의 교훈성 및 정치성에 대한 비판적 거리를 발생시키는 데서 패러디의 의의를 흭득한다. 즉, <흥보씨>는 가치판단의 척도가 무화됨으로써 흥부전에 대한 반성적 성찰을 가능하게 하는 텍스트로, 텍스트 해석이 고전에 대한 단순한 ‘다시 읽기’나 ‘새롭게 보기’가 아닌, 기존의 독자적이거나 전형적인 해석에 대한 ‘비판적 거리 유지’에 기반할 때 패러디 텍스트로서의 의의는 보다 분명해질 것이다.

The purpose of this article is to finding out the aspects of parody in <Heungbossi> and the significance of the parody resulting from the suspension of its moral justification and meaning. There is no conflict of values or party value directly related to the author's consciousness in <Heungbossi>. Instead of eliminating economic conflicts in <Heungbu-jeon>, differences between ‘Mr. Hyun’ and ‘Mr. Kim’ is highlighted, but it does not imply another conflict that reflects the Japanese colonial era. Also, it is hard to say that there exists a social conflict in <Heungbossi>, given that the ‘Mr. Kim’ does not have representation as an offender who persecutes Koreans. ‘Mr. Hyun’ is also a person who, despite his negative aspects, is as human in his relationships with children and animals. But his warm nature is not the value of being established through retribution, as in <Heungbu-jeon>. Heungbu's virtue was shaped by values that overwhelmed other negative aspects, such as economic incompetence. In <Heungbossi>, however, the valuation on the virtue of ‘Mr. Hyun’ is held back by the swallow plot. This led us to believe that we need to derive the significance of the parody from a point other than ‘what kind of problem did the author have’ or ‘Did he succeed in raising the question?’. To this end, we sought to approach the value of <Heungbossi> as a parody by interpreting the use of the swallow motif and what Agamben called “new and possible use” as a metaphorical relationship. The swallow in <Heungbossi> has the habit of pushing even its own offspring out of the nest when touched. Thus, the relationship that the previous ‘virtue of main character’ had with the connotation of swallow’s repay-‘good will be blessed’ or ‘encouragement to virtue’-is placed in a new context. In other words, if the process of deriving meaning from the causes(virtue) was in order and the meaning ‘good people deserve good fortune’ was fixed in the grammar of classical literature, <Heungbossi> was able to escape from the grammar and acquire the possibility of a new meaning. The significance of this parody can be found in that moral imperativeness of virtue has not been fulfilled, suggesting a new level of use beyond the practical meaning of ‘should’.

Fermentation is a traditional method of food preservation that is widely used for improving shelf life, food safety, and sensory and nutritional properties. Fermented fish are an integral part of numerous food cultures and are produced in different parts of the world. Bekasam is an Indonesian traditional fermented fish commonly used as a condiment in Indonesian dishes because of its umami taste. This review tries to elaborate on various aspects of bekasam. The emphasis of this work is related to cultural history, microfunctional properties, manufacturing processes, biochemical and nutritional properties, as well as their health benefits and safety concerns. Moreover, some challenges and directions for future research regarding bekasam are also discussed in this review. Further investigation into fermented fish products is not only crucial for the food industry, but also for human health. Nevertheless, comprehensive in vivo and toxicological investigations are imperative prior to the utilization of fermented fish products that are abundant in bioactive compounds for the purpose of human health benefits.

이 글은 인류사의 역사적 증거이자 인류문화유산으로서의 가치를 지니고 있는 ‘영화유산’의 의미와 그 보존과 활용을 위한 복합적 행위인 ‘영화 아카이빙’의 개 념과 특성을 살펴보고, 영화사 초기부터 시작된 ‘영화 아카이빙’의 발전과정을 짚 어봄으로써 ‘영화유산’과 ‘영화 아카이빙’이 지니고 있는 잠재적 가능성을 가늠할 것을 목적으로 한다. 영화작품 및 영화와 관련된 다양한 자료를 가장 온전한 상태로 보존하고 활용 하는 ‘영화 아카이빙’은 수집, 보존, 보호, 복사, 복원, 공개, 분류/목록/색인이라는 일련의 과정으로 구성된다. 영화사에서 ‘영화 아카이빙’은 영화사 초기의 원형적 시도에서 출발해 1930년대의 초기 시네마테크 운동의 시기를 거쳐 1938년 국제필 름아카이브연맹의 결성으로 이어지면서 발전한다. 특히, ‘영화 아카이빙’ 분야에서 국제적 협력과 연대의 구심점이 되어온 국제필름아카이브연맹은 ‘오리지널 빅 포’ 라고 불리는 프랑스, 독일, 영국, 미국의 주도로 창립되었다. 우리는 이 글에서 ‘영화유산’과 ‘영화 아카이빙’의 인식론적 개념과 특징에 대 한 이해를 전제로, 해당 분야의 선구적 국가인 프랑스, 독일, 영국, 미국의 ‘영화 아카이빙’의 현황과 특성을 개괄한 후 현재 전 세계적으로 논의되고 있는 주요 쟁 점들을 통해 ‘영화유산’의 보존과 활용이 지니는 잠재적 가능성과 급변하는 미디 어 융합시대에 ‘영화 아카이빙’이 해결해야 할 과제와 전망을 제시하고자 한다.

The purpose of this article is to examine the concept and characteristics of ‘film archiving’ which is a series of complex works for the conservation and utilization of the film heritage & cinematographic patrimony as historical evidence of human history & cultural heritage of humanity. For this purpose, understanding the meaning of the film heritage & cinematographic patrimony would be essential. We also illustrate the history & evolution of ‘film archiving’ which began since the very beginning of the film history so that we can discover its potential. ‘Film archiving’ is the process for preservation and use in the most perfect state of a variety of resources related to film and film work. And it consists of a series of steps : acquisition, preservation, conservation, duplication, restoration, access, inventory/cataloging/indexing. In the film history, 'film archiving' began with some archetypal attempts, passed through the period of early cinematheque movement in the 1930s, and developed by the FIAF(The International Federation of Film Archives) founded in 1938. In particular, the FIAF was founded by France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, so-called the ‘Original Big Four’. Since then, the FIAF has been the focal point in the field of international cooperation and solidarity. In brief, we investigate the situation and the specificity of ‘film archiving’ system in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, based on the epistemological understanding about the film heritage & cinematographic patrimony as well as ‘film archiving’. Today, the ‘film archiving’ has become an important issue of the international level. In particular, the ‘digitization’ of film archiving requires in-depth discussion and technological research and development in the context of media convergence. ‘Film archiving’ is a potential sector that generates cultural, artistic, scientific and industrial values. And this potential of the ‘film archiving’ subjects to the profound understanding of the ‘film heritage’ & ‘cinematographic patrimony’ and the investments for the film archiving system in the long term. We need a new paradigm of the ‘film archiving’ which is applicable to the rapidly changing era of media convergence. I hope that this study can be a sort of starting point for future in-depth discussion about the subject of ‘film archiving’ in the era of media convergence.

This study examines the rarity of surviving original mounts of traditional Korean paintings and the challenges posed by remounting such works in Chinese or Japanese styles, which often detract from the authentic form of the works. This paper compares two paintings of Yi Jeong (1554–1626) to assess the use and significance of colophons and their role in enhancing scholarly appreciation. The investigation reveals how the refined materials and style used in these mounts reflect the aristocratic origins of Yi Jeong and the high regard his art received during the Joseon dynasty. Furthermore, I will examine historical connections between Yi Jeong’s works and the broader context of Korean literati culture, emphasizing the importance of these works as aesthetic objects and rich cultural artifacts. The findings of this research deepen the understanding of Korean traditional paintings, underscoring the necessity of preserving their authentic mounting styles to honor their historical significance.

This article investigates two levels of society. The first is the contemporary, contingent, de facto condition of society, as evident especially in the American version of free-market capitalism. The second is a deeper structural condition that is both real (because that is the nature of the structure) and unreal because the contingent state of reality may reflect it poorly. This two-fold approach is inspired by the Neo-Confucian handling of this systemic tension between contingent conditions and deep structure in terms of a "physical nature," and an "original nature." I find the model a rich source of insight for considering virtually any level of living systems, including the entire social-environmental system. Thus I frame this paper as an inquiry into the Original Nature of Contemporary Society. In the end my objective is similar to the heritage of thought surrounding the "original nature": to clarify what is distorted and the sources of the distortion, and to consider strategies of rectification. In contemporary terms, this is a Neo-Confucian reflection on the systemic tensions at the core of the contemporary sustainability crisis and on directions towards their remedy.

In 1482, during the Joseon dynasty (조선, 朝鮮, 1392-1910), volumes of books on the history of the previous Goryeo dynasty (고려, 高麗, 918-1392) were written and printed with metal type. The similarities and differences between these books on the Goryeo history (고려사, 高麗史), printed with metal type in the 15th century and the identical book printed using re-engraved woodblocks in the 16th century were compared. The printed pages had the same width in both the metal printed books and woodblock books, but differences in page height were observed: the original metal printed books from the 15th century had larger heights than the woodblock printed books from the 16th century. Using image comparison and analysis between various versions of works of Goryeo history, we investigated the correlations between the directional shrinkage of the wood as a potential root cause of the size difference in only one direction between the metal type and the re-engraved woodblock-printed versions. It was confirmed that the comparison of the size and directions of the printed areas is a very effective method of determining the printing method and the sequence of changes in very similar versions of old Korean books.

According to Unification Thought, Original laws, referred to as fundamental laws, may manifest themselves as the laws of the natural world. However, there can be found neither examples of originals laws nor any demonstration of such manifestation. It is my research interest to identify original laws and reveal their manifestation as the laws of the natural world. In this study, I have focused on quantum mechanics as the law of the natural world and traced back toward the source giving rise to such a phenomenon as a way of identifying an original law. In this process, numerous examples in the history of science as well as of civilization are considered in view of God-given creativities and application capabilities according to Unification Thought.

배경: 가족은 인간이 최초로 경험하는 사회적 환경으로, 개인의 삶에 지속적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 심 리적 기반이다. 현대사회에서는 가족의 정서적 기능이 강조되며, 구성원 간의 애정, 이해, 상호 배려와 지지를 통해 안정되고 만족스러운 삶을 영위하도록 돕는다. 특히 어린 시절의 가족 환경은 삶의 방식, 상 호작용의 유형, 수용적이거나 배타적인 관계, 세계관과 가치관의 형성에 중추적 역할을 한다. 목적: 본 연구의 목적은 자녀의 자아존중감 향상을 위해 유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지의 원가족 경험이 양육 참여를 매개로 하여 자녀의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향력과 아버지의 올바른 양육참여로 건강하고 긍정적 인 원가족 경험을 전수할 수 있도록 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법론/접근: 이를 위해 본 연구는 서울특별시, 경기도, 충청도, 경상도, 강원도 등에 소재하는 유치원, 어 린이집에 다니고 있는 만3∼5세 학부모 중 아버지 608명으로부터 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료에 대 한 통계분석은 SPSS 22.0과 AMOS 22.0을 사용하였으며, 아버지의 자녀의 자아존중감에 영향을 미치는 원 가족 경험에 대한 양육참여의 매개효과를 파악하기 위해 구조방정식을 활용한 경로분석을 실시하였다. 결과/결론: 유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지의 원가족 경험이 자녀의 자아존중감 미치는 영향에서 아버지가 원 가족과 긍정적인 관계를 맺은 경험이 많을수록 자녀의 자아존중감에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나 타났다. 아버지의 양육참여가 자녀의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향에서 아버지의 양육참여는 자녀의 자아존 중감 향상에 중요한 요인으로 확인되었다. 원가족 경험과 자아존중감 간의 관계에서 양육참여 매개효과는 아버지의 원가족 경험은 양육참여를 매개 로 하여 자녀의 자아존중감에 유의미한 간접효과가 나타났다. 시사점: 원가족에서 형성된 긍정적인 정서적 기반이 세대를 넘어 전이될 수 있다는 점은 가족의 정서적 상호작용과 양육 방식이 자녀의 심리적 발달에 깊은 영향을 미친다는 사실을 강조한다. 특히, 아버지의 양육참여를 활성화하고 가족 내 상호작용의 질을 제고하기 위한 체계적인 실천 프로그램과 전문적인 상 담적 접근이 요구된다. 이러한 노력은 가족 구성원의 정서적 안정과 심리적 성숙을 촉진하는 동시에, 궁 극적으로 건강하고 조화로운 가족문화를 구축하는 데 중요한 초석이 될 것이다.

Background: The family is the first social environment experienced by humans and is an important psychological basis that has a lasting impact on individual lives. In modern society, the emotional function of the family is emphasized, and it helps members lead a stable and satisfactory life through affection, understanding, mutual consideration and support. In particular, the family environment in childhood plays a pivotal role in the way of life, types of interactions, receptive or exclusive relationships, and the formation of worldview and values. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to ensure that the influence of the father's original family experience with infants on the child's self-esteem and the father's correct parenting participation can be transmitted to the healthy and positive original family experience to improve the child's self-esteem. Methodology/Approach: To this end, this study collected data from 608 fathers among parents aged 3 to 5 attending kindergartens and daycare centers located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, Gyeongsang-do, and Gangwon-do. SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 were used for statistical analysis of the collected data, and a path analysis using structural equations was conducted to understand the mediating effect of parenting participation in the original family experience that affects the self-esteem of the father's children. Findings/Conclusions: In the influence of the father's experience of the original family with infants, the more experience the father had with the original family, the more positive the child's self-esteem was. In the influence of the father's parenting participation on the child's self-esteem, the father's parenting participation was identified as an important factor in improving the child's self-esteem. In the relationship between the original family experience and self-esteem, the mediating effect of parenting participation showed a significant indirect effect on the child's self-esteem through the father's original family experience. Implications: The fact that the positive emotional foundation formed in the original family can be transferred across generations emphasizes the fact that the family's emotional interactions and parenting methods have a profound influence on the psychological development of children. In particular, a systematic practice program and a professional counseling approach are required to revitalize the father's parenting participation and improve the quality of interaction within the family. These efforts will promote emotional stability and psychological maturity of family members, while ultimately being an important cornerstone in building a healthy and harmonious family culture.

This essay was originally presented as the keynote speech at the Keimyung International Conference on Korean Studies in Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of Keimyung University entitled, “The Korean Beat: In Search of the Origins of Korean Culture.” In his speech Professor Hwang Byung-ki [Hwang Pyŏnggi] provided a rapt audience with a magisterial overview of the role of percussion and percussion instruments in traditional Korean music and daily life. In this essay he introduces the major instruments from the various musical traditions of Korea, including Shamanism, Buddhism, the Confucian court, the yangban literati, and the farming community. Both the defining characteristics of instruments such as the hourglass drum (changgu), clapper (pak), barrel drum (puk), and also the major Korean rhythmic forms are explained with admirable clarity, making this complex subject easily accessible to the non-specialist. The essay concludes with a brief examination of the ways in which rhythm has permeated the daily life of Koreans in such simple acts as the woodcutter beating out a rhythm on his A-frame carrier with a stick or a woman enlivening her chores in the kitchen by beating on an upturned water scoop made from a gourd. By cherishing and cultivating these rhythms, the author argues, Koreans will open up “a new era in musical creation.”

본 연구는 최근 선하증권 원본을 소지한 FOB 매도인이 선하증권 원본 없이 화물을 인도받은 최종매수인을 상대로 불법행위에 대한 손해배상을 청구한 우리나라 대법원 판례를 분석하였다. FOB조건 하에서 운송계약을 체결한 매수인(계약 송하인; contractual shipper), 선하증권 상에 기재된 증권상의 송하인(documentary shipper), 실제 송하인(actual shipper)과 운송인의 관계를 분석하고, 실제 송하인인 FOB 매도인의 선하증권 원본과 상환하지 않은 물품 인도에 대한 운송인에 대한 불법행위 그리고 선하증권 원본과 상환하지 않은 물품 수령에 대한 계약 송하인인 매수인에 대한 불법행위에 대해 고찰하였다. 일반적으로 선하증권 원본과 상환하지 않은 화물인도에 대해서 운송인은 선하증권의 선의의 소지인에 대하여 불법행위가 성립한다. 또한 수하인을 상대로 소를 제기한 이번 판례에서 법원은 선하증권 원본과 상환하지 않고 화물을 인도받은 수하인이 운송인과 함께 선하증권의 적법한 소지인에 대해서 공동불법행위가 성립한다고 판시하였다. 이번 판결로 인해 향후 유사한 케이스에서 운송인이 아닌 수하인에게 소를 제기하는 경우가 발생할 수 있으므로 수하인의 상당한 주의가 요구된다.

Purpose : This study analyzed the Korean Supreme Court case in which a seller with an original bill of lading claimed damages for torts against the buyer who received the goods without the original bill of lading. The relationship among contractual shipper who concluded a carriage contract under FOB terms, documentary shipper on the bill of lading, actual shipper who requested the shipment of the goods, and carrier were analyzed. This study also considered the FOB seller against the carrier’s torts on the delivery of the goods without the original bill of lading, and the torts against the buyer on the taking goods without the original bill of lading. Research design, data, methodology : This study analyzes the case (Supreme Court 2018DA289825) based on domestic and Asian jurisdictions. Results : Although the FOB seller is not listed as the shipper on the bill of lading, the court recognized the FOB seller as the legitimate bearer of the bill of lading, even if it is not a transfer by endorsement because it is natural to secure the bill of lading for payment. It is confirmed again that if the goods are delivered without the bill of lading, the carrier is liable for torts against bearer of bill of lading. Moreover, in this ruling, the consignee who took the goods without the original bill of lading is liable for torts against a bearer of the bill of lading. Conclusions : This ruling has a meaning for the first Supreme Court case admitting that it is possible to be a legitimate bearer of the bill of lading without endorsement and that the delivery goods without the original bill of lading is recognized as torts by the carrier, and the consignee who took the goods without the original bill of lading. Due to this ruling, consignee is required a considerable attention because it may occur in the future to file a lawsuit with the consignee rather than the carrier for the delivery of goods without the original bill of lading.

Tenant compte de Ia theorie du skopos, du debat sur Ia visibilite du traducteur et des specificites de Ia traduction des livres dits pour enfants, cet article compare Ia traduction de Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone vers le franyais avec celles vers six autres langues, trois germaniques proches de I'anglais, trois latines plus semblables au franyais. Un corpus aligne constitue de !'original et des traductions d'elements lexicaux ou d'extraits plus longs a servi pour Ia comparaison. L'analyse de ce corpus permet de deduire que si les choix de traduction sont parfois contraints par Ia langue-cible, des facteurs extralinguistiques, a savoir culturels et commerciaux, ainsi que le skopos et les commanditaires jouent un role determinant sur le marche de Ia traduction. Malgre !'affirmation de J.K. Rowling qu'elle n'ecrivait pas pour un lectorat specifique, les maisons d'edition ont classe le premier Harry Potter « litterature jeunesse ». Les traductions vers differentes langues refletent forcement cette categorisation, celle vers le franyais notamment presentant de nombreux ecarts par rapport a !'original. Afin de redonner au texte-source sa vraie valeur, des traductions revisees de quelques courts extraits du premier Harry Potter sont proposees a Ia fin.

The South Korean government preserves traditional arts at the national, city and provincial levels, through Munhwajae Pohobŏp (Cultural Property Preservation Law), with the aim of preserving the wŏnhyŏng (original form). Specifically, it designates the relevant properties and, for the Intangible Cultural Properties the relevant artists, as “Poyuja (Holder).” However, the government’s intention behind the cultural policy is not often realized in the actual performance context. To address this, I examine how local artists perceive the wŏnhyŏng (original form) in the case of a local art from South Kyŏngsang Province: T’ongyŏng Ogwangdae (Mask Drama of T’ongyŏng). The existing literature on cultural policy in South Korea tends to deal only with the tense relationship between the national government and local artists, focusing more on government acts than on the response of local artists. This research concentrates on illuminating how local artists perceive the original form, in comparison with the investigator(s) for designation. For the Intangible Cultural Properties, the government sets forth as a premise that it can discover “nativeness” in the sector of “folklore” from Korea. In the case of the music of the Mask Drama of T’ongyŏng, the investigators define the original form as the oldest surviving form that, in their perception, has local features. However, the local artists regard it as the original, functionally-intended form, focusing more on “functional intention” that on “physical form.” From this perspective, they show differences from the oldest surviving version in terms of tempo and rhythms. If their essentialism is involved in stronger essentialism, there will be a danger that the governments and the local artists will become estranged and the relationship between them become difficult. To prevent this danger, and to enable them to coexist, I argue that ethnomusicologists might play a positive role as mediators.