Earticle

The purpose of the present study was to provide basic data to identify which types of exercise promote health of older adults. To this end, this study investigated how exercise affects frailty, depression, and cogni-tive functions in older adults. Frailty, depression, and cognitive function assessed in the exercise participants, 164 older adult women. Results revealed that participants’ frailty and depression varied according to exercise participation time and frequency. In particular, dancing was more effective than other types of exercise in reducing frailty and de-pression. Exercise duration and frequency did not influence cognitive function, but results indicated that table tennis exerted a greater influ-ence on cognitive function than other types of exercise did. In addition, cognitive function differed according to the degree of frailty participants displayed.

We investigated whether the decreased cell proliferation resulting from pups born from maternal stress during pregnancy is enhanced by the treadmill exercise. It is showed that early adverse experiences-induced the dysregulation of the Ki-67 and NPY expression is reversed by exercise. Rats of stress-applied groups were exposed to a 95-desibel (dB) supersonic machine sound for 1 h, while rats of the control group were left undisturbed. The offspring were divided into six groups. Pups of the exercise groups were made to run on treadmill for 30 min once a day for 7 consecutive days. The analysis brain tissue was used by immunohistochemistry for the expression of Ki-67 and NPY. We also found that postnatal rat pups might be significant reversed by treadmill exercise on the prenatal stress-induced decrease in the hippocampal cell proliferation during pregnancy. In conclusions, we investigated that mild exercise was a better strategy to manage foe postnatal pups with early adverse stress-induces suppression of cell proliferation in prenatal stress during pregnancy

Combining blood flow restriction (BFR) with exercise is considered a relevant, helpful method in load-compromised individuals and a viable replacement for traditional heavy-load strength training. BFR exercise may be particularly useful for those unable to withstand high mechanical stresses on joints resulting in skeletal muscle dysfunction, such as patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Current literature suggests that BFR training displays similar positive health benefits to exercise training alone for CKD patients, including maintenance of muscle strength, glomerular filtration rate maintenance, uremic parameters, inflammatory profile, redox status, glucose homeostasis, blood pressure adjustments, and low adverse reports. In this review of nine studies in CKD patients, we clarify the potential safety and health effects of exercise training with BFR compared to exercise training alone and recommend insights for future research and practical use. Furthermore, we introduce relevant gaps in this emerging field, providing substantial guidance, critical dis-cussion, and valuable preliminary conclusions in this demographic of patients. However, based on the limited studies in this area, more re-search is necessary to determine the optimal BFR exercise program-ming.

The purpose of this study was to provide empirical data by investigating the effect of jumping rope exercise on stress relief and self-confidence improvement among elementary school students. For the study, a survey was conducted on 395 elementary school students who are doing rope jumping exercises. Exploratory factor analysis, one-variate analysis, stress relief, and regression analysis were performed using the SPSS Win 22.0 program to validate this study. There was a significant difference in the problem-solving and effort-dissolving behavior for stress-relief by gender," said. As a result of relieving stress over the training period, there was a significant difference in effort behavior. A significant difference was found in the problem-solving and effort-dissolving behavior of the average number of times a jump motion was performed once. There was a significant difference in confidence and positive learning by gender," said. A significant difference was shown in confidence in improving confidence based on the average number of people in the first run. In conclusion, it has been shown that jumping rope exercises have an effect on stress relief. It has also been shown to affect self-confidence and positive acquisition. It should be applied to middle and high schools and the general public to conduct research on the effects of jumping rope exercise on health, stress relief, and self-confidence.

본 연구의 목적은 각 운동 목적에 따라 어떠한 종류의 서비스 품질을 중요시하는지, 각 서비스 품질 욕구가 충족되었을 때 운동 지속 의도에는 얼마나 영향이 가는지에 대한 연관 관계의 조사이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 2022년 3월 2일부터 2022년 6월 13일까지 헬스장 서비스 품질, 운동 목적의 관계 연구를 위하여 이원배치분산분석을 실시하였다. 분석 도구로는 IBM SPSS Statisitics 25 프로그램이 사용되었다. 이번 연구결과는 운동 목적(성취동기, 극기/도전, 정화, 사회적 동기, 건강, 운동탐닉)에 따라 중요시하는 서비스 품질 요인(유형 성, 신뢰성, 응답성, 확신성, 공감성)은 다른 것을 파악했다. 그리고 헬스장의 시점으로 목적, 품질에 따른 지속 의도를 전반적으로 파악할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통하여 헬스장 시점을 통한 소비목적, 서비스 품질 요인, 지속 의도 연구의 방향성 제시와 현 헬스장 시장에서 각 목적이 다른 소비자를 파악하여 효과적인 서비스 품질제공, 전체적 비용감소, 마케팅 등의 정보 제공 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to value the quality of service of some kind according to each purpose of exercise and It is an investigation of the association on whether the exerise adherence intention has an effect when the service quality needs are satisfied. In this study, a two-way ANOVA was conducted from March 2, 2022 to June 13, 2022 to analyze the relationship between fitness centers service quality and exercise purpose. The IBM SPSS Statistics 25 program was used. The results of this study identified different service quality factors(tangibility, reliability, responsuveness, assurance, empathy) that are important depending on the purpose of exercise(motive of accomplishment, challenge, mental stability, social motivation, health, fitness freak) and From the viewpoint of the fitness centers, we understood the continuous intention according to the purpose and quality. Through the study, the direction of study Purpose of consumption, Quality of Service, continuous intention is presented from the perspective of the fitness centers and It is expected that the fitness center will identify consumers with different purposes and play a role in providing information such as effective service quality, overall cost reduction, and marketing.

본 연구는 COVID-19에 따른 운동의 필요성을 제공하여 보다 많은 사람들이 COVID-19 예방 및 치료에 도움이 되고자 한다. 현재까지 대한민 국에서는 COVID-19 확진자가 40만명을 넘었고 치료 후에도 많은 사람들이 후유증을 앓고 있다. 이에 규칙적 운동은 COVID-19의 직접적인 치 료수단으로 사용되기는 어렵지만 COVID-19의 예방차원 및 치료 후의 일상생활로 복귀 시, 가장 중요하고 필요한 수단 중의 하나이다. 따라서 본 연구는 선행연구들을 통해 COVID-19와 관련되어 정신건강과 폐 기능, 면역을 살펴보고 운동의 필요성을 강조하였다.

This study aims to help more people prevent and treat COVID-19 by providing the need for exercise following COVID-19. So far, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in South Korea has exceeded 400,000, and many people are suffering from sequelae even after treatment. Therefore, regular exercise is difficult to be used as a direct treatment means for COVID-19, but it is one of the most important and necessary means for preventing COVID-19 and returning to daily life after treatment. Therefore, this study emphasized the need for exercise by examining psychological health, lung function, and immune system in relation to COVID-19 through previous studies.

본 연구는 메타분석을 통하여 운동이 초등학생의 성장관련 호르몬에 미치는 효과를 체계적으로 분석함으로써 운동프 로그램의 적용의 근거를 제시하고 이를 일반화하는데 도움이 되고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생 대상 운동프로그램의 전체 효과크기는 0.996으로 큰 효과크기가 나타났다. 운동프로그램의 유형에 따라 복합운동(1.315), 유산소운동(0.904), 저항운동(0.244)의 순으로 운동이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 초등학 생 대상으로 복합운동과 유산소운동 중심의 운동프로그램이 성장관련 호르몬 향상에 대해 효과적이라고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 초등학생 대상의 운동프로그램은 주 4회 이상(1.498)의 빈도, 80분 초과(2.003)의 시간, 8주 이하(2.292)의 기간으로 실시하는 것이 가장 효과적으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과에서 운동기간이 짧을수록 효과크기가 큰 것으로 나왔으나, 운동 기간 전체 효과크기는 중간 이상의 효과크기를 보였기 때문에 기간을 짧게 하는 것 보다는 꾸준히 운동을 함으로써 운동을 생활화하여 장기간에 걸쳐 운동효과를 보는 것이 더 큰 의미가 있을 것이다. 또한 이와 관 련된 선행연구들에 의하면, 아동의 오랜 기간의 운동이 정상적인 성장 패턴에는 영향을 미치는 않으며, 급격한 성장 이 일어나는 동안 균형 있고 영양이 풍부한 식이섭취를 해야 한다고 하였다. 이와 같이 기간이 늘어남에 따라 효과 크기가 감소하는 부분은 아동기의 성숙 등 가외변인을 무시할 수 없으며, 이에 대한 추후 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또 한, 본 연구에서 관찰한 논문 수가 많지 않으며, 초등학생의 성장관련 호르몬을 제외한 많은 연구들에서는 운동기간 을 달리한 여러 요인들이 유의한 결과가 나타났다는 점, 운동 기간 간의 상호 직접 통계처리는 이루어지지 않은 점 등을 통해 운동기간은 짧을수록 효과적이라는 의미임은 아니라는 것을 밝힌다. 셋째, 초등학생 대상의 운동프로그램 적용은 GH(1.240), BDNF(1.228), IGF-1(0.957)의 순서로 모든 성장관련 호르몬의 하위 변인에서 큰 효과 크기를 가진 것으로 나타났다. 운동은 초등학생의 성장발달에 큰 효과가 있는 효과적인 방법이라고 볼 수 있다. 이상의 결과 를 통해 본 연구는 운동이 초등학생의 성장관련 호르몬에 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과는 앞으로 초 등학생을 위한 운동프로그램의 방향을 제시하는 연구의 기초가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the effect of exercise on growth factors of elementary school students through meta-analysis, thereby presenting the basis for application of exercise program and helping to generalize it. The results of this study are as follows. First, the overall effect size of the exercise program for elementary school students was 0.996, showing a large effect size. According to the type of exercise program, exercise was found to be effective in the order of compound exercise (1.315), aerobic exercise (0.904), and resistance exercise (0.244). Therefore, it can be seen that exercise programs centered on complex exercise and aerobic exercise for elementary school students are effective in improving growth factors. Second, the exercise program for elementary school students was most effective to be implemented with a frequency of 4 or more times a week (1.498), a time exceeding 80 minutes (2.003), and a period of 8 weeks or less (2.292). However, in the results of this study, the shorter the exercise period, the larger the effect size, but the overall effect size during the exercise period showed a medium or higher effect size. Seeing the effect will make more sense. In addition, according to previous studies related to this, long-term exercise of children does not affect normal growth patterns, and during rapid growth, a balanced and nutrient-rich diet should be consumed. In the part where the effect size decreases as the period increases, extraneous variables such as maturity in childhood cannot be ignored, and further research on this will be needed. And, the number of papers observed in this study was not large, and in many studies excluding growth-related hormones of elementary school students, various factors with different exercise periods showed significant results. Through the dots, it is revealed that the shorter the exercise period, the more effective it does not mean. Third, the application of exercise programs to elementary school students was found to have a large effect size in the lower variables of all growth factors in the order of GH (1.240), BDNF (1.228), and IGF-1 (0.957). Exercise can be seen as an effective method that has a great effect on the growth and development of elementary school students. From the above results, this study found that exercise is very effective in the blood growth factor of elementary school students. The results of this study are considered to be the basis of research that suggests the direction of exercise programs for elementary school students in the future.

Night eating habit is known as a one of the important factors for obesity. Patients with night eating syndrome(NES) showed a phase delay in the timing of meals, and delayed circadian rhythms for melatonin which is a main output signal of the zeitgeber. In contrast, circulating levels of ghrelin, the primary hormone that stimulates food intake, were phase advanced. Thus, patients with NES demonstrated significant changes in the timing of various behavioral and physiological circadian markers involved in appetite and neuroendocrine regulation. In addition to its clear health benefit, physical exercise possibly helps to synchronize the circadian rhythms. However, whether physical exercise affects appetite in night eating is not reported. This study investigated the effects of physical exercise on the subjective appetite ratings and circulating acylated ghrelin and melatonin levels for appetite related hormones in night eating. The subjects divided into four groups according to their exercise and night eating habits. Subjective ratings for hunger, desire to eat, prospective consumption, and fullness were assessed to scale appetite before dinner. Then blood sample collected to determine circulating acylated ghrelin(AG), peptide YY(PYY), and melatonin levels. Physical characteristics were not different between night eating group(NEG) and control group(CON). Exercise group showed lower age, percentage of body fat, and blood glucose level than non-exercise group. Fullness was lower in NEG than CON. AG level was not affected from both factors. PYY level was higher, and melatonin was lower in exercise group than non-exercise group. NEG showed lower fullness that was potentially related to higher appetite than CON before dinner. Although exercise did not affect to subjective appetite ratings and energy intake, it was related higher PYY and lower melatonin levels.

There is increasing evidence that dairy calcium may play a role in body weight regulation. A potential mechanism has been postulated to explain a possible role of calcium in body weight control, and yet it remains unclear whether there is a weight-loss effect of calcium or diary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of regular exercise and/or dairy consumption on acylated-ghrelin(AG), peptide YY(PYY) and subjective appetitive ratings in university male students. Subjects were assigned into 4 groups according to their exercise and dairy consumption habits. AG, PYY, and insulin were assessed at fasting state and 60 min after consumption of standard test meal. The statistical analysis was evaluated by ANOVA for reapeated measures. Exercise groups showed lower blood glucose level and higher postprandial triacylglycerol level than non-exercise groups(p<.05). Postprandial insulin elevation was lowered in exercise groups than non-exercise groups. AG was decreased in exercise and dairy consumption group, and PYY was increased in non-exercise groups after meal(p<.05). For subjective ratings, postprandial hunger level was decreased in exercise and dairy consumption group(p<.05). Desire to eat was decreased in exercise groups after meal(p<.05). Our finding suggests that chronic exercise and dairy consumption reduces serum acylated ghrelin and subjective hunger level, which is related with postprandial anorexia.

As aging stage showed a significant increase of mortality, we should try to develop of effective intervention through exercise program. Until now, public silver welfare facilities have been serviced the exercise program for the maintain health state in elderly subjects. These exercise programs were mainly organized the gymnastics or dance, however the optimal intensity and effective contents were not considered on the specific problems of elderly subjects. Therefore we want to suggest a new effective exercise program as gymnastics on the basis of developmental analysis of exercise program in silver welfare facilities. Especially, the new developmental exercise program in silver welfare facilities should organized on the focus of prevention of sarcopenia, the maintenance of body balance, muscular function or flexibility. And the new developmental exercise program should consider to apply to internet, mobile, animation or individual access with the entertainment. Key

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the exercise needs of sport-for-all participants on their self-management and sport confidence. The subjects in this study were 345 male and female adults who resided in the area of Youngdong in Gangwan Province and enjoyed sport for all as of 2015. They were at the ages of 20 and up and played sport for all in public and private gyms for six months or more, twice or more a week. As for data analysis, factor analysis, frequencies, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were made. The findings of the study were as follows: First, the exercise needs of the sport-for-all participants were found to have exerted an influence on their self-management. Second, the exercise needs of the sport-for-all participants were found to have exerted an influence on their sport confidence. The findings of the study are expected to provide useful empirical information on how to stir up the exercise needs of sport-for-all participants to improve their self-management and sport confidence and how to increase the synergy effects of the two variables to boost motor skills.

Postnatal rat offspring born from prenatal alcohol-intoxiciated pups during pregnancy leads to apoptosis or inhibitation of neurigenesis, which eventually causes neurological impairments. In the present study, the effects of endurance exercise on the level of apoptosis and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus following fetal alcohol syndrome in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. Adult female Sprague– Dawley rats weighing 220±10 g were used in the experiment. Total 60 female rats were mated in pairs with adult 30 male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 300±10g for 48h. After mating, the female rats were housed individually in a plastic home cage. After confirmation of pregnancy, the pups borned from female rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, fetal alcohol-treated group, fetal alcohol-treated and moderate-intensity exercise group, and fetal alcohol-treated and swimming exercise group(n=20, respectively). The exercise groups were made to run on a treadmill running and swimming for 60 min per day for 14 consecutive days. Apoptotic cell death in the hippocampal dentrate gyrus was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) and caspase-3 staining, and cell neurogenesis was detected by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine(BrdU) immunohistochemistry. It was shown that apoptosis and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus were significantly increased following prenatal alcohol injection in Sprague–Dawley rats and that treadmill exercise and swimming suppressed the alcohol-induced increase of apoptosis and cell neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. The present results suggest that treadmill exercise and swimming may protect neurons from apoptotic death and aids in recovery from the central nervous system sequelae following fetal alcohol syndrome.

The aim of this study is to report on the case of effective exercise rehabilitation program for the right peroneal nerve injury-induced dysbasia after car accident. A 23-year-old man with an incomplete tetraplegia participated in this case study. He performed exercise rehabilitation program for 90~100 min once a day, 6 days per week, and continued 8 weeks. Before and after exercise rehabilitation program, basic physical fitness (such as body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and balance) and walking ability (such as 10m walking time and footprint) were measured. The present results showed that exercise rehabilitation program improves basic physical fitness and walking ability. Therefore, the present study suggested that exercise rehabilitation program for 8-weeks which we develop in this study is effective on walking ability in the incomplete tetraplegia patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body fatness on daily exercise and eating habits in elementary school children. A total of 571 upper-class boys, who attended at the elementary schools located at the city of Jin-Ju, voluntarily participated in this study. The participants' daily exercise and eating habits were compared and analyzed across body fatness levels of extremely lean, lean, normal weight, overweight, and obesity, and we found the following results: 1. Percentages of overweight and obesity were 14.2% and 11.0%, respectively, indicating that 25.2% of the participants was estimated to be the risk group for obesity. In addition, 21.3% and 8.3% of the participants were classified as lean and extremely lean groups, respectively, so that only 45.1% belonged to the normal weight group. 2. The obese boys disliked to exercise with low satisfactions to exercising and low volumes of daily physical activities, and their preferences for sports were competitive games. On the other hand, the lean boys exercised on a regular basis, and their exercise volume and frequency were high and often with relatively high satisfaction to exercising. 3. Although on well-balanced diets, the obese boys tended to have heavy meals with less snacks, and they were fast-eaters with a high preference for fast-foods. On the other hand, the lean boys tended to have unbalanced diets, and they were also fast-eaters with regular breakfasts. The current findings of the study suggest that 1) for the obese boys, exercise duration needs to be increased enough with proper guidances to sports games, categories of various snacks, and healthy eating habits, and 2) for the lean boys, proper guidances to healthy eating habits and dietary intakes are necessary. In addition, development of healthy diet and exercise programs based on self-diagnosis of obesity and their applications to schools and homes are urgently necessary so that the elementary boys can practice healthy exercise and eating habits on a daily basis.

Background: This study aims to implement lumbar stabilization exercises by using gym ball s and mats and exercises by utilizing a virtual reality program to normal adults in their tw enties for four weeks and to identify effects on balance ability. Methods: Eighteen students (M:6, F:12) studying in H University in Gwangju were randoml y placed to three groups: six students in the control group, six students in the gym ball an d mat exercise group, and six students in the virtual reality program group. Lumbar stabilization exercises and the virtual reality program were implemented for thirty minutes a day and three times a week for four weeks in total. The control group carried o ut only daily activities. Limit of Stability (LOS) was measured before and after experiment s to check balance. In order to compare differences between values before and after experi ments, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was carried out. In order to identify differences among groups for changes of values, Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal-Wallis Test were carrie d out. Results: The findings are as follows. 1) There was no significant difference among LOSes of the groups before exercises (p>.05). 2) After exercises for four weeks, LOS of the lu mbar stabilization exercise group increased even though the increase was not statistically si gnificant than that of the control group. The virtual reality program group showed a signific ant increase in LOS compared to that of the control group (p<.05)(Table 4). Conclusion: The above findings confirmed that the virtual reality program is effective in imp roving balance ability of normal adults.

Eccentric muscle actions are known to induce temporary muscle damage, delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle weakness that may persist for several days. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bench-stepping exercise on pheriphral biomarkers of muscle damage and isokinetic muscle strength. Eight healthy, untrained male subjects performed eccentric contractions during 30 min of bench stepping(50 cm step, 15 steps min-1). Isokinetic Muscle strength and plasma aldolase, creatine kinase(CK), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT), cortisol, testosterone measured before and during 3 days following exercise bout. Muscle strength decreased 1-2 day post-exercise, thereafter recovering to basal levels, and aldolase and CK activity changed of vice versa. The changes of LDH and GOT were not showed significant difference with basal levels. The exercise did not appear to significantly affect serum levels of GPT and teststerone. The results suggest that decreased muscle strength correlated with activity of aldolase, CK, LDH, and GOT levels.