Earticle

This study tries to understand the developing process of the modern korean sports in the late 20th century under the viewpoint of anthropology. Anthropology as a research method means the study on the images of man which are embodied in the human culture. Every human culture base on the organic relationships with the ideal image of man. Sport is not a except. The problem of human figure in the modern korean sport is one-side. The korean sportsman as the ideal image of man which is embodied in the developing process of the modern korean sports in the late 20th century has to be a element of collective or a individualized monad. The former had to sacrifice oneself for the state goal, and the latter want to realization of oneself. We need a anthropological balance for the future of the korean sport which consider not only the individual desire but also the maintain of the collective.

The purpose of the current study was to analyze and synthesize major issues and implications of previous research studies on self-determination theory in physical education. For data collection purposes, abstracts were coded on a variety of factors including research type, focus, variables measured, participants and research methods used. The results showed that a growing interest and an increasing number of publications in the physical education area that focused on self-determination theory with its emphasis on the relationship between teachers’ basic human needs supportive behavior and students’ increased motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation). Furthermore, physical education teachers are encouraged not to pressure exercisers into engaging in a specific type of activity and not to use controlling language (i.e., should, must). When individuals feel that their opinions are valued, their feelings are taken into account, and they have the opportunity to make choices and be self-managers, autonomy is enhanced.

As aging stage showed a significant increase of mortality, we should try to develop of effective intervention through exercise program. Until now, public silver welfare facilities have been serviced the exercise program for the maintain health state in elderly subjects. These exercise programs were mainly organized the gymnastics or dance, however the optimal intensity and effective contents were not considered on the specific problems of elderly subjects. Therefore we want to suggest a new effective exercise program as gymnastics on the basis of developmental analysis of exercise program in silver welfare facilities. Especially, the new developmental exercise program in silver welfare facilities should organized on the focus of prevention of sarcopenia, the maintenance of body balance, muscular function or flexibility. And the new developmental exercise program should consider to apply to internet, mobile, animation or individual access with the entertainment. Key

There is burgeoning interest in the ability to detect pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to acute exercise stress. Salivary collection is a noninvasive process and enables intensive naturalistic methodologies, such as those involving extensive repeated measures per day over time. Yet the reliability and validity of saliva-based to blood-based inflammatory biomarkers in response to stress remains unclear. I review and synthesize the published studies that have examined salivary markers of inflammation following exposure to an acute laboratory exercise stressor. Although the literature is limited, several inflammatory markers (including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) have been reliably determined from saliva and have increased significantly in response to acute exercise stress. This review suggests that specific targets may be valid and highlights specific areas of need for future research.

The purpose of this study is to figure out the pain-reducing effect of manual resistive exercise therapy by applying it to chronic low back pain patients. This study performed manual resistive exercise therapy four times a week during four weeks on 9 male and 14 female patients suffering from chronic low back pain caused by herniated lumbar disc and degenerative disc disease who visited N hospital located in Seoul. In order to measure the change of pain, this study used visual analogue scale, a pain profile with high confidence and validity. In addition, this study applied Patrick's test to measure the change of knee height of affected and unaffected side. Before exercise, this study indicated knee height of affected and unaffected side and pain as scores, and measured the change of knee height and pain of affected and unaffected side after two and four weeks of exercise. For processing data, this study used SPSS 15.0 program to calculate the average and standard deviation of each item. In order to analyze the difference of the period of each group, this study performed one-way ANOVA and set the significance level as p<.05. The results are as follows: First, after applying manual resistive exercise therapy, the change of pain showed significant decrease after four weeks of exercise(p<.001). Second, after applying manual resistive exercise therapy, the change of knee height of affected side showed significant decrease after four weeks of exercise(p<.001). Third, after applying manual resistive exercise therapy, the change of knee height of unaffected side showed significant decrease after four weeks of exercise(p<.001). Fourth, after applying manual resistive exercise therapy, the change of knee height difference between affected and unaffected side showed significant decrease after four weeks of exercise(p<.001). The above results show that manual resistive exercise therapy is effective for reducing pain of chronic low back pain patients suffering from herniated lumbar disk and degenerative disc disease and it also reduced the knee height difference between affected and unaffected side. In conclusion, manual resistive exercise therapy is effective for reducing pain of chronic low back pain patients and it will be even more effective if it is performed together with other exercise therapies.