Earticle

This paper investigates the performance of using multiple intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted communication as compared to the hybrid approach. We demonstrate that for practical scenarios with a limited amount of radiated power, the performance can be significantly enhanced by increasing numbers of IRS. Upper bounds are derived for multiple IRSs using both ideal and quantization phase errors over different channel environments. The proposed method having multiple-IRSs is validated for both Rician and Rayleigh fading scenarios, including ideal and quantization phase errors. The proposed method shows a significant improvement in terms of achievable rate by increasing number of IRS over hybrid IRS-relay scheme. A degradation in performance is observed by assuming phase quantization errors. Finally, it is demonstrated that increasing number of reflecting elements improve the achievable rate, but gets saturate with further increase in the number of reflecting elements.

Auto-generated captions on YouTube have proven useful in helping viewers better understand the words being spoken. However, at times they fail to contain accurate captions. In these cases, they lead to confusion. The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze errors in the auto-generated captions of 20 commencement speeches on YouTube. These speeches were presented over a period of 12 years by speakers from different walks of life. The researchers selected ten male and ten female icons. Only the first 10 minutes of the speeches were utilized for this investigation. All the captioned errors were collected and analyzed. Upon completion of the analysis, it was discovered that the frequency of errors in each speech ranged between 10 and 46 cases, with an average of one error occurring about every 26 seconds. Among the different error categories, nouns record the highest number with 144 cases (31.3%). The second is verbs with 93 cases (20.2%), then prepositions with 37 cases (8.1%). Among the four subcategories, namely omission, addition, substitution, and word order, substitution recorded the highest amount of errors with 357 cases (77.6%). Furthermore, the errors were classified into two major groups. The first, involving function words, appeared in 169 cases (36.7%). The second, involving content words, appeared in 291 cases (63.3%). The results of this research suggest that a continuous development of the voice recognition software that automatically generates captions is necessary for more efficient and accurate data that will help viewers and listeners better comprehend the video contents.

The purpose of this study is to investigate KFL students’ errors in using Korea copula i-ta in their writing assignments. In Korean classes, the Korean copula i-ta is usually simply introduced as a word equivalent to the English be-verb, and there is not much explanation beyond this. However, there are many cases when i-ta cannot be considered as a counterpart to the be-verb, since i-ta and be-verb have many different properties in terms of their meanings and functions. To investigate KFL students’ error patterns in using the Korean copula, this study examined American college students’ writing data for two semesters. Our data show that students often make errors related to meanings and to forms. Errors in meaning include confusion between i-ta and iss-ta ‘to exist’, and between i-ta and toy-ta ‘to become’; and errors in forms include orthographic error, conjugation error, and inappropriate omission. This study shows that errors of i-ta are found prevalently at all levels of proficiency; upper-level students are not exempt and often make errors as they try to produce more complex sentences. We argue that the Korean copula i-ta cannot be simply compared with the English be-verb and should be taught repeatedly and explicitly as students advance into the higher levels, so that they can speak and write Korean more fluently and naturally.

The purpose of this study is to investigate different types of errors identified from the essays written by 68 Asian EFL learners at a Korean university. The learner corpus containing these essays consisted of 2498 errors; based on the schemes suggested by previous researchers, those errors were analyzed according to error classification, i.e., sentence fragments, run-ons, comma splices, word order, verb tense, verb form, subject verb agreement, word form, determiners, prepositions, and word choice. Of all the error types committed by college-level learners, word choice had the highest error frequency, accounting for around 33%. Word choice issues in EFL students’ writing could be due to a traditional way of English learning such as rote memorization of vocabulary and purely receptive reading skills. Thus, instructor suggestions on practical learning methods concerning word choice in writing can be certainly helpful and teachers would also need to pedagogically utilize EFL written word choice strategies in a more effective way.

Artificial intelligence translation programs have achieved a high level of reliability with respect to the accuracy of their translation output. In this regard, the goal of this research is to investigate to what level the AI translation program, especially the Google translation program, has advanced so far, and how soon the translation program will take us to the next level. To test the accuracy and reliability of the Google translator’s output, numberous Korean data were used for input including those which were carefully made up or collected to elicit lexical and syntactic ambiguities. The tests conducted in this study are aimed at identifying the types of errors that the Google translation program produces. The findings of the tests show that the Google translator makes various types of errors including lexical, syntactical and idiomatic ones. Lexical and syntactical errors are found to be made in the translation of ambiguous sentences in which contexts human translators are unlikely to make any translations errors, which is attributable to the Google translator's inability to understand non-linguistic cues or information. These results indicate there still remain a number of areas in translation that require human intuition and intervention.

Most task-based research examined the effects of task complexity on various aspects of L2 production, and this study aims to perform an in-depth analysis of task complexity effects on error patterns observed in L2 writing in terms of morphological, lexical, syntactic, and mechanical errors. 39 learners of English carried out one written task with three levels of task complexity, operationalized as the number of elements. Results of a series of repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that greater task complexity led to significant increases in the amount of all four error types and the numbers of morphological, lexical, and local syntactic errors per T-unit. It was also found that learners are more likely to make errors in terms of plurality, word choice, and article use when they need to mention more elements when carrying out complex tasks.

Nous présentons ici une étude exploratoire et empirique de certains aspects du processus oral et écrit de la traduction à l’intérieur de ce qui construit la compétence traductrice.L’objectif est double : la recherche d'essais d'habilités spécifiques de la compétence traductrice dans des tâches de traduction et la comparaison des données obtenues en traduction à vue et en traduction écrite afin de vérifier empiriquement si la traduction à vue peut être considérée en tant que modalité d'interprétation. L’expérience s’est appuyée sur un échantillon de 22 étudiants de Traduction et Interprétation inscrits en dernière année universitaire, une fois passés leurs examens finaux.Les tâches ont consisté en une traduction à vue et une autre écrite du même texte et, ensuite, cet échantillon d’étudiants a répondu à un questionnaire rétrospectif sur les causes des problèmes de traduction et les stratégies employées pour résoudre ceux-ci. Pour la révision des traductions, trois critères ont été établis: non-sens, faux-sens et contre-sens. Les résultats démontrent des différences qualitatives et quantitatives selon les problèmes, les causes et les stratégies employées. La quantité d' stratégies détectée était supérieure dans la traduction à vue. Les résultats qualitatifs ont été fructueusement incorporés au modèle théorique de la compétence traductrice du groupe PACTE. Il a également été observé que les composantes psychophysiologiques présentent plus d'incidence en traduction à vue, tel qu'il arrive dans les modalités de l'interprétariat. La compétence du transfert ayant trait à la re-expression est plus relevante dans la traduction écrite.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 최근 3년간의 간호사 투약오류의 특성을 파악하고 분석하기 위함이다. 방법: 환자안전 사고 중 간호사에 의한 투약오류를 분석하는 후향적 조사연구이다. 연구자료는 2017년 1월부터 2019년 12월까지 3년간 수집되었다. 자료는 SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도, 백분율, x2-test와 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과: 전체 677건의 투약오류 중 간호사에 의한 오류는 275건(40.6%)이었다. 간호사 투약오류 중 근접오류 154건(56.0%), 정맥주사제 170건(61.8%), 잘못된 용량 102건(37.1%), 반복적인 업무에 대한 부주의가 98건(35.6%)으로 가장 많았다. 투약오류는 부서별, 간호사 경력별, 환자안전사고 유형별로 차이를 보였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 위해사건의 위험요인은 수액 주입(OR=3.93, 95% CI: 1.26∼12.27), 인슐린 피하주사(OR=39.06, 95% CI: 4.58∼333.18), 일혈/침윤(OR=7.26, 95% CI: 1.85∼28.53)의 발생으로 나타났다. 결론: 투약오류를 예방하는 가장 간단하고 효과적인 방법은 5 right를 지키는 것이며, 일반적인 교육보다는 부서별, 간호사 경력별로 차별화된 교육프로그램 개발이 필요하다. 투약바코드 시스템이나 팀간호 방법과 같은 병원 차원의 통합적 중재 또한 필요하다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the characteristics of nurses’ medication errors during three years. Methods: Retrospective survey study design was used to analyze medication errors by nurses among patient safety accidents. Data were collected for three years from January, 2017 to December, 2019. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, x2-test, and logistic regression with SPSS 26.0 program. Results: Of a total 677 medication errors, 40.6% were caused by nurses. Among the medication errors, near miss (n=154, 56.0%), intravenous bolus injection (n=170, 61.8%), wrong dose (n=102, 37.1%) and carelessness for repetitive work (n=98, 35.6%) were the most common. Medication errors differed by department, and nurses’ career, and patient safety accident type. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of adverse events were medication of fluids (OR=3.93, 95% CI: 1.26~12.27), insulin subcutaneous injection (OR=39.06, 95% CI: 4.58~333.18), and occurrence of extravasation/infiltration (OR=7.26, 95% CI: 1.85~28.53). Conclusion: The simplest and most effective way to prevent medication errors is to keep 5 right, and a differentiated education program according to department and nurse career is needed rather than general education programs. Hospital-level integrated interventions such as a medication barcode system or a team nursing method are also necessary.

Objective : Investigational drugs are often considered to be high-risk or hazardous medications. It is necessary to study medication errors in clinical trials. This study aimed at identifying the frequency and types of prescribing errors in oncology clinical trials. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed investigational drug orders and pharmacist intervention records from December 2015 to February 2017 in the National Cancer Center. Results : Among 12,387 investigational drug orders, 673 (5.43%) prescribing errors were detected by pharmacists. Regarding the route of administration, the prescription error rate related to IV medications was higher than that of oral medications (7.23% vs. 4.34%). The most common prescribing error in IV medications were wrong medication kit number (164 cases, 48.52 %) followed by incorrect diluent (75 cases, 22.19%), wrong dose (70 cases, 20.71%), and omission of information (20 cases, 5.92%). Meanwhile, the most common prescribing error in oral medications were wrong medication kit number (119 cases, 35.52 %) followed by incorrect quantity (67 cases, 20.0%), wrong dose (58 cases, 17.31%), and incorrect treatment duration (45 cases, 13.43%). Conclusions : This study provides the frequency and types of prescribing errors in oncology clinical trials. The pharmacist intervention may improve safety of investigational drug use.

2003년에 발생한 대구지하철 화재사고는 현대의 자동화된 시스템에서 인간의 사소한 에러가 얼마나 큰 재해로 귀결되는지를 잘 보여주며, 시스템 인터페이스의 설계에서 인간 실수를 신중히 고려하여야 함을 시사한다. 본 연구는 대구지하철 화재에 관련된 인간의 실수는 다양한 환경적 조건들(예: 시스템설계 결함, 작업부하)과 그에 따른 인지적 정보처리 결함에 기인한다는 것을 보여주고자 하였다. 부가하여, 대구지하철 사고에 대한 시간대별 인간에러유형 및 시스템 결함을 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 몇 가지 에러방지 보조시스템을 제안하였다.

Daegu Subway fire accident occurred on February 18, 2003 clearly demonstrates how human errors can result in catastrophe in modern automatic systems, and suggests that the human error should be carefully considered in the interface design of a subway system. This study tried to show that human errors are caused by various environmental conditions (e.g., system design flaw, workload) and deficits in cognitive information processing. In addition, we performed time-line analyses on human errors and system flaws involved in Daegu fire accident, and proposed several error prevention systems.

Chemotherapy prescription shows high frequency of prescription changes and errors, according to the condition of the patient and their response to such treatment. Therefore, occurrence of problems in the patient’s safety control might cause extended period of treatment and increasing possibilities of adverse reactions. This study is aimed to analyze the current status of the prescription intervention, to estimate the importance of prescription review by the pharmacist, and to assess the role of the pharmacist to prevent prescription errors. From January to August in 2010, in the oncology department of our hospital, 16,754 chemotherapy prescriptions were examined and 539 of them had prescribing errors, which were corrected by the pharmacists. In order to find the effectiveness of using computerized chemotherapy protocol, trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) protocols of gastroenterology, which were newly registered and pediatric chemotherapy protocols, which were modified from the existing protocols have been analyzed in difference of error incidence during the data collecting period. As a result of analyzing the prescribing errors, the errors about infusion solution contained 290 cases (53.8%) that were related to the final concentration of the diluted solution and 70 cases (13.0%) with missing infusion solution for dilution. Among the errors about dosage, 33 cases (6.1%) were intervened for exceeding the maximum dose, 30 cases (5.6%) for inputting wrong indicators, which determined chemotherapy dose, and 29 cases (5.4%) for mistake of entering dosage. The number of error cases in selecting chemotherapy protocol and entering drug code was 27(5.0%) and 26(4.8%), respectively. The prescribing errors before and after using TACE protocols showed a significant decrease (p=0.0002). In case of pediatric clinic, the prescribing errors, before and after modifying protocols were 3.1% and 2.7%, respectively. Although the prescribing errors after correcting system decreased compared to that of the former protocol use, statistical value has not been proven (p=0.409). The results showed that the prescribing error decreased after entering new protocols or correcting the protocols, thus, the study can convince medical staffs to use chemotherapy protocols for a decrease in the prescription errors. But, also prescription review and intervention, considering the individual specific medical information by pharmacist, will make chemotherapeutic agents to be administered safely to cancer patients.

블렌더봇 2.0 대화모델은 인터넷 검색 모듈과 멀티 세션의 도입을 통해 실시간 정보를 반영하고, 사용자에 대한 정보를 장기적 으로 기억할 수 있도록 함으로써 오픈 도메인 챗봇을 대표하는 대화모델로 평가받고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 해당 모델은 아직 개선 점이 많이 존재한다. 이에 본 논문은 블렌더봇 2.0의 여러 가지 한계점 및 오류들을 모델, 데이터, 대화의 세 가지 관점으로 분석하였 다. 모델 관점에서 검색엔진의 구조적 문제점, 서비스 시 모델 응답 지연시간에 대한 오류를 주로 분석하였다. 데이터 관점에서 크라 우드 소싱 과정에서 워커에게 제공된 가이드라인이 명확하지 않았으며, 수집된 데이터의 증오 언설을 정제하고 인터넷 기반의 정보 가 정확한지 검증하는 과정이 부족한 오류를 지적하였다. 마지막으로, 대화 관점에서 모델과 대화하는 과정에서 발견한 아홉 가지 유형의 문제점을 면밀히 분석하였고 이에 대한 원인을 분석하였다. 더 나아가 각 관점에 대하여 실질적인 개선방안을 제안하였으며 오픈 도메인 챗봇이 나아가야 할 방향성에 대한 분석을 진행하였다.

Blenderbot 2.0 is a dialogue model representing open domain chatbots by reflecting real-time information and remembering user information for a long time through an internet search module and multi-session. Nevertheless, the model still has many improvements. Therefore, this paper analyzes the limitations and errors of BlenderBot 2.0 from three perspectives: model, data, and dialogue. From the data point of view, we point out errors that the guidelines provided to workers during the crowdsourcing process were not clear, and the process of refining hate speech in the collected data and verifying the accuracy of internet-based information was lacking. Finally, from the viewpoint of dialogue, nine types of problems found during conversation and their causes are thoroughly analyzed. Furthermore, practical improvement methods are proposed for each point of view, and we discuss several potential future research directions.

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This study investigates the common liaison errors made by Chinese learners of Korean, specifically focusing on the tendency to add redundant consonants, as identified in previous research. The primary aim is to verify prior findings that such errors, especially involving the addition of the same consonant, are particularly prevalent after the final /ㄴ/ consonant. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the influence of gender, region of origin, Korean proficiency, native language interference, and learners’ understanding of Korean phonological rules. Findings confirm that the addition of identical consonants in / ㄴ/ final consonant is indeed frequent and largely unaffected by learners’ region of origin or Korean proficiency level. However, female learners show a slightly higher error rate compared to male learners. Key contributing factors include differences in syllable structure and phonemic characteristics between Korean and Chinese, the impact of null consonants, and learners’ limited understanding of Korean syllable and consonant rules. These insights are valuable for Korean language educators in addressing phonological errors among Chinese-speaking learners.

교육용 로봇을 활용한 교육은 추상적인 프로그래밍 활동을 구체물을 활용하여 실세계에서 문제해결의 결과를 확인할 수 있다는 점에서 초등학생의 수준에서 다양하게 적용되고 있다. 하지만, 초등학생이 교육용 로봇을 활용 하는 과정에서 마주하게 되는 다양한 오류와 미숙한 부분에 대한 연구는 부족한 편이다. 본 논문에서는 초등학 생이 교육용 로봇으로 활동을 하는 과정에서 겪을 수 있는 다양한 오류를 수집하여 디지털 기기 활용 오류, 로 봇 사용 오류, 로봇 문제해결 오류로 범주화하였다. 또한, 교육용 로봇을 활용하여 수업을 실제로 진행해 본 교 사를 대상으로 초등학생의 활동 간에 발생하는 오류의 빈도를 분석한 결과, 로봇 문제해결에서 가장 많은 오류 가 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 교사가 초등학생에게 발생할 수 있는 미숙함과 오류를 사전에 파악하여 교수· 학습 설계에 반영한다면 성취를 향상시키고, 수업의 질을 제고할 수 있다는 점에서 본 논문의 의의가 있다.

Activities using educational robots for elementary school students are widely applied. Because elementary school students can easily perform programming by using objects such as robots and check the results in the real world. However, there is still insufficient research on the various errors and inadequacies that elementary school students encounter in the activity of using educational robots. In this study, we collected various errors that elementary school students may experience while working with educational robots. As a result of categorizing the collected errors, they were categorized into 'Errors in using digital device', 'Errors in using robot', and 'Errors in solving robot problem'. In addition, we surveyed elementary school teachers who had taught classes with educational robots about the frequency of errors made by elementary school students. As a result of the study, it was analyzed that the most errors occur in robot problem solving. The significance of this study is that if teachers to identify immaturity and errors that elementary school students may make in advance and reflect them in teaching and learning design, they can improve achievement and improve the quality of classes.

본 연구는 한국 공공기관에서 발행한 중국어 코로나19 홍보지의 번역 오류를 분석하고 이를 토대로 재난 홍보자료 번역의 품질을 향상시키는 방안을 제안하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 먼저 공공번역 품질 평가 시 고려해야 할 요소 및 기존 번역 오류 분석 기준에 대한 검토를 거쳐 홍보자료 번역의 분석틀을 도출한 후, 한국 공공기관에서 2020년 1월부터 2022년 2월까지 제공한 중국어 코로나19 홍보지를 대상으로 자료를 구축해 관련 번역 오류를 분석하였다. 전체 항목을 살펴본 결과, 여덟 가지의 번역 오류 유형이 모두 확인되었으며, 그 중 수용성 부족 문제가 가장 두드러지게 나타났고, 원문 해석에 관한 오역 및 문법 오류 문제도 적지 않게 발생하였다. 분석 결과를 토대로, 외국인에 대한 효과적인 재난 정보 전달을 이루기 위해 전문 번역사 확보 및 전문가에 의한 번역 감수, 용어집 활용, 그리고 번역 정책 강화 등이 필요하다는 결론을 도출하였다.

This study aims to analyze the translation errors in Chinese COVID-19 information materials published by Korean public institutions and to explore ways to improve the translation quality of disaster information materials. First, this study discusses the factors to be considered for the quality assessment of public sector translation, as well as the criteria of translation evaluation in previous studies. Based on this, a framework for analyzing disaster information materials is identified. Then, this study analyzes the translation errors in Chinese COVID-19 information materials from January 2020 to February 2022. The analysis finds eight error types in the materials, with the most significant problem being low acceptability, as well as several mistranslations and grammatical errors. These findings suggest the need to select qualified translators and revisers, provide standard terminologies, and strengthen translation policies to convey disaster information to foreigners more effectively.