Earticle

In the context of economic and trade globalization and the rapid development of China’s Internet technology, China’s cross-border e-commerce is booming. Since the global financial crisis in 2008, with the slowdown of global economic and trade development, China’s cross-border e-commerce transactions have continued to expend, accounting for an increasing proportion of China’s total GDP. From the perspective of cross-border e-commerce development, this paper uses the volume of cross-border e-commerce transactions from 2008-2020 and the quantity of mobile phone subscriptions and fixed broadband subscriptions to establish a VAR model analyzing the influence of China’s cross-border e-commerce infrastructure on cross-border e-commerce development. Based on the results of our empirical analysis, this paper proposes to improve China’s cross-border e-commerce infrastructure to ensure the long-term development of the country’s cross-border e-commerce.

본 연구는 앞으로의 산업 분야에서 핵심 기술로 인정받고 있는 블록체인 기반의 디지털자산을 분류하고 각 디지털자산의 경제학 측면과 법적 측면에 대해 살펴보았다. 디지털자산 및 블록체인의 연구는 앞으로의 발전 전망에 비하면 현재 초기 단계라 할 수 있고 관련 경제학 이론 및 실증분석은 계속 진행되어야 한다. 또한 향후 금융, 의료, 문화 등의 산업 및 공공 방면에서의 활용방안과 이를 위한 최적 블록체인 네트워크 설계의 지속과 현장에서의 블록체인 기술의 안정적 정착을 위하여 무엇보다도 법적 측면의 연구가 선행될 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 구성은 다음과 같다. 제2절에서는 디지털자산과 블록체인에 대한 기본 개념과 디지털자산의 종류 및 시장 상황에 대해 살펴본다. 제3절에서는 디지털자산이 갖는 화폐 기능 측면의 경제적 의미와 혁신금융의 제공 가능성, 그리고 CBDC 도입 논의를 살펴본다. 제4절에서는 현재 논의되고 있는 각국의 규제 동향 및 디지털자사별 규제 방향에 대해 알아보겠다. 제5절은 현재 국회에 제안된 가상자산법안과 디지털자 산법안의 주요 내용과 쟁점을 소개하고 마지막 제6절은 향후 연구 및 정책에 대한 제 언을 하며 논문을 마무리하겠다.

This study classified blockchain-based digital assets, which are recognized as key technologies in the future industries, and examined the economic and legal aspects of each digital asset. Research on digital assets and blockchain can be said to be in the early stages compared to the future development prospects, and related economic theory and empirical analysis should continue. In addition, legal studies need to be preceded for future applications in industries and public sectors such as finance, medical care, and culture, as well as the continuation of optimal blockchain network design and stable settlement of blockchain technology in the field. The composition of this study is as follows. Section 2 examines the basic concepts of digital assets and blockchain, the types of digital assets, and market conditions. Section 3 examines the economic meaning of digital assets in terms of monetary functions, the possibility of providing innovative finance, and the discussion on the introduction of CBDC. Section 4 will look at the regulatory trends of each country and the regulatory direction for each digital company currently being discussed. Section 5 introduces the main contents and issues of the virtual asset bill and the digital asset bill currently proposed to the Congress, and the last section 6 concludes the paper by making suggestions on future research and policies.

이 연구는 문제행동 아동에 대한 초등교사의 상담 결정 과정에서 나타나는 정서적 공통요인과 심리적 변 화를 체험분석을 통하여 탐색하였다. 이 연구를 위하여 초등교사 11명을 공동체험자로 선정하였고 이들을 대상으로 5회기 동안 체험분석을 진행하였다. 체험사례 소개와 집단합의에 대한 분석 및 해석, 그리고 재 검증 과정을 실행하였다. 분석 결과 교사들은 문제 행동 상황 단계에서 아동의 문제 행동 발생을 다양한 방법으로 인식하였다. 문제행동 아동에 대한 상담을 결정하기까지의 과정에서 교사는 정서적 공통요인을 바탕으로 한 교사의 감정 변화에 교사의 사전 경험이 더해져 문제 상황을 구분하고 상담 과제를 설정하게 되었다. 이 때 상담 결정 과정에서 느끼는 정서적 공통요인으로는 걱정, 안타까움, 화, 답답함, 당황함 등 이 있었다. 상담 결정 후 교사는 아동과 학부모 상담을 진행하였고 학교 안팎으로 여러 가지 대처 활동을 실시하였다. 상담 체험을 재체험하면서 교사들은 아동의 긍정적 변화에 대한 보람과 교사의 본연의 역할 을 수행했다는 뿌듯함을 확인하였으며 결과적으로 아동의 문제행동이 줄어드는 긍정적 효과가 나타났다고 보고하였다. 그러나 문제행동을 일시적으로 억압하거나 단순히 눈에 보이는 문제행동만을 해결하려고 한 점, 평소 문제행동을 그냥 넘긴 점, 교사의 최선이 상담의 최선은 아니라는 점, 그저 예방에만 집중한 점, 상담 이후 오히려 아동이 위험에 노출된 점, 사후처리는 담임교사만의 몫이 되는 점, 상담 결정에 대해 망 설이는 등 여러 가지 반성적 사고도 회상되었다. 이를 바탕으로 이 연구에서는 상담 결정 과정에서 요구 되는 조건들을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to describe the emotional common factors and psychological changes that occur in the decision of elementary school teachers to consult problem child. For the purpose of this study, 11 teachers were selected as co-researchers and experiential analysis was conducted through the five rounds. The description and interpretation of the experience cases and collective agreements conducted in the research process, and the re-verification process were carried out. As a result of the analysis, it was found that teachers recognized the problem behavior of child occurs in various ways at the several stages. In the process of deciding on counseling for children, teachers' experience in changing emotions based on emotional common factors has been added to identify problems and set up counseling tasks. On the decision process, the emotional common factors were anxiety, regret, anger, frustration, and embarrassment. After the decision, the teacher consulted child and her parents and conducted various activities inside and outside the school. Looking back on the decision-making process, teachers were proud of the positive changes of their children, the positive role of teachers, and the positive effect on the reduction of problem behavior. However, teachers reported also various negative incidents such as temporarily suppressing problem behavior or simply trying instant solution, turning over problem behavior, focusing only on prevention, having children exposed to danger after counseling, and hesitating about decision making. In conclusion, the conditions required in the decision-making process were presented.

수도권 서울지하철4호선, 코레일 과천선, 안산선은 공동운행구간에서 운영주체, 신호시스템, 운영체계 등이 상이하지만 관련 철도운영기관의 전동열차 상호 직통운행에 관한 협약에 따라 유기적으로 전동차를 운행시키고 있다. 본 연구는 서로 다른 운영체계의 여러 특성들에 대한 중요도를 고려하는 분석방법을 제시하였다. 이 방법은 공동운행구간을 갖는 도시철도와 광역철도의 운영체계간의 상대적 중요도를 도출하는데 이용하였으며, 본 연구에서 제시한 연구방법에 따라 공동운행구간을 갖는 도시철도와 광역철도에 대하여 상위평가항목으로 열차운전, 신호체계, 운영사항, 운전시설 및 관계규정으로 설정하고, 각 상위항목을 25개의 하위 평가항목으로 세분하여 설정하고 하위항목들에 대한 중요도를 평가하였다. 실증연구를 위하여 본 연구는 공동운행구간에서 서로 다른 운영체계에 따른 특징들을 AHP 분석법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 주요 결과로서 상위항목의 중요도 순위는 신호체계, 열차운전, 관계 규정, 운영사항, 운전시설 순으로 나타났다. 25개 하위 평가항목 중 최우선 순위의 중요도를 갖는 항목은 ATC차내신호기였으며 다음으로 곡선제한속도, 진로개통표시기 등의 순으로 나타났다. 종사 업무별로는 기관사와 관제사/관리자 집단은 신호체계를, 차장 집단은 관계규정을 가장 중요시 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과에 따라 열차의 안전운행과 운영효율화를 위한 실무적 제언과 시사점을 제시하였다.

Metropolitan Seoul Subway Line4, Korail Gwacheon-Line and Ansan-Line on a common route have different management agency, different signaling system, different operating system, etc. This paper presents an analysis method that considers the weights of many characteristics of a different railway operation system. This method facilitates to derive the relative weight between operation systems of urban and metropolitan railway with a common route. The method sets up 25 evaluation items separated by the following factors: train driving, signaling system, operating system or agency, facilities related driving and related regulations. It then evaluates the different railway operation system by analyzing the weights. For an empirical analysis, urban and metropolitan railway with a common route were analyzed using the AHP method. The result revealed that the weight order is signaling system, train driving, related regulations, operating system or agency and facilities related driving. The result revealed that the priority order is ATC signal, the speed limit of curve, starting route clear light, etc. The signaling system was regarded as a top priority factor on locomotive drivers and dispatchers/managers, the related regulations on conductors. Finally, practical proposals and implications for the subway's safe and effective operation were suggested.

In this study "Non-Practicing Patent Holder" or "Non-Practicing Entity" is defined as an entity or person who has a patent but does not practice the patent. Non-Practicing Patent Holders include individual inventors, universities, research institutes, or even companies which do not manufacture the patented product any more. Also, "Patent Transaction Entity" or "Patent Transaction Expert", instead of contemptuous word "Patent Troll", is defined as an entity which is engaged in the license business with patent portfolio procured mostly from third parties. Non-Practicing Patent Holder obviously includes Patent Transaction Entity. Considering the diversity of each Non-Practicing Patent Holder with respect to the procurement of patents and the enforcement of those patents, the legal or practical boundary of Non-Practicing Patent Holder or Patent Transaction Entity is not so clear and it makes manufacturers difficult to respond to the various Non-Practicing Patent Holder's activities. Then, this study analyzes empirically the value of patents owned by Non-Practicing Patent Holders to figure out if Non-Practicing Patent Holders' licensing activities are really blameful. For this purpose, all the patents proposed in the USITC litigation are listed first. And, those patents were divided into two groups, one patent group of 1,121 patents presented by manufacturing entities ("Manufacturer's Patent Group") and the other patent group of 125 patents presented by Non-Practicing Patent Holders ("Non-Practicing Patent Holder's Patent Group"). Secondly, several factors such as the number of claims, the number of backward citations, the number of forward citations, the effective duration of each patent after the date of litigation, the number of family patents, and the number of patents filed by inventors of each patent were selected to compare the value of those two patent groups. Such empirical analysis shows that there were no statistically significant differences with the value 0.05 between Manufacturer's Patent Group and Non-Practicing Patent Holder's Patent Group in the number of claims, the number of forward citations and the number of patents filed by inventor of each patent. However, there were statistically significant differences with the value 0.05 between two groups in the number of backward citations, the effective duration of patent after litigation and the number of family patents. The analysis shows that the value of the Non-Practicing Patent Holder's Patent Group is better than the Manufacturer's Patent Group in the number of backward citations and the number of family patents, while the Manufacturer's Patent Group is better than the Non-Practicing Patent Holder's Patent Group in the effective duration of patent after litigation. According to the results of empirical analysis in this study, it is found that Non-Practicing Patent Holder's patents are not trivial and even slightly better than the patents of manufacturing entities in some factors for empirical analysis.

The purpose of this study is to analyze outcomes of a supported employment program implemented by the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled(KEAD), a public employment promotion agency, in Korea. Data accumulated by KEAD regarding pre-vocational training for people with disabilities, and covering the period from 2000 to 2008, were utilized. The methodologies used in the study are logistic regression to assess the gaining employment effect, multiple regressions to examine the wage effect, and Cox’s proportional hazard regression to evaluate the job retention effect. As a result, the probability that people with severe disabilities who participated in the supported employment program would get a job was 29.9 times higher than that of people with severe disabilities who did not participate in the program. The effect of the supported employment program on average wage was appeared to raise wages by 39,119 Won. The risk of turnover of people with severe disabilities who did not participate in the supported employment program was 1.5 times higher than that of people with severe disabilities who participated in the program. This study suggested that the supported employment program should be expanded and developed as a means of increasing the employment of people with severe disabilities in Korea.

The decentralization paradigm has made blockchain one of the most disruptive technologies today. When evaluating the level of decentralization, the key metric for most public blockchain networks is the degree of decentralization of the resources responsible for determining who generates the blocks. In turn, it facilitates a greater understanding of both security and scalability on a blockchain. This work provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art on wealth decentralization, which has not yet received the attention it deserves. We collect data, calculate various wealth decentralization metrics, and compare our results with research on the same methodology. As the amount of data for various blockchains increases rapidly, it is helpful to have techniques to aggregate data for statistical analysis. We introduce and provide conservative estimates of decentralized group metrics based on the reduced data and compare them with full-data measurements. Our research considers both the Layer 1 blockchains of Bitcoin and Ethereum, along with Layer 2 blockchains such as Arbitrum, Optimism, and Polygon.

The purpose of this Monte Carlo study was to evaluate the performance of the multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for detecting differential item functioning (DIF). Specifically, this study compared different application strategies including two conventional testing approaches (forward-inclusion, backward-elimination) and five test statistic values (uncorrected or Bonferroni-corrected LR, △CFI of 0.01 or 0.002, △SRMR of 0.005) across conditions of different item type, test length, sample size, impact, and DIF type and DIF size in a target item and an anchor set. In addition, the author proposed an alternative testing approach (effects-coded backward-elimination) as a potential solution for arbitrary choice of a DIF-free anchor set. Simulation results indicated that when an anchor set was truly biased, only the proposed approach performed adequately under several conditions. False positive rates were controlled at the nominal alpha level (with Bonferroni-corrected LR) or slightly inflated (with uncorrected LR) as the DIF contamination rate in a scale decreased.

Purpose To test the impact of interpersonal caring theory empirically on six major psychosocial functioning outcomes of persons with serious mental illness. Methods This was a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design with data collection from a total of 266 patients with long-term serious mental illness, who were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and followed at 6-month intervals over a 24-month period in three groups: a community psychiatric service group, a community service with interpersonal caring intervention group, and a control group. Three hypotheses between the intensity, specificity, and longitudinality of services were tested using growth curve analysis. Results Hierarchical linear modeling supported associations of hypotheses between the intensity, specificity, and longitudinality of services and improved patient outcomes. Conclusion This study suggests that the intensity, specificity, and longitudinality of interpersonal caring interventions in community psychiatric service programs deserve attention in order to improve and maintain patient functional outcomes.

본 연구는 병원 피부미용사의 의료기사 편입자격제도 도입에 대한 인식을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 2025년 5월 21 일부터 6월 2일까지 피부미용 전공 학생, 피부미용사, 의료 관련 종사자, 일반인 등 201명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관 분석, t-검정, 분산분석을 통해 분석한 결과, 전체 28개 문항 모두 중립점보다 유의미하게 높게 나타났으며(M = 3.94, p < .001), 당사자 집단과 외부 관점 집단 간(92.6%), 4개 응답자 유형 간(p > .05) 유의미한 차 이가 없어 다양한 이해관계자 집단 간 인식의 수렴 경향이 확인되었다. 특히 의료 전문가 집단(M=3.95)이 피부미용 관련 집단과 동일한 수준의 긍정적 인식을 보여 제도 도입의 실행 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 안전성 향상, 공공성 강화, 전문 성 인정을 위한 의료기사 유사 국가자격제도 도입의 실증적 근거를 제공하며, 보건의료 융합서비스 산업에서 피부미용 분야의 전 문화를 위한 정책 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This study conducts an empirical investigation of stakeholder perceptions on the integration of hospital-based skin care specialists into the medical technician framework. A survey was administered to 201 participants—skin care students, practicing skin care specialists, medical professionals, and members of the general public—from May 21 to June 2, 2025. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor, and reliability analyses, Pearson’s correlation, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. The results indicated that all 27 items yielded mean scores significantly higher than the neutral midpoint (M = 3.94, p < .001). No statistically significant differences were ovserved between the stakeholder and external perspectives groups (92.6% of items) or across the four respondent types (p > .05), indicating a convergence of perceptions among diverse groups instead of confirming social consensus in a normative sense. Notably, medical professionals exhibited similarly positive perceptions (M = 3.95), emphasizing strong cross-occupational alignment and high institutional feasibility. These findings offer empirical support for the development of a nationally recognized qualification system that prioritizes safety enhancement, public accountability, and professional legitimacy within the healthcare convergence service sector.

본 연구는 지방정부의 탄소중립 정책 방향을 설정하기 위해 기후 위기의 위험성, 행위주체별 역할, 생활실천, 탄소중립 정책, 정책성과 및 방향 등에 대한 충북도민의 인식을 살펴보았다. 조사를 위해 충북에 거주하는 만 19세 이상 남녀 1,124명 대상 중 결측값인 33명을 제외하고 총 1,091부를 최종 분석에 활용한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기후 위기 위험 인식 수준이 남성에 비해 여성이 높았다. 둘째, 탄소중립 행위 주체 간 역할의 차이가 나타났으며, 셋째, 주민들은 탄소중립 실천에 불편함을 느꼈지만, 탄소중립 실현을 위해 법과 규제가 강화되더라도 불편을 감수하겠다는 의견이 많았다. 넷째, 탄소중립에 관한 정보를 신문 기사, 뉴스 등을 통해 획득하며, 다섯째, 재활용품 구매 및 자원순환 소비를 가장 선호하였다. 여섯째, 탄소중립 정책의 가장 큰 문제점으로는 기후 위기에 대한 정보 부족이며, 기후 위기 심각성 인식, 환경 교육, 사회적 시스템 지원, 인센티브 및 포인트 제공 미흡 등 이었다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 지방정부의 탄소중립 실현을 위한 정책적 제언을 제시하였다.

This study aims to analyze the perceptions of climate crisis risk, roles of actors, green living practices, carbon neutrality policies, and policy outcomes to set policy directions for achieving carbon neutrality to overcome the climate crisis. The main findings of this analysis are as follows. First, there are gender differences in risk perceptions between men and women regarding the likelihood of survival threats from the climate crisis. Second, there are differences in the roles of different actors in carbon neutrality policy behavior. Third, respondents are currently uncomfortable with the idea of going carbon neutral, and policy effectiveness is low. Fourth, respondents are willing to accept the inconvenience of strengthening laws and regulations to realize carbon neutrality. Fifth, the most common way to learn about pro-neutrality policies is through mass media. Sixth, purchasing recycled products and recycling consumption were the most preferred actions. Seventh, the lack of information on the scope and timing of climate change impacts was the most serious problem with the carbon neutrality policy. The most preferred policies were: recognizing the seriousness of the climate crisis and environmental education, supporting social systems, and providing incentives and points.

Has Korea contributed to the health of recipient countries so far? Are we responding appropriately to the demand for aid? To provide a basis for answering these questions, this study aims to verify whether Korea's official development assistance (ODA) has contributed to the health of its recipient countries. The data for this study were created by combining ODA data from 2004 to 2019 provided by the KOICA with health information from the 60 recipient countries, extracted from the UNDP database during the same period. This empirical analysis, showed that Korea's ODA contributed to the improvement of life expectancy in the health sector of the recipient countries, and the amount of trade with the recipient country also was positively effected. By region, life expectancy in Asia and Africa was lower which indicates the need for continuous support.

To train deep learning models faster, distributed training on multiple GPUs is the very popular scheme in recent years. However, the communication bandwidth is still a major bottleneck of training performance. To improve overall training performance, recent works have proposed gradient sparsification methods that reduce the communication traffic significantly. Most of them require gradient sorting to select meaningful gradients such as Top-k gradient sparsification (Top-k SGD). However, Top-k SGD has a limit to increase the speed up overall training performance because gradient sorting is significantly inefficient on GPUs. In this paper, we conduct experiments that show the inefficiency of Top-k SGD and provide the insight of the low performance. Based on observations from our empirical analysis, we plan to yield a high performance gradient sparsification method as a future work.

무역거래에서 발생하는 리스크를 해소하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있지만 본 연구에서는 무역 보험제도를 활용하여 리스크를 예방하는 방법과 사후관리제도인 중재법을 활용한 중재제도를 활용하여 리스크를 감소하는 방법 그리고 무역당사자간에 협상 및 커뮤니케이션을 통해 완만 하게 해결하는 방법이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 리스크 결정요인인 정치적 리스크, 신용 리스크, 환율변동 리스크, 화물 운송리스크가 무역보험제도 활용, 상재중재 활용에 미치는 영 향을 분석하고자 한다. 이와 같은 분석을 통하여 무역거래 리스크 발생시 어떠한 방식이 효율 적 해결방법인가를 찾아내어 무역증진에 도움을 주고자 하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 실증분석 결과 무역 리스크 요인이 리스크 관리에 영향을 미치는 요인을 보면, 당사국의 정치 적 리스크, 신용리스크, 환율변동 리스크, 화물운송 리스크 등이 주요 위험의 요인 중에 환율변 동 리스크를 제외하고는 무역보험제도 활용에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있으며, 또한 상사중재제 도 활용에서도 환율변동 리스크가 유의하지 않은 영향을 미치고 있다. 이는 수출입 리스크 관 리에 영향을 미치지 않는 요인으로 환율변동 리스크가 유의하지 않고 있다. 이는 무역업체가 무역을 실시하면서 발생하는 리크스 관리요인에 정치적 리크스, 신용리스크, 화물운송 리스크 요인이 무역리스크의 효율적 관리에 적합하지만, 환율변동 리스크는 영향을 미치지 않는다는 점이다. 이는 수출입 업자는 환율변동에 대한 리스크는 일반적으로 무역 관 리차원에서 조정하는 것이 아니라 시장환경 변화에 맡기는 경향이 있다.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of political risk, credit risk, exchange rate fluctuation risk, and cargo transportation risk, which are the determining factors of risk, on the use of trade insurance system and commercial arbitration. The purpose of this study is to find out which method is an efficient solution to trade transaction risk through such analysis and help promote trade. Research design, data, methodology : In addition, a questionnaire survey method was used to empirically analyze the impact on risk management of Korean import and export companies. The sample was surveyed on small and medium-sized import and export enterprises in Gwangju Metropolitan City and Jeonnam. The research model used the risks of trading companies such as emergency risk, credit risk, corporate risk, interest rate fluctuation and currency fluctuation risk. In addition, constituent factors were utilized as constituent factors such as emergency risk, credit risk, currency risk, and transportation risk, which cause unexpected losses such as impossibility of fulfillment of trade contracts, inability to recover import and export payments, loss of currency exchange, and loss of transport cargo. Results : As a result of the empirical analysis, if the factors of trade risk affect risk management, political risk, credit risk, exchange rate fluctuation risk, freight transport risk, etc. are among the main risk factors. In addition, the exchange rate fluctuation risk has an insignificant effect on the use of the commercial arbitration system. This is a factor that does not affect import and export risk management, and the risk of exchange rate fluctuations is not significant. Conclusions : Political leaks, credit risk, and cargo transportation risk factors are suitable for efficient management of trade risk, but exchange rate fluctuation risk does not affect the risk management factors that occur when trading companies conduct trade. This means that importers and exporters tend to leave the risk of exchange rate fluctuations to changes in the market environment, rather than to adjust them in terms of trade management. In other words, exchange rate fluctuations change under too diversified circumstances, which means that it is a factor that deviates from the management aspect of importers and exports. In the future, traders must develop and respond to import and export risk factors in order to actively respond in a diversified and diversified environment.

본 연구는 2011년부터 2015년까지의 기간 동안 260개 기업의 재무제표로부터 한국 산업의 재고자산회전률에 대하여 분석하였다. 미국 소매산업의 재고자산회전률에 대하 여 분석한 기존 연구와 비슷하게, 본 연구의 실증 분석 결과 재고자산회전률은 매출총 이익과 부의 관계, 자본집약도와 정의 관계를 보였고 이는 한국의 경우 소매산업 만이 아니라 제조업, 서비스업 등 다양한 산업에서 관찰되었다. 본 연구에서는 통계청 한국 표준산업분류 코드 30개에 해당하는 산업에 속하는 기업들을 13개의 산업군으로 재분 류하고 재고자산회전률과 조정된 재고자산회전률 (매출총이익 및 자본집약도와의 관계 를 반영한 지표)을 비교 분석하였다. 또한 연구된 기간 동안 한국 산업의 재고자산회 전률이 전반적으로 감소하는 동향을 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서는 재고자산회전률로 대 표되는 운영 효율성과 재무제표로부터 얻을 수 있는 수익성 및 안정성 지표와의 관계 도 분석하고자 하였다. 수익성 지표 중 하나인 총자본순이익률은 재고자산회전률과 유 의미한 관계를 보이지 않았고, 안정성 지표 중 하나인 재고자산 대 유동자산 비율은 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 재고자산회전률에 대한 실증 분석은 재무제표로부터 얻을 수 있는 다양한 지표들과 운영 효율성이 어떠한 관계에 있는지 경영학적 통찰력을 제공해 준다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

In this study, we have analyzed inventory turnover ratios in South Korea. We obtained data from the financial statements of 260 companies during the period from 2011 to 2015 and observed that inventory turnover ratios are negatively correlated with gross margin and positively correlated with capital intensity across numerous industries, not just in retail sectors. By incorporating these relationships into our analysis, we produced adjusted inventory turnover ratios to compare inventory performance in 13 industry sectors categorized in this research. We also observe a decreasing trend of the adjusted inventory turnover in Korea from 2011 to 2015. In addition, we searched for the links between operational efficiency and profitability or stability. Inventory turnover ratios seem to be closely related to ratios of inventory to liquid assets but show no link to return on investment. Empirical analysis on inventory turnover ratios will give us managerial insights into how operational efficiency relates to various measures in financial statements.

National-wide and/or large scale sample surveys generally use complex sample design. Traditional Pearson chi-square test is not appropriate for the categorical complex sample data. Rao-Scott suggested an adjustment method for Pearson chi-square test, which uses the average of eigenvalues of design matrix of cell probabilities. This study is to compare the efficiency of Rao-Scott first order adjusted test to Wald test for homogeneity between two populations using 2009 Gyeongnam regional education offices's customer satisfaction survey (2009 GREOCSS) data. The 2009 GREOCSS data were collected based on stratified three-stage cluster sampling with probability proportional to size. The empirical results show that the Rao-Scott adjusted test statistic using only the variances of cell probabilities is very close to the Wald test statistic, which uses the covariance matrix of cell probabilities, under the 2009 GREOCSS data based. However it is necessary to be cautious to use the Rao-Scott first order adjusted test statistic in the place of Wald test because its efficiency is decreasing as the relative variance of eigenvalues of the design matrix of cell probabilities is increasing, specially more when the number of degrees of freedom is small.

본 연구의 목적은 사회적기업의 사회적·경제적 성과에 영향을 미치는 변수를 실증적으로 분석하고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 사회적기업 중 서울소재 사회적기업 107개사를 대상으로 인증특성(인증유형, 인증연도)이 사회 적기업의 사회적·경제적 성과에 미치는 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 세우고 실증분석 하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 사회 적기업의 인증특성 중 인증유형이 사회적 성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적기업의 인증특 성 중 인증연도가 경제적 성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 인증특성 중 인증 받은 연차가 높을수록 사회적기업의 사회적·경제적 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 또한 일자리제공형의 사회적 성과가 높은 것으로 나타났으므로, 앞으로 이러한 유형의 인증비율을 높이는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 따라서 획일적인 지원정책만으로는 사회적기업의 지속적인 성장과 자립에 미흡하므로, 인증연차별로 지원정책을 다양화 하여 사회적 기업의 사회적·경제적 성과를 극대화화 함으로써 지속가능성 확보가 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this present study is to empirically analyze the variables affecting socio-economic performance of social enterprises. For this purpose of 107 enterprises, located in Seoul, was performed under the hypothesis that the authentication properties (authentication type, authentication year) of social enterprises will affect the socio-economic performance. The analysis showed that first; authentication type among the characteristics of social enterprises showed significant effects on the social performance. Second, authentication year among the characteristics of social enterprises showed significant effects on the economic performances. In addition, since the job-creating type showed higher social performance, it would be desirable to raise the certification rate of this type in the future. The analysis implied that longer the years of accreditation, the greater positive effects on the socio-economic performance of social enterprises was shown. Therefore, the present study suggest the need to diversify support policies according to the number of authentication years in order to secure sustainability by maximizing the socio-economic performance of social enterprise because the monolithic support is not very effective for continued growth and self-reliance of social enterprises

This paper proposes a new framework to predict decision performance by investigating the cognitive fit of decision makers. We assume that every decision maker has two kinds of schema: emotional and rational. Cognitive fit is believed to have a close relationship with the two schemata and decision performance. In the literature on decision performance there is few studies investigating the relationship between the two schemata and cognitive fit. Therefore, our research purposes are twofold: (1) to provide a theoretical basis for the proposed framework describing the causal relationships among the two schemata, cognitive fit, and decision performance, and (2) to empirically prove its validity in the application to an Internet shopping environment. Based on the questionnaires from 104 respondents, we used a second order, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model to extract valid constructs, and a structural equation model (SEM) to calculate path coefficients and prove the statistical validity of our proposed research model. The experimental results supported our research model.

In the recent e-learning environment, avatars are often used to help learners get familiar with the contents, which is ultimately to motivate them to study more. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether avatars have actually the desirable effect on users of e-learning materials. Surprisingly, however, no extensive study has been conducted on this crucial issue Accordingly, main objectives this study are summarized as follows. First, we need to gain better understanding of how much learners’ trust towards avatars (termed as “avatar trust”) is transferred to learners’ trust towards e-learning contents (termed as “contents trust”). Second, we need to investigate how much learners’ personal relationships with avatars as well as learning behaviors change depending on avatar types (attractive vs. professional) and contents complexity (easy vs. difficult). As described in the study objectives, in order for us to analyze empirical data more systematically, we classified avatar types into two: “attractive” and “professional;” the contents are categorized as either “easy” or “difficult.” Therefore, it is essential for this study to build a prototype e-learning website on which our research purpose can be realized and tested effectively with proper avatar types and e-learning contents. For this purpose, we built a prototype e-learning website, in which avatars are invited from currently working avatar instructors used in real-world e-learning websites, and e-learning contents are adapted from real-world contents about Java programming topic, which have been proved to have shown high quality and reliability. Our research method includes questionnaire survey by inviting a number of valid respondents comprised of office workers who are believed to have high demands for the e-learning contents as well as those who have previous experience with avatar instructors. Respondents were given one of the four e-learning experiment conditions (2 avatar types x 2 contents types) on a random basis. Each experimental e-learning condition is framed to have the same quality but different avatar type and content complexity. Then the respondents are asked to fill out the survey form which has questions about avatar trust, contents trust, personal relationships with avatar, and learning behavior, among others. Regarding the constructs used in research model, we based them rigorously on previous studies. For example, we used six constructs such as behavior to give information (BGI), behavior to obtain information (BOI), need for inclusion wanted, need for control wanted, contents trust, and avatar trust. To measure them, 7-Likert scales were used in the questionnaire. E-learning performance was measured indirectly through two constructs such as BGI and BOI. Six constructs used in the research model were adopted and revised from the FIRO-B model suggested by Schutz. Empirical results are as follows: First, professional avatars are more effective for difficult contents, while attractive avatars were not as effective for easy contents. Second, our study results ascertained that avatar trust transfers to contents trust regardless of avatar types and contents complexity.

Online reviews, as a notable form of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), have demonstrated a significant association with a broad range of consumers, particularly in shaping their impressions of products or services and influencing their purchasing intentions. Both review ratings and sentiment reflect the reviewer’s satisfaction and attitude after using a product or service. Additionally, reviewers with greater relevant experience are often able to provide more insightful evaluations. Based on this, our study analyzes the relationship between review ratings and textual sentiment and their link to review helpfulness, using movie reviews collected from IMDb.com, while also considering the moderating role of the reviewer’s relevant experience. Our findings indicate that extreme ratings are more strongly related to review helpfulness. Moreover, regardless of the sentiment expressed in the review title and text, reviews with more negative sentiment are generally perceived as more helpful. Reviewer experience, especially when relevant to the movie genre being reviewed, amplifies the connection between rating, title sentiment, and text sentiment and review helpfulness. This study confirms the relationship between three key factors and review helpfulness, further clarifying the moderating role of reviewer relevant experience. These results contribute to eWOM research and enrich the literature on review helpfulness.