Earticle

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of serve technique and its manner of execution on the efficiency of the serve in elite male volleyball. A total of 791 serves from 18 sets during the 2010∼2011 V-league Championship games were analyzed. The variables of this study were: type of serve(spike serve, floating jump serve, or standing serve), serve efficiency, manner of execution(origin and destination), and result of the action(win or loss). Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were performed with a level of statistical significance set at p<.05. The results of this study showed that the spike serve involved a higher number of points, errors, and actions that limited the opponent. The spike serve most frequently directed toward Zone 5 and Zone 6 and this serve showed the higher level of efficiency compared with that of the standing serve. The results concluded that the spike serve should be effective when the point-to-error ratio is less than 1：2.

대한항공은 2009년에 창사 40주년이 되는 대한민국 대표기업 중 하나이며 대한항공의 40년 역사는 근대 대한민국 경제 부흥의 역사와 한 길을 걸었고 대한민국의 국적기로서 대한민국을 대표하는 전통과 역사가 있는 기업이다. 그러나 그러한 역사적 배경은 대한항공의 이미지를 올드하게 고착화 할 수 있기때문에 2004년 뉴CI선포 및 승무원 유니폼 교체 등 혁신적인 이미지 쇄신을 위한 노력을 해 오고 있다. 이러한 활동의 일환으로 다양한 광고 커뮤니케이션 전략에도 변화를 시도하고 있는 바, 이 가운데 인쇄광고에 있어 일반적인 멋진 도시 및 자연경관의 사진을 사용한 광고뿐만이 아닌 일러스트 기법을 활용한 광고를 다양하게 시도하고 있다. 이는 대한항공의 이미지를 좀 더 세련되고 젊게 변화시키기 위한 전략이며, 집행 매체 또한 그러한 타겟들을 겨냥한 미디어를 집중 공략하고 있다. 이번 이집트 멜버른 스페인 등 데스티네이션 광고는 광고 내용의 현실감과 리얼리티를 살리기 위해 실제 해당 지역에서 일러스트작가가(여행서적이나 인터넷에서 남들이 이미 경험했거나 느낀 점을 그대로 활용하는 것이 아닌) 직접 현장에서 얻은 인상과 감성으로 작업하여 변화무쌍하고 발빠른 타겟들의 색다른 공감대를 형성하도록 한 성공적이며 차별화 된 크리에이티브가 돋보이는 광고로 평가할 수 있다.

The purpose of the paper is to conduct a case study of illustration‐advertisement series in magazines for the Korean Air Lines, which is one of major companies in Korea. The history of the 40‐year‐old Korean Air Lines is paralleled with that of Korean economic developments. However, the long history may give it a fixed image of an old‐fash-ioned company. In order to change the image of an old‐fashioned company, the company has made various efforts. In 2004, it changed its CI and uniforms of flight attendants. In addition, it has changed advertisement‐communication strategies. It adopts illus-tration‐techniques as well as pictures of beautiful cities and natural landscapes in advertisements. These changes of strategies in advertisements are considered to make its image to be younger and more sophisticated. Its advertisements focus on the media for the youth. The illustration‐advertisement series of destinations such as Egypt, Melbourne, Spain, etc. are estimated to be one of the most creative and differentiated advertisements because they give vivid images of travel destinations. Authors of illus-tration‐advertisements are considered to create the advertisements with impressions and feelings which were gained from the destinations directly. They are successful in calling forth responses in the hearts of targeted groups of people.

Objective To investigate the factors affecting the discharge destination of patients with spinal bone metastases. Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients admitted to our institute with a diagnosis of skeletal-related events secondary to malignant disease. Exclusion criteria comprised decreased cognitive function and hypercalcemia, brain metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, and pleural dissemination. The factors examined included the discharge destination, age, sex, the Barthel Index (BI) at admission and discharge, pain at admission and discharge, number of co-resident household members, length of hospital stay, treatment strategy, spinal instability neoplastic score, vertebral body collapse, spinal level of bone metastases, and motor paralysis. For the discharge destination, patients at discharge were grouped into two categories. The home group included patients discharged to their own homes, and the non-home group included patients discharged to other hospitals. Results Of 140 patients, the home group comprised 120 patients and the non-home group comprised 20 patients. Activities of daily living (ADL) and pain at rest and during motion improved significantly in the home group, whereas only pain at rest and during motion improved significantly in the non-home group. The results indicated that discharge BI and motor paralysis were the best predictors of the discharge destination; a BI cut-off value of 72.5 predicted discharge to home. Conclusion This study showed that the ADL level on discharge and motor paralysis affected the discharge destination of patients with spinal bone metastases. These results are likely to be helpful in predicting the discharge destination of patients with spinal bone metastases.

Objective To analyze patient characteristics of cancer rehabilitation and outcomes at our hospital.Methods This retrospective study analyzed 580 patients, who underwent cancer rehabilitation at our hospital and rehabilitation outcome after therapy were investigated. The relationship between the initial Barthel index and discharge outcomes was investigated, with a special focus on cancer patients with bone metastasis. The Barthel index and performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) before and after rehabilitation were analyzed, and threshold value of home discharge was calculated from a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). General criteria for home discharge from our hospital included independence in performing basic activities of daily living such as bathing, feeding, and toileting or availability of home support from a family member/caregiver.Results The outcomes after rehabilitation among all the patients were as follows: discharge home 59%, death 13%, and others 27%. Statistical differences were observed between the initial and final values of the Barthel index in patients with bone metastasis, who could be discharged home (p=0.012). ROC analysis of the initial Barthel index for predicting home discharge revealed a threshold value of 60, sensitivity of 0.76, and specificity of 0.72.Conclusion The patients with bone metastasis had a lower rate of home discharge and a higher rate of mortality than all the study patients who underwent cancer rehabilitation at our hospital. It is proposed that at the time of initiation of rehabilitation for patients with bone metastasis, an initial Barthel index lower than 60 might predict a worse outcome than home discharge.

In recent years, gastronomy has become one of the main sources of attraction in the tourist destinations. The objective of this study is to present the results of a research conducted on the foreign tourists in the city of Lima, a World Heritage Site, which is considered as one of the main gastronomic leaders of the world.. The principal results indicate that foreign tourists have different attitudes toward?the local gastronomy. Therefore, the foreign tourists were arranged, following the model developed by Bjork and Kauppinen-Raisanen (2016), in three different groups: survivors, enjoyers, and experiencers. Furthermore, it shows that the foreign tourists have different motivations regarding gastronomy, which we have grouped into three dimensions: new food experience, culture, and socialization. The results show that the dimensions new food experience and socialization contribute to a greater degree to gastronomic satisfaction.

본 연구는 청장년층(30–49세)의 지역 간 인구이동을 주택시장 구조와 결합하여 분석하고, 부담가능성 및 주거 사다리 이동이 인구이동에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2008년부터 2021년까지의 전국 시군구 단위 Origin–Destination(OD) 패널자료를 구축하고, 비음수 인구이동 자료의 특성과 이분산성 가능성을 고려하여 PPML(Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood) 모형을 적용하였다. 본 연구는 주택가격을 지역의 경제적 기회와 주거환경을 반영하는 가격신호로 해석하고, 지역경제력 대비 주택시장 접근성 수준을 반영하는 부담가능성을 주요 설명변수로 구성하였다. 또한 주택가격 분위 구조를 활용하여 주택시장 분절성을 반영하고, 출발지와 도착지 간 가격 분위 차이를 Housing Ladder Gap으로 정의하여 상향 및 하향 이동의 비대칭성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 도착지 주택가격은 청장년층 인구유입에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 반면, 부담가능성은 기대한 정(+)의 효과를 지지하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 청장년층의 지역 간 이동이 단순히 주택시장 접근성이 높은 지역을 선택하는 방식으로 이루어지기보다는, 주택가격이 반영하는 지역의 경제적 기회, 생활환경 및 미래가치와 결합하여 나타나는 선택적 이동임을 시사한다. 또한 주거 사다리 이동 분석에서는 상향 이동 구간 전반에서 인구유입을 촉진하는 효과가 확인되었으며, 하향 이동은 인구유입을 억제하는 방향으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 청장년층의 지역 간 이동이 단순한 주거비 회피가 아니라, 가격신호와 주택시장 구조 속에서 주거 수준의 유지 또는 개선을 지향하는 선택 과정임을 보여준다. 본 연구는 기존의 거리 및 노동시장 중심 인구이동 설명을 보완하고, 주택가격 수준뿐 아니라 부담가능성, 주택시장 분절성, 상대적 가격 격차를 함께 고려할 필요가 있음을 제시한다.

This study empirically examines the effects of housing affordability and housing ladder mobility on interregional migration among adults aged 30–49 by integrating migration analysis with housing market structure. A nationwide municipal-level Origin–Destination (OD) panel dataset covering 2008–2021 was constructed, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) model was applied by considering the non-negative nature of migration flow data and the possibility of heteroskedasticity. Housing prices are interpreted not only as cost factors but also as price signals reflecting regional economic opportunities and residential environments. Affordability is measured as a proxy for housing market accessibility relative to regional economic capacity, while housing market segmentation and Housing Ladder Gap are used to capture relative price positions between origins and destinations. The results show that destination housing prices have a significant positive effect on migration inflows, whereas affordability does not support the expected positive effect. Upward housing ladder mobility has a significant positive effect across all upward mobility categories, while downward mobility has a negative effect on migration inflows. These findings suggest that migration among adults aged 30–49 is better understood as a selective mobility process oriented toward maintaining or improving housing market position, shaped by price signals and housing market structure, rather than simple housing-cost avoidance.

본 연구의 목적은 여행지 이미지가 여행자의 만족도와 애호도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 알아보는 것이다. 또한 한국과 베트남 여행자 사이에 영향요인에 유의적인 차이가 있는가를 파악하여 관광전략수립에 지침을 제공하고자 한다. 본 연 구는 여행지 이미지, 여행자의 만족도, 애호도의 관계에 대한 실증적이고 이론적인 자료를 검증함으로써 애호 도를 이해하는 방법을 제공하였다. 연구모형과 5개 연구가설을 설정하였다. 총 420개의 설문지가 수집되었고 연구목적에 따라 탐색적 요인분석(EFA: Exploratory Factor Analysis)과 확인적 요인분석(CFA: Confirmatory Factor Analysis)을 실시하였고 구조 방정식 모형(SEM: Structural Equation Modeling)을 사용하였다. 자료분석 결과는 다 음과 같다. (1) 여행지 이미지가 여행자의 속성 만족도에 영향을 미치며 (2) 여행지 이미지 와 속성 만족도는 여행자의 전반적인 만족도의 선행 요인이고 (3) 속성 만족도와 전반적인 만족도가 애호도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. (4) 한국과 베트남여행자 사이에 부분적으로 영향 요인에 차이가 있었다. 따라서 국가별로 관광객 유치 홍보 포지셔닝이 달라져야함을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구결과의 전략적 의미와 함께 연구의 한계와 미래 연구방향도 제시하였다.

This study is to investigate that the image of destination has an impact on the tourists' satisfaction and tourists' loyalty. The objective of this article was to examining the relationship between destination image, satisfaction and destination loyalty in both Korea and Vietnam. All relationships were tested together using structural equation model. After reviewing related literature, The research model was developed in which five hypotheses were suggested. A total of 420 questionnaires were collected and the data was analyzed using StructuralEquation Model(SEM). The results supported the proposed research model: all relationships among destination image, attribute satisfaction, tourists' overall satisfaction, and destination loyalty. and also this results showed that Vietnamese tourists are higher influenced than Korean tourists. It means that overall satisfaction and tourist loyalty will depend on many different factors. we also need to be caution of the fact that our findings could not be generalized to all the consumers and countries.

Research on destination image has been a main theme in the travel context. The study on convention destination image, especially focusing on Asian cities received little attention in the literature. This study empirically investigated the attendees’ perceived image of Beijing as a convention destination, the relationships between perceived image and overall impression and the intention of revisit in the future. The results show that the perceived image is composed of four dimensions, named organizer and venue capability, hotel facility, humanistic atmosphere and natural environment. Using multiple regression analyses, it is found that humanistic atmosphere, natural environment and organizer and venue capability have positive impact on overall impression; all four factors have positive impact on intention of revisit. It is also found that humanistic atmosphere, natural environment and organizer and venue capability are the key factors determining the attendees’ overall impression and revisit intention. However, the average perceived satisfactory level of natural environment, especially the air quality is much lower than other image attributes. It can be concluded that the air quality in Beijing must be improved significantly to improve the perceived image among all participants, and encourage convention attendees to visit Beijing again. Other suggestions and managerial implication are given too.

The pandemic has caused significant blows to the global economy, including the Chinese economy, with the tourism industry bearing a heavy brunt. Drawing from prospect theory, the purpose of this study is to find the effect of the post-pandemic destination image of China and risk perception on attitudes and approach behaviors toward China. The survey was conducted on potential tourists in South Korea, and structural analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) techniques were utilized to assess the relationships between variables. The results highlight positive China's destination image among tourists primarily concerning destination safety, natural environment, cultural richness, infrastructure, and local products and services. However, there persists a perceived psychological and health and safety risk regarding attitudes toward traveling to China and associated approach behaviors. Particularly, current research findings discover that the importance of perceived risk for approach behaviors outweighs that of destination image. Theoretical and practical contributions with future research inquiry are also provided.

This paper aims to develop a conceptual model of smart tourism destination competitiveness to provide implications in terms of smart tourism destination realization and smart tourism destination competitiveness development. A literature review on tourism destination competitiveness and smart tourism destination is performed. A conceptual model is suggested on the basis of the model of destination competitiveness developed by Crouch and Ritchie (1999). The suggested conceptual model integrates the traditional concepts of comparative advantages and competitive advantages, seven core resources and attractors, and five destination management factors. Smart technology is included as a new core resource and attractor in the model. This study is the first to comprehensively conceptualize smart tourism destination competitiveness. Moreover, this study has practical value in the sense that it focused on the convergence between smart technology and other factors.

정보통신기술의 발달로 인해 잠재 관광객은 인터넷으로 여행 정보를 수집한다. 관광 객들은 온라인 플랫폼에서 여행과 관련된 계획, 전략 등을 포스팅하고 여행 경험을 공 유한다. 이러한 온라인 텍스트는 관광객의 경험과 느낌을 주관적으로 설명한다. 본 연 구는 이러한 텍스트를 기반으로 목적지 이미지를 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 Ctrip.com에 게시된 여행 관련 텍스트 중 베이징의 사례를 수집하여 정리하였다. ROST CM6 소프트웨어를 사용하여 빈도가 높은 특징 단어를 추출하고, 네트워크 텍스트 분석 을 사용하여 베이징의 인지적 이미지, 정서적 이미지 및 추천의도를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 관광객은 목적지의 관광명소에 대한 인지적 이미지가 가장 강하게 나타나 는 것으로 나타났다. 정서적 이미지는 관광객의 긍정적인 감정에 영향을 주지만, 추천 의도를 명확하게 나타내지는 않았다. 분석된 결과를 바탕으로 베이징의 관광지 이미지 제고를 위한 시사점을 제시하였다.

With the development of internet, potential tourists began to search travel information of destination through the internet. At the same time, tourists also share their travel experiences by publishing travel notes and tips on online social platforms. These online texts from tourists describe their experiences and feelings of the destination from a subjective perspective, are also providing original data of destination image for researchers. This paper takes Beijing as a case study site, collected travel notes on Ctrip.com, used ROST CM6 to extract high-frequency feature words, and used network text analysis to analyze Beijing’s cognitive image, emotional image, and recommendation intentions. It can be found that the tourists have the strongest perception of the tourist attractions in the cognitive image, and shown a positive emotional image. Otherwise, the recommendation intention is not very clear. According to the results, relevant destination strategies to enhance the image of Beijing’s are proposed.

Data plays an ever greater part in the tourism industry. While the platform-based sharing of open public data, private-sector intermediary platforms, and the use of social media to understand consumer trends are already well recognized, more potential for innovation exists in sharing private data among organizations in Smart Tourism Destinations. Research into the factors enabling and hindering coopetition in this kind of data sharing platforms is still in the nascent stage of development. Our case study of Sapporo, a major Japanese city endeavouring to create itself as a Smart Tourism Destination, sheds light on the initial approaches to involve organizations to such a data sharing agreement. Founding on seven interviews with ten participants of Sapporo Smart City project organization (SARD), we derived enablers and impediments that promote coopetition in data sharing as part of Smart Tourism Destination development. We also present practical recommendations and future research opportunities for such initiatives.

Technology has been changing the travel experience of visitors. Particularly, augmented reality (AR) is one of the emerging technologies, which widely used in cultural heritage tourism sites. This study is based on a new technology acceptance model and future modified this model to examine the relationship between product beliefs, consumer satisfaction with AR, and destination loyalty in cultural heritage sites. Moreover, this paper examined the role of technology readiness (TR) forming travellers’ loyalty of destination with a kind of travel technology--AR. The results show that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significant effects on the satisfaction of AR towards the travellers’ loyalty of destination. TR is found to have moderating effects on this model.

This paper specifically delineated the methodological application of constructivism in smart tourism studies. It explained what constructivism is and how this methodology could be applied in the study of smart tourism. In this study, residents of Seoul participated in constructivist research using the Q method to identify their subjectivities toward Seoul based on photographs most commonly found in tourism promotional material. Residents are concerned with good governance and cultural integrity, and they are aware of their role as stakeholders in tourism in their communities. However their potential contribution to destination image formation has been usually overlooked by researchers and marketers. Three clusters of subjectivities were revealed after 42 photographs of Seoul were sorted by 37 respondents. The results show how respondents perceived Seoul’s destination image. The three clusters agreed that symbolic monuments were the key representations of Seoul. The paper recommends that tourism marketers and policy makers should focus on understanding and coordinating with residents’ perceived image of Seoul as a destination when planning and decision making, especially in promoting Seoul as a destination market. This study, in conjunction with other constructivist research offers insight into how destination image is, especially with the rise of smart tourism, a complex social construction.