Earticle

목적: 본 연구는 코로나19 신종감염병 위기 상황에서 간호대학생의 수업경험을 분석하여 비대면 수업 에 대한 이해를 높이고 학생교육의 질적 향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시되었다. 방법: 본 연구는 2022년 7월 1일부터 7월 15일까지 부산에 소재한 간호학과에서 비대면 수업에 참여하고 성찰일 지를 제출한 간호대학생 108명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료분석방법은 질적 내용분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 3개의 범주는 비대면 수업의 긍정적 면, 비대면 수업의 부정적 면, 대면과 비대면 혼합수업의 경험이었 다. 10개의 하위범주는 비대면 수업의 편안함, 반복적인 강의 시청, 탄력적인 시간 활용, 통학의 불편함 없음, 집중하기 어려움, 답답하고 불편함, 의사소통의 문제점, 수업의 질 저하, 혼합수업으로 인한 혼란, 혼합수업 시 불편함이었다. 결론: 앞으로는 대면 수업과 비대면 수업을 구분하지 않고 전체론적 관점에 서 접근할 수 있는 교수법의 개발이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the class experiences of nursing students in the COVID-19 new infectious disease crisis situation to increase understanding of non-face-to-face(NFTF) classes. Methods: This study was conducted on 108 nursing students who participated in NFTF classes and submitted reflection journals at the department of nursing located in Busan from July 1 to July 15, 2022. As for the data analysis method, qualitative content analysis was conducted. Result: The three categories were positive aspects of NFTF classes, negative aspects of NFTF classes, and experiences of mixed classes. The 10 subcategories are the comfort of NFTF classes, repetitive viewing of lectures, flexible use of time, no inconvenience in commuting, difficulty in concentrating, stuffy and uncomfortable, communication problems, deterioration in class quality, confusion and discomfort during mixed classes. Conclusion: In the future, it seems necessary to develop a teaching method that can be approached from a holistic point of view without distinguishing between face-to-face(FTF) and NFTF classes.

빈민구제에 대한 기존 연구는 1920년대부터 빈민구제가 공공의 문제가 되었고, 이를 둘러싼 다양한 이해관계가 분출하고 있었다는 점을 확인시켜준다. 그리고 동시에 빈민의 생존문제가 정치적으로 조정되어야 하는 공공의 영역에서 다루어지고 있었다는 점도 확인시켜준다. 그리고 이것은 빈민의 생존문제가 공론장에서 생산되고 유통되었던 담론 에 구속된다는 것 의미한다. 이에 본 연구는 1930년대 전후 조선인 공론장에 유통되었 던 사회담론과 빈민개념의 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 1920년대 조선인경제라는 민족경 제담론, 계급담론, 그리고 구제정책의 시행 등이 빈민에 대한 사회적 관념의 형성에 어떠 한 영향을 미쳤는지 탐색한다.

Existing studies on the poor have shown that since the 1920s, the poor have become public and various interests have around them. It also shows that the question of the survival of the poor has been addressed in the public sphere. This means that the problem of the survival of the poor is bound to the discourse produced and circulated in the public sphere. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between social discourse and the concept of poor people. how the discourse of ethnic economics, the discourse of class, and the implementation of relief policies affected the formation of social notions the poor.

본 연구는 COVID-19의 팬데믹으로 인해 전면 비대면으로 전환된 상황에서 대학 온라인 수업의 효과적인 운영 을 위한 교수설계전략 탐색을 목적으로 수행되었다. 구체적인 연구 목적은 온라인 교수설계전략을 제시하고, 교수 설계전략에 적합한 저작도구의 특징을 분석하며, 실제 수업 운영을 통해 교수설계전략의 효과성을 분석하는 것이 다. 이를 위한 연구 방법으로 선행연구 고찰 및 대학 온라인 수업 운영 사례를 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 온라인 수업에서 활용할 수 있는 순차적 교수설계전략과 역동적 교수설계전략을 제시하였다. 둘째, 실시간, 비실시간, 하이 브리드 수업에서 활용할 수 있는 저작도구의 특징을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 두 개의 교수설계전략을 적용한 온라 인 수업을 진행한 후, 수업 평가 점수 비교를 통해 효과성을 분석하였다. 수업 방법, 상호작용, 수업 만족도 항목으 로 구성된 수업 평가에서, 순차적 교수설계전략은 수업 방법과 수업 만족도 항목에서 높은 점수를 나타냈고, 역동 적 교수설계전략은 상호작용 항목에서 높은 점수를 나타냈다.

This study was conducted with the purpose of exploring instructional design strategies for the effective operation of university online classes in the face-to-face transition due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a research method for this purpose, previous studies were reviewed and cases of university online classes were analyzed. As a result, first, sequential instructional design and dynamic instructional design that can be used in online classes were presented. Second, the characteristics of authoring tools that can be used in synchronous, asynchronous, and hybrid classes were analyzed. Finally, after conducting online classes using sequential instructional design and dynamic instructional design, the effectiveness was analyzed by comparing lecture evaluation scores. In the course evaluation score consisting of teaching method, interaction, and class satisfaction, the sequential instructional design showed higher scores in the teaching method and class satisfaction items, while the dynamic instructional design showed higher lecture evaluation scores in the interaction item.

오늘날 학생들은 미래 사회인으로써의 준비를 위해 개인역량 개발, 학업성적, 대인관계, 취업준비, 영어공부 등으로 스트레스를 받고 있다. 학생들의 스트레스는 마음의 안정을 저해하고, 삶의 만족감을 악화시킨다. 본 연구에 서는 대학생들이 느끼는 스트레스가 마음챙김과 삶의 만족감에 미치는 영향 관계를 구조방정식모델을 통해 살펴보았 다. 더불어, 학생들의 학년에 따른 스트레스 수준이 삶의 만족감에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과는 학생들 의 삶의 만족감을 높이기 위한 스트레스 관리와 마음챙김에 도움을 제공해 줄 것이다.

Today, university students are suffering from various stresses such as individual capacity development, school score management, human relationships, job placement, and English study for preparation as member of society the future. However, stress of students decreases stabilization of mind and aggravate feeling of satisfaction of life. In this research, we examined the relationships among stress, mindfulness and life satisfaction among university students. In addition, we analyzed the moderating effect as university class levels on stress and life satisfaction using partial least squares. This results provide useful implications for decreasing stress, improving mindfulness, and increasing life satisfaction among university students.

이 연구는 비대면 수업의 운영 과정과 어려움을 분석하고 수업의 질 제고를 위한 효과적인 교수방법을 모색하는데 목적이 있었다. 연구 참여자 5명을 대상으로 심층면담을 통해 자료를 수집하였으며, Spradley(1980)가 제안한 영역 분석과 분류 분석을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과 및 논의된 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 비대면 수업의 운영 과정과 어려움에 대해서 연구 참여자는 비대면 수업을 운영하기 전 수업 운영방식에 대해서 개인의 선호와 학교의 지침을 고려하여 선택하 게 되었다. 온라인 강의 콘텐츠를 제작하며 프로그램 오류로 인해 강의녹화의 어려움을 겪게 되었으며, 업로드 하는 과정 중 발생하는 문제를 해결하기 위해 영상편집 프로그램을 활용하기도 하였다. 수업 중에는 학생과 대면할 수 없는 교육환경 으로 인해 온라인 교육에 대한 한계를 절실히 느끼게 되었으며 온전한 교육은 교수자와 학습자가 존재할 때 이루어질 수 있음을 인식하였다. 끝으로 연구 참여자는 학생들의 소극적인 학습참여로 일방향 수업을 할 수밖에 없는 어려움을 토로하였다. 둘째, 비대면 수업의 효과적인 교수방법으로 디지털 네이티브 세대를 만족시킬 수 있는 디지털 리터러시가 강화되어야 한다고 주장하였다. 무엇보다 연구 참여자는 학생들과의 소통이 중요하며 이를 위한 소통중심 수업 설계와 실행이 이루어져야 한다고 강조하였다.

The study was aimed at analyzing the operational process and difficulties of non-face-to-face classes and seeking effective teaching methods to improve the quality of classes. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with five participants in the study and analyzed through analysis of areas and classification proposed by Spradley(1980). The findings are as follows. First, on the process and difficulties of non-face-to-face classes, participants in the study chose the method of class operation in consideration of individual preferences and school guidelines before operating the non-face-to-face classes. The online lecture contents were produced and the lecture recording was difficult due to program errors, and video editing programs were used to solve problems that occurred during the upload process. The educational environment, which is not face-to-face with students during classes, has made them feel keenly limited to online education and recognized that full education can be achieved when professors and learners exist. Finally, participants in the study expressed the difficulty of having one-way classes due to students' passive participation in learning. Second, it argued that digital literacy should be strengthened to satisfy the digital native generation with effective teaching methods of non-face-to-face classes. Above all, participants in the study stressed that communication with students is important and that communication-oriented class design and implementation should be carried out.

With the awareness of globalization, multilingual abilities have been encouraged, and parents seek bilingual education to provide their children with social prestige and economic advancement. However, in Korea, bilingual education reproduces and reinforces the privilege of social status, prestige, and power. This research explores the ideologies of upper-and middle-class parents through the motivations of those who choose to send their child to international schools, which are regarded as elite bilingual programs, in South Korea. This study draws on Bourdieu’s notions to examine how social class interconnects with language ideologies. This study uses narrative interviewing, a qualitative data collection method. Through a critical discourse analysis of the data, the study reveals three themes of language ideologies: English as the power of a powerful country, English as a qualification requirement for the middle class, and English as a medium to establish social boundaries.

Pygmalion (1912), a shavian story, not only illustrates the correlation of language and class but also suggests alleviating a linguistic gap between classes and pursuing social equality by virtue of education. This article is aimed to illuminate refreshingly the relation of language, class and social structure, which Shaw intended to represent, by analyzing a variety of linguistic phenomena uttered in Pygmalion. A lot of lines of Pygmalion are appropriate to exemplify the semiology of Saussure dealing with langue, parole, signifier (signifiant), signified (signifié) and arbitrariness of a sign. The aphasia theory of Roman Jakobson, referring to contiguity disorder and similarity disorder, is exemplified in the speeches of Eliza and her father. Kate Fox, William Labov and Peter Trudgill regard pronunciation as the most important linguistic indicator to distinguish classes. The audience can confirm vivid examples by listening to Cockney of Eliza and a Bystander on the street. This drama also illustrates elaborated codes and restricted codes of Basil Bernstein through the speeches of characters of the middle and upper class and those of the lower class. It is highly remarkable that Pygmalion proposed the social correlation of language and class on the stage earlier than the great attainments of linguistic trailblazers.

Mahasweta Devi’s Mother of 1084, arguably the first novel on the Naxalite armed movement in India, sheds light on the agency of motherhood and examines the possibility of forming ethical relationship between human beings regardless of class and ideology. This paper examines the ways in which a mother of a young Naxalite guerilla gains a new sense of motherhood and protests the governing system as she comes to understand the cause of her son's death as well as her alienation. A series of her interrogations shows a way of countering the hegemonic discourse of the ruling elite and police, which, in turn, makes it possible to bring back his son’s name in place of the corpse number 1084. This paper also pays keen attention to her scream of pain, which seemingly stems from the bursting of her appendix, but is actually an alternative way of calling for the establishment of human ethics for underprivileged others like Naxalite guerrillas.

이 연구는 청년들의 주거 선택과 주거 생활 과정에 젠더, 계급이 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 대학동 고시촌 을 중심으로 현장 방문과 심층 인터뷰를 통해 연구를 진행하였으며, 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청년들이 고 시촌에서 집을 구하고 그곳에서 살아가는 과정은 성별화 된 경험이다. 둘째, 계급은 젠더와 교차할 때, 젠더와 관련 된 요소를 확장시키거나 제한한다. 즉, 계급에 따라 여성들이 젠더적인 측면에서 고려할 수 있는 범위는 차이를 가 진다. 셋째, 고시촌 윗동네와 아래동네의 비교는 계급이 개인의 선호와 선택 앞에서 기능하며, 계급과 젠더가 결합 하는 과정에서 각각의 요소들이 확대된다는 사실을 보여준다. 빈곤 여성은 자신이 가진 계급과 젠더의 조건에 의해 이중의 억압을 경험한다.

This study analyzes the effects of gender and class on the way that young people find and live in homes. This research was conducted based on in-depth interviews, and site visits at Gosichon, Daehak-dong. The results of this study are as follows. First, the process of young people finding homes in Goshchon is a gender-based experience. Second, as class intersects gender, it expands or limits the gender-related factors. Gender-based aspects that women can consider differ depending on class. Third, comparison of the upper and lower villages of Gosichon shows that class functions in front of individual preference and choice, and that each element expands in the process of combining classes with gender. Poor women experience aggravated oppression by their class and gender.

Fen is the most documentary play among Caryl Churchill’s feminist plays. The title of this play is historically and geographically related to “the Fens” in England, a place where the women labourers have been imprisoned under poor labour conditions and gender roles. Fen illuminates a capitalist and patriarchal social system that is oppressively closed by showing how labour and female gender role have exploited women. Without men's economic support and care, women labourers get involved in doubled labour conditions. One is the manual labour required for financially supporting a family, and the other is household labour that includes rearing children. Low wages, unpaid house chores, and gender roles which the women labourers have faced historically kept their lives confined. Psychological bonds to the absent husband and imposed motherhood derived from the gender roles of women prevent women labourers from escaping the community in Fen. The relationship between the residents in Fen is violently revealed due to anger and frustration derived from their powerless conditions from which they can not escape. The women labourers in particular are positioned at the lowest level in terms of class and gender, which makes them most oppressed; so much so that one of them chooses death as the only way to escape. Confined in the lowest class and oppressive gender roles, the female labourers’ painful experience can not be expressed without violence. In Fen Churchill tries to rewrite the history of women labourers—through the strategic theatrical technique of relating the ghost to capitalist and patriarchal oppression of women. A 19th century ghost functions as a representative explosion of the women labourers’ anger and frustration that has accumulated and oppressed them through time because it has not been expressed. Furthermore, the process of transformation from a woman labourer to a ghost creates a space of possibility by breaking the binary boundaries such as those that separate reality and surrealism, life and death, and materialistic limitation and transcendence. In this theatrical space it is possible to imagine that the women labourers can transcend the oppressive limitations of both class and gender roles. Therefore, the theatrical space of the ghost in Fen can show a new way to see the patriarchal and capitalist social system as a closed frame that has exploited the powerless like women labourers and should be overcome.

본 연구는 빠른 속도로 고령화가 진행되어가는 우리 사회에서 여가 및 관광활 동을 향유하는 노인들의 현재 위치와 그들을 위한 사회적 차원의 대안을 마련하기 위하여 진행되었다. 인터뷰 조사 결과, 1) 저소득-고학력계층의 경우, 다양한 문화 활동을 촉진하는 정책이 필요하며, 2) 저소득-저학력의 경우 지역 중심형, 노동참 여형 여가활동 정책이 요구되고, 3) 고소득집단의 경우, 유사계층 간 관계를 유지 하고, 배우자 간의 여가 선용을 촉진할 수 있는 정책 대안이 마련되어야 했다. 결 론적으로 노인의 여가활동은 여가주체로서의 노인이 가지고 있는 경제적, 문화적 자원이 다르기 때문에 이들 요인들을 고려하여 여가제약의 극복을 도모할 수 있는 개별화된 새로운 노인복지정책이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

This study aimed to make an alternative social plan for leisure and tourism activities for the elderly in Korea as a rapidly-aging country. The results of the interviews show that 1) policies for promoting diverse cultural activities are required for low-income and highly-educated brackets; 2) community-based and labor-participating leisure activity policies are required for low-income and less-educated brackets; and 3) policies for promoting maintenance of relationship between similar brackets and the good use of leisure with partners are required for the high-income bracket. In conclusion, since leisure activities require different economic and cultural resources possessed by elders in different groups, these factors need to be considered in making a policy to help them overcome leisure constraints.

This article tried to reveal that the characteristics of Han, Hyung-Mo's films came out from the dilemma between attraction and repulsion which were related with the cultural transformation in 1950s. Director Han, Hyung-Mo could be called the most popular director in the 1950s for his films catched the shots that emphasize the western goods, life style, manners as spectacles as well as urban young people who speak English words. These kinds of shots described the openness to the western culture in 1950s. Contrary to the shot describing vivid western, the narratives of his films usually end in conservative conclusion that young women with glossy western fashions regret their vanity and luxuriousness. This endings suture the conflicts of genders and classes. The ambiguousness or duplicity between openness and conservativeness is the reason that Han, Hyung-Mo films could be popular in the 1950s.

구전이야기(oral-narrative)의 연행은 공동체(community)를 근간으로 이루어진다. 공동체의 가치와 규범을 전수하고 이를 통해 공동체를 유지⋅존속하는 것이 연행 동기의 핵심부를 구성하며, 연행 주체는 연행(performance)을 통해 집단적 정체성을 수행(遂行)한다. 집단적 동일성에 기반한 정체성의 시나리오가 구전이야기의 서사적 뼈대를 구성한다면 구전이야기의 연행은 전(前) 존재로서는 죽고[단절 내지는 절연] 공동체가 승인하는 존재로 거듭나는[재생 내지는 재접속] 입사식의 장면을 연출[기능적이고 상징적인 계승]한다. 연행 주체는 구전이야기 연행에 참여함으로써 공동체의 규범과 가치를 내면화하고 동질화 요구에 자발적으로 굴복하는 동화와 순응의 주체화(subjectivation) 과정을 수행케 되는 것이다. 구전이야기의 연행이 정체성을 수행하는 과정이고 이와 같은 수행의 반복적 실행이 공동체 성원 중의 일인을 구성하는 과정이라면, 구전이야기 연행은 공동체를 구성하는 효과를 발휘하는 것으로 이해될 수 있다. 구전이야기 연행을 통해 형성되는 주체는 구전이야기 연행이 세운 공동체 경계 내부의 일인(一人)이기 때문이다. 바로 이 지점에서, 공동체 안과 밖을 가르는 경계를 세움으로써 연행 주체로 하여금 스스로를 경계 내부로 귀속시키고 이에 안주하게 만드는 이야기 연행의 효과와 작용, 곧 ‘이야기의 힘’을 발견하게 된다. 이 글에서는 ‘남성’ 동성 집단 내 구전이야기의 연행이 가문, 계층, 지역 등을 근거로 공동체를 구성함으로써 집단적 동일성에 통합되거나 집단적 유대감으로 결속하는, ‘남성’의 주체화 여정을 분석한다. 가문과 계층과 지역이라는 서로 다른 공동체 구성 요인은 ‘남성 동성 집단’의 연행을 통해 상호 경합하면서 다원적이고 다중적인 복수의 공동체를 만들어나간다. 이때 ‘가문’과 ‘계층’과 ‘지역’은 서로 겹치거나 충돌하는데, 이들 세 요인이 다함께 공동체 구성의 구심적 요인으로 작용할 때 구전이야기 연행은 지배 담론의 기획을 벗어난 새로운 공동체의 가능성을 예고하기도 한다. 일종의 준공공영역으로서 구전이야기 연행의 장은 공동체의 경계를 세워 안과 밖을 구분함으로써 집단적 동일성에 동화된 주체를 구성하는, 일상적인 정치적 공간이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 이 장에서 지배 담론의 기획과 전략만이 전일적으로 실현되는 것은 아니다. 일상 생활 세계의 예측 불가능성과 구술 담화의 다성성(多聲性)이 이 기획과 전략에 일정한 균열을 만들기 때문이다. 집단적 동질화의 기획이 비껴가는 지점, 바로 정체성의 정치가 의도한 바를 완전히 실현하지 못하는 틈새의 영역에서 폐쇄적 공동체의 해체와 함께 새로운 공동체 경계 구성의 징후가 발견된다.

This study is intended to analyze performance of the oral-narrative re-constructing the border of community. According to the point of view of looking upon a locutionary act as a performance with social and powerful effects, oral-narrative performances are also to be interpreted as perlocutionary and performative acts. If the oral-narratives constitute scenarios indicating specific social identities concerning with various communities and its performance implies symptoms of the gendered. For example, performing the oral-narrative is the processes of enacting the gender-identity of male or female and the performative mechanism is the matrix which produces the gendered subject. Furthermore, when the performances of some oral-narratives present the structure having an effect of initiation into a society, they work on individual performers as a normalization system based on the criterion and standard of social homogenization. Especially the performance of oral-narrative in the men's homo-society has the male subject himself to exclude the individualized factors that disturb a group unity and can't be recognized by a homo-society, out of the boundary of social homogenization, so that he can join in the masculine and paternalistic community and may fulfill his initiation into a society. The performance of oral-narrative in the men's homo-society constitutes male's communities pivoting around family, class and locality for the unity. This presents the process of male's subjectivation. On the other hand factors composing male's communities, as family, class and locality compete and conflict sometimes to construct the borders of pluralistic and plural communities. So symptoms of cleavage and escape, de-constructing borders of male's communities are revealed.

This paper examined John Wesley's small group movement as a model for the renewal of the Korean church today by observing the founding background and content of Wesley's small groups. Wesley's small group movement brought about a spiritual as well as moral awakening and reform to the Church of England and society. Wesley had already experienced the roots of the small group movement known as "society" within the Church of England through his father Samuel and mother Susanna. Afterwards, the small group movement at Oxford, in Georgia and in London and Bristol were followed. Through the small group movement, Wesley sought to actualize the authentic church found in the New Testament. His small groups were not a method to maintain order of an established church but were living communities of faith. Wesley invited believers who were newly converted through his evangelism into his small groups, maintained personal piety through the mutual care and spiritual formation between members, and by subliming the idea of personal holiness into social sanctification he lead the charge for transformation in the church and society. The Methodist society had rules and regulations, and also involved spiritual discipline which encouraged the individual to obey each rule by fully giving oneself up to the rule with integrity. The societies, which consisted of classes, developed into the band and select societies, both which demanded for a greater dedication of a leader's spirituality, while those who had fallen behind were gathered in the penitent group, thus allowing all members of the Methodist movement community to maintain a living model of spirituality in their lives. Such is Wesley's small group movement, which contains several important messages along with tips on small group structures to the Korean church, a church that has allowed its small groups to become lower organizations kept to mainly maintain an institutionalized church. First, that the small group is not an institution but a place of living spiritual transformation; second, the need for the restoration of a structure of mutual care and discipline between members; third, to be a place of personal holiness - which serves the poor- and social sanctification; fourth, to invite lay leadership as partners in ministry and provide opportunities of discipline.

The ideal of middle class British masculinity and the representative of the new Victorian respectability, the ″gentleman″ was difficult to define amidst the class mobility and social change of the nineteenth century. Was the gentleman to be identified by class and by money\ulcorner By behavior and clothing\ulcorner By religion and morality\ulcorner This essay focuses on the problem of the ″gentleman″ as it was debated in the Victorian era and as it was reflected in the biography and work of the mid-nineteenth century's most important English writer, Charles Dickens. I examine the critical debate surrounding the Victorian idea of the ″gentleman″ by comparing the arguments of Shirley Robin Letwin's The Gentleman in Trollope(1982) and Robin Gilmour's The Idea of the Gentleman in the Victorian Novel(1981). Letwin views the ″gentleman″ as largely transcending class structure, while Gilmour's more historically-conscious view locates the gentleman as emerging out of, and even enabling, the class negotiations of this period. Against the backdrop of such debates, I discuss Charles Dickens's struggles with the idea of the gentleman in theory and in practice. In his novels, especially his semi-autobiographical bildungsromane about the growth and development of boys into adulthood, Dickens prominently engages with the identity and definition of the gentleman. As I demonstrate in this essay, this interest originated from Dickens's own childhood trauma and his subsequent drive to attain gentility, a necessity complicated by the vicissitudes of his personal and professional life

본 연구는 정신질환 청소년에 대한 Wee Class 상담교사의 경험 연구로 서비스 제공자 관점에서 정신질환 청소년에 대한 상담교사의 경험을 이해하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구를 위하여 Wee Class 상담교사 5명을 대상으로 심층 면담을 진행하였다. 면담자료를 Giorgi의 현상학적 연구방법을 사용하여 분석한 결과, 총 3개의 구성요소와 10개의 하위 구성요소가 도출되었다. 3개의 구성요소는 ‘영향이 큰 보호자’, ‘변화를 이끌어 냄’, ‘부족한 서비스 환경’으로 나타났다. ‘영향이 큰 보호자’는 상담교사가 서비스 제공 과정에서 가장 크게 경험하는 영역으로 의미 단위는 ‘방해가 되는 보호자’, ‘새삼 느끼는 가정의 역할’, ‘도움이 되는 보호자’, ‘보호자에게 맡겨진 치료 결정’으로 나타났다. ‘변화를 이끌어 냄’의 의미 단위는 ‘무기하나 없이 현장에 놓여짐’, ‘외부 자원을 활용함’, ‘작은 변화로 보람을 느낌’으로 나타났으며, ‘부족한 서비스 환경’의 의미단위는 ‘통합적 서비스 제공 기관 필요’, ‘서비스 제공자 간의 긴밀한 협력 요구’로 나타났다. 연구 결과는 정신질환 청소년에 대한 이해와 상담교사의 역량 그리고 서비스 제공 환경에 대하여 3차원으로 구분되었고 이러한 결과를 토대로 정신질환 청소년에 대한 실천적, 정책적 제언을 하였다.

This study is a study on the experience of Wee Class counselors in adolescents with mental illness. The purpose is to understand the counselor’s experience with mentally ill youth from a service provider’s perspective. For the study, in-depth interviews were conducted with five wee class counselors. As a result of analyzing the interview data using Giorgi’s phenomenological research method, there were a total of 3 components and 10 sub-components. The three components were ‘parents of great influence’, ‘making change’, and ‘insufficient service system’. ‘Parents of great influence’ is the situation that counselors experience the most in the service providing service, and the units of meaning appeared as ‘disturbing parents’, ‘realizing the role of family’, ‘helpful parents’, ‘parents treatment decision making.’ The units of meaning of ‘making change’ were ‘being placed on site without a weapon’, ‘using external resources’, and ‘feeling rewarded with small changes’. The units of meaning of ‘insufficient service system’ was ‘need for an integrated service provider’ and ‘need for close cooperation between service providers’. The results of the study are three-dimensional with understanding of mental illness adolescents, counseling competency, and service provision environment. Based on these results, practical and policy suggestions were made for adolescents with mental illness.

The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR were designed by aligning the pig genomic sequence and the human complement factor B(CFB) coding sequence(CDS) from the GenBank. Each PCR product was amplified in pig cDNA and sequencing was carried out. The CDS length of pig CFB gene was determined to be 2298 bp. In addition, the pig CDS was more longer than human and mouse orthologs because of insertion and deletion. The identities of porcine nucleotide sequences with those of human and mice were 84% and 80%, and the identities of amino acids were 79% to 77%, respectively. Three complement control protein(CCP) domains, one Von Willebrand factor A(VWFA) domain and a serine protease domain, that are revealed typically in mammals, were found in the pig CFB gene. Based on the CDSs determined, the primers were designed in intron regions for amplification of entire length of exons. In amplification and direct sequencing with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds, three cSNPs(coding single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and verified as missense mutations. Using the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped and verified the mutations identified from direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS with two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample exhibited the same results using both methods. Therefore, three cSNPs were identified from pig CFB gene and that can be used for haplotype analysis of the swine leukocyte antigen(SLA) class III region. Moreover, the results indicate that the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes in the SLA region.

C4B 및 BAT2는 SLA class III 영역에 존재하며, 최근 들어 사람의 질병과의 연관성이 보고되고 있다. GenBank database로부터 수집된 사람과 마우스의 C4B 및 BAT2의 CDS를 염기정렬하여 상동성이 높은 부분에서 primer를 제작한 후 RT-PCR 및 RACE-PCR을 수행하여 돼지 C4B 및 BAT2 유전자의 CDS 서열을 결정하였다. 염기서열이 결정된 돼지 C4B와 BAT2의 CDS 길이가 각각 5226 bp와 6501 bp로 나타났다. 이들 각각의 CDS 및 아미노산 서열을 사람 및 마우스와 비교한 결과 CDS는 76~87%, 아미노산 서열은 72~90%의 상동성을 보였으며, C4B가 BAT2에 비해 다소 낮게 나타났다. 두 유전자에서 나타나는 cSNP를 분석하기 위해서 exon 영역을 증폭하기 위한 primer를 제작하였으며, 돼지 6품종을 대상으로 direct sequencing을 실시하였다. 그 결과 C4B로부터 4개, BAT2로부터 3개의 cSNP가 확인되었다. 또한 7개의 cSNP 중 C4B의 C4248T를 제외한 6개의 cSNP에 의해서 아미노산 치환이 발생하였다. 동일한 DNA를 사용하여 7개의 cSNP를 대상으로 Multiplex-ARMS 방법을 사용하여 유전자형 분석을 실시한 결과 direct sequencing 결과와 일치하였다. Multiplex-ARMS 방법의 재현성을 재확인하기 위해 무작위로 2개의 DNA 시료를 선택하여 direct sequencing과 Multiplex-ARMS 분석을 실시하여 유전자형이 일치함을 다시 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확인된 7개의 cSNP는 SLA class III 지역의 haplotype 분석을 위한 기초 자료로 사용될 수 있으며, Multiplex- ARMS 기법은 이종장기 개발에 필수적인 SLA 전체 영역 내 유전자들의 유전자형 분석을 위한 효율적인 분석방법이라고 사료된다.

C4B and BAT2, assigned to the SLA class III region, were recently reported on relation with human diseases. The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR for CDS analysis of these genes of pig were designed by aligning the CDSs of humans and mice from GenBank. After we amplified and sequenced with these primers and cDNAs, the full-length CDSs of pig were determined. The CDS lengths of C4B and BAT2 were shown as 5226 bp and 6501 bp. In addition, the identities of nucleotide sequences with human and mouse were 76% to 87%, and the identities of amino acids were 72% to 90%. After we carried out the alignment with determined CDSs in this study and pig genomic sequences from GenBank, the primers for cSNP detection in genome were designed in intron regions that flanked one or more exons. Then, we amplified and directly sequenced with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds. Four cSNPs from C4B and three 3 cSNPs from BAT2 were identified. In addition, amino acid substitution occurred in six cSNP positions except for C4248T of C4B. By the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped seven cSNPs with DNA samples used for direct sequencing. We verified that this result was the same as that analyzed using direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS on two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample showed the same result from both methods. Therefore, seven cSNPs were identified from C4B and BAT2 and could be used as the basic data for haplotype analysis of SLA class III region. Moreover, the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes assigned to the whole SLA region for the xenograft study.