Earticle

Background: Serotonin receptors can be divided into seven different families with various subtypes. The serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor is one of the most abundant subtypes in animal brains. The expression of 5-HT1A receptors in the brain has been reported in various animals but has not been studied in horses. The 5-HT1A receptor functions related to emotions and behaviors, thus it is important to understand the functional effects and distribution of 5-HT1A receptors in horses to better understand horse behavior and its associated mechanism. Methods: Brain samples from seven different regions, which were the frontal, central, and posterior cerebral cortices, cerebellar cortex and medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus, were collected from six horses. Western blot analysis was performed to validate the cross-reactivity of rabbit anti-5-HT1A receptor antibody in horse samples. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the localization of 5-HT1A receptors in the brains. Results: The protein bands of 5-HT1A receptor appeared at approximately 50 kDa in the frontal, central, and posterior cerebral cortices, cerebellar cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In contrast, no band was observed in the cerebellar medulla. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the cytoplasm of neurons in the cerebral cortices, thalamus, and hypothalamus were immunostained for 5-HT1A receptors. In the cerebellar cortex, 5-HT1A was localized in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study suggests that 5-HT and 5-HT1A receptor systems may play important roles in the central nervous system of horses, based on the widespread distribution of the receptors in the horse brain.

If Kauders (1929) is regarded as the ‘dawn’ of brain research in the fields of translation and interpreting (T/I), we are now looking back at a century of researches in this area. Rarely an area in the translational science has its research methodology so dramatically changed as in this field. Advances in neuroimaging techniques as well as a deeper understanding of the human brain, have significantly enhanced our capacity to explore the neural mechanisms underlying translation processes. While the field's findings remain somewhat preliminary, they now offer reasonably coherent insights into the translating brain, a century after the field’s beginning. This paper aims to classify significant brain research within T/I over the past 100 years according to I.a. research designs and findings, dividing the history into four periods: the 1920s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2010s. The most notable results from each period are summarized and discussed in relation to the current state of knowledge.

This paper attempts to provide a well-founded und more elaborate "answers" to the following questions often asked by practicing interpreters: (1) Between AB (L1-L2) and BA (L2-L1) interpretation, which one is more difficult? (2) What competencies are necessary for simultaneous interpretation (SI)? (3) Why is it particularly difficult to interpret numbers? To address these questions, the results of approximately 20 years of neuropsychological research on the topic of "interpretation" were analyzed from the practitioner’s perspective. The findings were as follows. (1) There are no differences in severity between L1-L2 and L2-L1 per se; however, the L1-L2 balance and the interpreter’s training determine the degree of difficulty associated with interpretation. The L2-L1 initially appears easier for the majority, as verbalization in the native language is smoother. However, well-trained interpreters with balanced bilingual competence find L1-L2 easier, especially as the receptive language might play a more decisive role, according to the aphasia study of Byng et al. (1982). (2) SI is, most of all, an “art” of attentional division and creation of primary semantic memory. The more training a simultaneous interpreter obtains, the stronger is the change associated with their anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). These brain regions are implicated in selective attention and creation of primary semantic memory, respectively. (3) The difficulty of interpreting numbers has little to do with the mathematical competence of the interpreters. It depends substantially on the ability to develop phonological memories during the formation of semantic memories as well as maintenance of these phonological memories in their original form without integration into a more abstract semantic memory. This type of competence is related to attention control as well.

‘나란 무엇인가’ 에는 본래 우리가 갖는 한계성으로 인해 결코 알 수 없는 문제를 푸는 어려움이 있다. 칸트의 사상을 통해 이 난제를 풀어보는 것이 본고의 목적이다. 칸트는 ‘나’를 마음과 신체가 결합하여 상호작용하는 존재라고 주장하기 때문에, 물질적인 신체와 비물질적인 마음이 어떻게 상호 작용할 수 있는가 하는 문제가 발생한다. 열쇠는 자기의식에 있다. 칸트의 자기의식은 지속적이며 고정불변한 실체가 아니다. 그것은 사유하는 힘이고 마음의 활동이다. 마음의 활동을 통해 대상 인식이 가능하면서 동시에 자기의식에 의한 자기정립이 가능하다. 우리는 경험을 통해 마음과 신체가 상호작용하면서 서로를 규정하는 것을 안다. 그것은 자연적인 현상으로 자연법칙에 따라 발생한다. 이는 자연법칙에 따르는 상호작용의 시스템이 우리 안에 선천적으로 구비되어 있음을 의미한다. 다만 마음을 지각하는 것이 불가능하기 때문에, 이 과정을 해명할 수 없는 것이다. 그래서 칸트는 상호작용의 힘을 미리 인정하는 방법을 택한다. 그래서 이성적으로 정합적인 가설을 제시하는데, 그 핵심이 초월적 자기의식이다. 자기의식은 사유의 활동으로 표현되지만 그것은 선험적으로 주어진 정언적 존재와 같다. 초월적 자기의식을 가정해야만 의식의 힘이 인식과 존재의 유일한 근거가 되면서 동시에 마음과 신체의 상호작용을 정합적으로 설명할 수 있는 가능성이 열린다. 칸트는 이러한 간접적 방식으로 마음과 신체의 상호작용을 증명한다. 그렇다고 초월적 자기의식이 단순히 가설적 존재에 불과한 것은 아니다. 우리는 마음을 직관할 수 없고, 그래서 뇌가 마음의 장소라고 생각하지만 그것은 유비적인 설명이다. 뇌는 마음이 아니다. 뇌가 의식적인 것이 아니라 사람이 의식적이다. 즉 신체와 뇌 그리고 마음의 조화로운 결합에서 인간의 의식 활동이 이루어진다. 그것이 칸트의 ‘나’이다.

It is difficult to solve the problem "What am I?" because there is a limit to our ability to understand this problem. This article aims to solve this problem by means of Kant's thoughts. Since he asserts that ‘I’ is an interactive being based on the combination of mind and body, it comes into question on how material body and immaterial mind correlate each other. The answer is self-consciousness. According to Kant, self- consciousness is not a continuous and unchanged substance. It is composed of activities of mind and power of thinking. The activities of mind enable us to recognize external objects and also to form self-establishment through self-consciousness. We know that mind and body interrelate and regulate each other by means of our experience. It happens to be as natural phenomena by natural laws. It means that the systems of interrelations are provided innately in our nature. But it is not easy to demand an explanation of these procedures, because it is impossible to perceive our mind as a substantial being. Kant chose the method of acknowledging the power of interrelations in advance. That's why he proposed logical hypothesis as coherence of which the central concept is transcendental self-consciousness. Although it is expressed by activities of thinking, self-consciousness is equal to imperative being given a priori. There is nothing but transcendental self-consciousness by which the power of mind can be a sole basis of our cognition and being. It also gives us a chance to explain as coherence the interrelations of mind and body. So Kant managed to prove the interrelations of mind and body in this indirect way. But we should not forget that transcendental self- consciousness is not only hypothetical being. Since we are not able to perceive our mind, we tend to believe that our mind is located in brain. But that is just analogy. Our brain is not our mind. Not our brain is but human beings are conscious thing. The harmonious combination of body, brain and mind initiates activities of human consciousness. That is 'I' proposed by Kant.

이 논문은 死生學이 학문으로서 성립할 수 있는지 여부를 탐구하려는 시론적 성격을 띠고 있다. 사생학이라는 학문은 죽음이라는 사태를 통해서 삶을 반성하는 학문이다. 사생학은 생명과학 및 의과학의 발달로 인해 인간의 생명과 죽음 문제에서 야기되는 인간성 상실의 위기를 극복하기 위하여 생명과 죽음에 대한 인문학적 해석을 통해서 생명과 죽음의 의미를 새롭게 사유하려는 학문이다. 그러기 위해서는 먼저 생명과 죽음에 대한 과학적 탐구를 살펴보고자 한다. 죽음이란 의학적 측면에서는 신체적인 죽음을 의미하며, 신체적 죽음은 다시 임상적 죽음과 생물학적 죽음으로 구분될 수 있다. 임상적 죽음은 호흡이 없고 심장이 정지된 상태이며 뇌의 활동이 중지된 상태이다. 인간의 죽음에 대한 판정은 크게 심장 정지설, 뇌사설, 세포사설로 나눌 수 있다. 일반적으로는 죽음은 개체의 죽음을 의미하지만, 기관, 조직, 세포의 생사 기준은 각각 다르다. 생물학적 죽음이란 개체로부터 세포에 이르기까지 생명의 불가역적 상실이라고 정의할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 자연과학적 방법에 의한 생명과 죽음 연구는 생명, 죽음을 단순한 현상적, 기능적 측면에서 다루기 때문에 한계가 있다. 인간의 생명과 죽음 문제는 삶과 죽음에 대한 의미, 가치의 측면에서, 삶의 전체 맥락 속에서 다루어져야 할 것이다. 현상적, 물리적, 기능적 차원을 넘어서 죽음의 의미와 목적, 지향성 등을 종합적으로 탐구할 때 비로소 생명과 죽음의 본질에 대한 해명은 이루어질 수 있다. 사생학은 생물학, 의학, 뇌신경학 등을 인문학적 탐구와 연계시키면서 뇌와 정신의 관계 및 본질에 대한 근원적인 반성을 추구한다. 죽음에 대한 반성은 삶의 태도를 변화시켜 의미 있는 삶을 살도록 한다고 한다. 인문학적 성찰을 통해서 우리는 죽음에 대한 의미와 역할을 올바로 제시하고자 한다. 죽음을 직시하고 죽음을 자연스럽게 사유하는 삶의 태도를 지니도록 하는 것이 바로 사생학이 지향하는 목표이다.

This paper is to study the meanings and values of the problems of life and death in the modern society. The new science 'Thanatology' is in the process of becoming. We need to comprehend life and death newly through new, various interpretations for death in order to overcome the crisis of humanity in bioscience and medical science. In this situation we must examine the scientific method and research into the life and death first of all. Death means physical death in medical science. Physical death classifies clinical death and biological death. Clinical death is defined as a state without breath and heart pulse, without the activities of the brain. From the legal point of view, we define death as the standstill of life, exactly the whole standstill of breath and blood circulation, animal function for life as heart pulse. There are three decisions about the death of human being, namely cardiac death opinion, brain death opinion and cytological death opinion. Cardiac death opinion means that the heart as one of the most important organs is completely stopped. Brain death opinion defines death as the state of the complete loss of the functions of brian, specially of brain stem which controls all functions of the human being, as the state in which the recovery of the brain functions is impossible. According to the cytological death opinion it is necessary for each cell of the human body to have chemical, physical and physiological activities. But when these activities are destroyed to the state where the recovery of these activities is impossible, this state is defined as death. Therefore the complete stop of the organic activity of each cell is similar to stop of the heart. The death in the sense of stop of the heart is consequently called the death of the individual. Death in the sense of biology means the state where organism loses life irreversibly. The research into the life and death should be done in the point of meaning and value, in the context of the whole life. Consequently it is necessary for us to research culture, history, philosophy, literature, religion on the base of medical science, and then on the base of humanities. In this sense the problem of life and death is the best object of research for fusion study. Biological, medical research and that of their meanings through the fusion study will give us a new interpretation and point of view for the problem of life and death, for the cultural context of the death and the mutuality of life and death. These problems are the questions about the essence of the human being. Besides explaining for phenomenal and physical, functional dimension about life and death, we must search the meanings of life and death on the ground of fusion study synthetically. In this sense thanatology which is to study the meanings for life and death will be able to accomplish the goal of fusion study appropfe tely. Therefore we must connect biology, medical science, cerealum neutheogy with the humanities study, through the results of these explorations, the radical, original reflections we will be able to accomplish more inclusive research for the relation of brain and mind. The reflections on death change the attitude and standpoint which look at life, and lead to the meaningful life. These days many people believe that there is only scientific explanation for death, so we can not understand death itself and the dying more deeply and we all havlanarong tendency to think death itself unhappy or afraid. In this situation we want to give the right meanings for death to the people in pain of death bntific eays many arospection of humanities for death. In the end, we want to In w that the very purpose of thanatology of homo-humanitas is to think of death as a natural process of life.

이 연구는 실과교육이 창의적 문제해결과 더불어 시각적 사고 활동과 밀접한 관련이 있다고 보고 실과교과에 시각적 사고를 접목시키기 위한 방안을 마련하기 위한 이론적 탐색을 목적으로 하고 있다. 실과의 농업생명과학에서 동식물을 관찰하는 활동, 생활기술학에서 만들고자 하는 물체를 구상하여 스케치 하는 활동, 문제해결을 위한 설계 활동 등 실과교과의 많은 내용 영역이 모두 시각적 사고를 바탕으로 이루어지고 있다. 시각적 사고의 개념과 관련하여 연구 초기에는 지각(perception)과 사고(thinking)의 복합 개념으로 규정하였으나, 최근에는 직관적 인지와 지성적 인지를 포함하는 개념으로 받아들이려는 경향이 있다. 시각적 사고는 능동적이고, 역동적인 사고를 가능케 하며, 추상 작용과 직접 경험의 기회를 제공하고, 우뇌와 좌뇌의 협응을 최대한 이끌어낼 수 있으며, 창의적 활동에 효과적이다. 또한, 문제해결 활동에 중요한 단서를 제공해주고, 의사소통에도 효과적으로 활용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 여러 교과에서 학습 효과를 높이기 위한 전략으로 활용할 수 있다는 점에서 매우 중요한 개념이다. 실과교과를 통한 시각적 사고 능력의 함양 방안과 관련하여, 사물을 비례적으로 인식하기, 구조적 특징 파악하기, 우뇌를 활용하여 관찰하고 그림 그리기, 심상(mental imagery) 활용하기, 클러스터링(clustering) 해보기 등을 제안하였다. 실과교과에 시각적 사고의 반영 가능성을 탐색하기 위하여 실과교과의 단원을 개념도, 유도된 심상, 시각적 표현, 마인드 맵, 유추, 숨은 그림 찾기, 종이 접기, 탬그램(모양 맞추기) 등의 유형으로 구분하여 분석한 결과, 많은 단원에 걸쳐 반영이 가능한 것으로 확인되었다. 결국, 실과교과는 내용학 및 방법론적 관점에서 그 성격상 시각적 사고와 긴밀하게 관련을 맺을 수 있으며, 실과교과의 많은 단원에 걸쳐 시각적 사고를 반영할 수 있다고 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibilities for grafting visual thinking to practical arts subject theoretically. Observational activities of animals and plants in agricultural and life science area, devising something in mind and sketching it on paper in life technology area, and designing activities for problem solving are closely connected with visual thinking. Visual thinking has a lot of merits such as activating dynamic thinking, offering direct experience, supporting effective communication, and promoting creative problem solving activities in practical arts subject. Recognizing objects proportionally, grasping organizational characteristics of objects, drawing with using right hemisphere, using mental imagery, and clustering were proposed as strategies for improving visual thinking through practical arts subject. According to result of analysis of practical arts subject from the viewpoint of concept diagram, led mental imagery, visual expression, mind map, analogical inference, finding out hidden pictures, folding papers, and tam-gram, it was identified that visual thinking could be reflected through lots of units of practical arts subject. Based on the results, some recommendations were made in the paper. First of all, studies for re-conceptualization of visual thinking, concrete frame development for reflecting the visual thinking on the practical arts subject should be made in the near future.

Across linguistic and cultural divides, humans engage with stories as a central Across linguistic and cultural divides, humans engage with stories as a central form of communication. Previous studies reveal that when humans listen to the form of communication. Previous studies reveal that when humans listen to the same story told in their native language, their brain activity becomes temporally same story told in their native language, their brain activity becomes temporally aligned. This story-evoked alignment of inter-subjective brain processes holds aligned. This story-evoked alignment of inter-subjective brain processes holds great theoretical significance as it points to neural commonalities that underlie great theoretical significance as it points to neural commonalities that underlie communication. Yet, does this collective alignment of brains transcend linguistic communication. Yet, does this collective alignment of brains transcend linguistic boundaries? Analyzing brain responses of French, English, and Chinese speakers boundaries? Analyzing brain responses of French, English, and Chinese speakers exposed to their respective renditions of ‘Le Petit Prince,’ this study reveals exposed to their respective renditions of ‘Le Petit Prince,’ this study reveals alignment across the brain’s default mode network. This network, which is alignment across the brain’s default mode network. This network, which is implicated in sense-making and social cognition, exhibits similar spatio-temporal implicated in sense-making and social cognition, exhibits similar spatio-temporal responses regardless of language, suggesting a universal processing framework. responses regardless of language, suggesting a universal processing framework. Our findings highlight the covert connection stories forge between diverse Our findings highlight the covert connection stories forge between diverse brains. This underscores the fundamental neurocognitive architecture underlying brains. This underscores the fundamental neurocognitive architecture underlying story processing and the collective impact of stories on human cognition and story processing and the collective impact of stories on human cognition and communication.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taro extract on brain resilience in in vitro Parkinson’s disease model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Methods: To induce a neuroinflammatory reaction and the in vitro Parkinson’s disease model, SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 6-OHDA, respectively. After that, cells were treated with at various concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL) of taro extract. Then nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, synaptophysin (SYP) and growth associated protein (GAP)-43 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression level were measured. Results: Taro extract significantly suppressed LPS-induced NO production. Meanwhile, iNOS and IL-6 mRNA expression decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, taro increased the mRNA expression of SYP and GAP-43 mRNA. Conclusion: These findings indicate that taro played an important role in brain resilience by inhibiting neuronal cell death and promoting neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity. The results of this study suggest that taro may contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative disease and become a new and safe therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease.

본 연구는 Benziger가 개발한 두뇌 사고유형 검사(Brain Thinking Style Assessment; BTSA, 2013a)를 바탕으로 개발한 인간 두뇌 사고유형 평가(Human Brain Thinking Style: HBTS)를 활용하여 국내 아동∙청소년의 사고유형의 발달적 특징을 알아보고, 해당 연령대의 특성을 적절히 반영하고 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 5년 간 전국 위드브레인 연구소에서 실시된 학령기 아동∙청소년을 대상으로 사고유형의 분포와 나이에 따른 변화양상을 알아보았다. 연구 결과, 나이에 따라 인간 두뇌 사고유형 평가의 4개 지표 간 유의한 차이를 보였고(p<.001), 각 지표는 연령에 따라 다르게 변화하는 것으로 나타났다(p<.001). 나이에 따른 인간 두뇌 사고유형 평가의 지표점수를 분석한 결과, 모든 지표 내에서 나이에 따른 유의한 차이를 보였고(p<.001), 그 중에서도 좌측전뇌(LAB)와 우측후뇌(RPB)에서 13세 전후로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 즉, 이러한 결과는 인간의 뇌가 급속히 발달하는 청소년기의 특성을 반영하는 것으로, 발달된 뇌 영역에 따른 사고양상의 차이를 보인 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과는 인간 두뇌 사고유형 평가의 구성개념과 타당성에 대한 근거를 제시하였다는 의의가 있다.

In this study, we used the Human Brain Thinking Style which is based on the Brain Thinking Style Assessment developed by Benziger to examine the developmental characteristics of thinking style in child and/or adolescent, and to make sure it reflects the characteristics of the those age groups. So this study investigated the distribution of thinking style and the patterns of change according to age of school-age children and adolescents at Withbrain Reseach Institute in Korea nationwide for five years. As a result, there was a significant difference between the four indicators of Human Brain Thinking Style according to age (p <.001), and each indicator varied with age (p <.001). In addition, a result of analyzing the Human Brain Thinking Style index scores according to age shows that there was a significant difference according to age in all indicators (p <.001), especially that left anterior brain and right posterior brain showed a significant difference before and after 13 years of age (p <.05). In other words, these results reflect the characteristics of adolescent in which the human brain develops rapidly, it is meaningful because it provides a basis for constructive concept and validity of Human Brain Thinking Style.

뇌에 전기적ㆍ자기적 자극을 가하는 뇌자극기술은 신경학적ㆍ정신학적 장애에 대해 다양한 범위에 걸쳐 상당한 치료 가능성을 보여준다. 뇌자극기술은 침습 여부에 따라 침 습적 기술과 비침습적 기술로 구분되는데, 뇌심부자극술(이하, DBS)은 대표적인 침습 적 뇌자극기술에 속한다. 현재 DBS는 식약처 고시인 “의료기기 품목 및 품목별 등급에 관한 규정”에 따라 4등급 의료기기로 분류되어 몇몇 질환에서 안정된 치료법으로 사용되 고 있다. 동시에 날로 그 기술이 발전하여 다양한 방향에서 이용방법이 논의되고 있다. 반면, 이와 관련한 법적 규제에 대한 논의는 상대적으로 적은 편이다. 이러한 배경에서 본 글은 DBS의 기술 및 효과와 안전성을 간략하게 소개한 이후, DBS 이용에서 고려할 수 있는 주요한 법적 쟁점을 이용 목적별로, 즉 치료목적, 임상연구 목적, 표준적 치료법 이 아니나 다른 치료법이 없는 경우, 향상 목적으로 구분하여 논의하고, 어떠한 목적의 이용이든 DBS 이용에 따른 법적 책임의 문제에서 새로이 공통적으로 부상하고 있는 쟁점-위험ㆍ이익평가, 의사의 설명의무, 환자의 동의능력, 기기의 조정, 보험의 보장 - 을 소개하고 논의한다.

Brain stimulation technology that administers electrical and magnetic stimulation to a brain has shown a significant level of possibility for treating a wide range of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Depending on its nature, the technology is defined either as invasive or non-invasive, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) is one of the most well-known invasive brain stimulation technologies. Currently categorized as grade 4 medical device in accordance with Guideline On Medical Devices And Their Grades, a Notification of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), the DBS has been used as a stable treatment for several diseases. At the same time, the DBS technology has recently achieved substantial advancement, encouraging active discussions for its use from various perspectives. On the contrary, debates over legal regulation related to the use of DBS has relatively been smaller in numbers. In this context, this article aims to 1) introduce the DBS technology and its safety in setting out the tone; 2) touch upon major legal issues that would potentially rise from its use for four different purposes of treatment, clinical study, areas of non-standard treatment where no other methods are available, and enhancement; and finally 3) highlight disputes concerning common emerging issues observed in the aforementioned four purposes from the viewpoint of legal responsibility and liability of using the DBS, which are benefit-risk assessment, physicians’ duty of information, patients’ capacity to consent, control for device, and insurance coverage.

이 연구의 목적은 서구에서 제시한 자아초월에 이르는 방법을 한민족 전통 수행법에서 찾아보는 것이다. 한국선도를 기반으로 5단계로 구성된 뇌교육 프로그램 중 네 번째 단계인 ‘뇌 통합하기’와 ‘자아초월’ 간의 관련성을 분석하고, 자아초월에 이르는 방법으로서 ‘뇌 통합하기’의 적용 가능성을 검토해보고자 하였다. ‘뇌 통합하기’는 뇌의 3층 구조인 대뇌피질, 대뇌변연계, 뇌간 그리고 좌·우뇌 를 각각 수직과 수평적으로 통합하여 인간 본성을 자각하는 과정이다. 에너지 회로, 소리 진동, 뇌파 진동명상 및 자기 확언 등의 수련을 통하여 의식이 대뇌피질의 의심과 대뇌변연계의 두려움을 넘어 뇌간에 이르게 되면 최대의 정보전달 효과가 나타나며 합일의식에 도달하게 된다. 합일의식은 자아 초월, 우주의식, 본성, 영혼, 신성 등으로 표현하며 인간이 본래 가진 영적 측면으로써 의식이 개인 적 수준 너머로 확장하는 것이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 뇌 통합하기가 추구하는 인간 본 성과의 만남은 개인 차원의 에고를 넘어 우주 의식으로까지 확장을 의미한다는 점에서 자아초월 과 정으로 해석되었다. 둘째, 뇌 통합하기의 수행법은 서구에서 제시한 자아초월 수행법과의 공통점이 발견되었다. 셋째, 뇌 통합하기의 과정들은 자아초월에 이를 수 있는 이론과 실천적 방법으로 구성 된 것으로 나타났다. 위와 같이 뇌 통합하기는 인간이 가진 영적 측면을 개발하여 자아초월에 이를 수 있는 수행법으로 적용 가능성을 시사하였다. 이 연구는 개인 차원의 절정 경험이나 신비체험에 머물렀던 자아초월에 대하여 이론과 구체적인 방법으로서 한국적 수행법을 제시하였다는 점에 의의 가 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to finds a way to Transpersonal suggested by the West in the Korean Traditional Self-discipline. To analyze the relationship between 'Transpersonal' and 'Brain integrating' based on The Korean Sundo which is the 4th step of the brain education program consisting of 5 steps, and examine the applicability of 'Brain integrating' as a method to reach Transpersonal. 'Brain Integrating' is the process of realizing human nature by integrating the three layers of brain which is cerebral cortex, cerebral limb and brain stem as vertically, left and right brain as horizontally respectively. Through training such as energy circuits, sound vibration, brain wave vibration meditation, and self-affirmation, when consciousness reaches the brain stem beyond suspicion of the cerebral cortex and fear of the limbic system, the maximum information transfer effect appears and unify consciousness is reached. The sense of unity is expressed as self-transcendence, cosmic consciousness, nature, soul, divinity, etc., and consciousness expands beyond the individual level as a spiritual aspect that human originally within. The results as follows; First, the encounter with human nature pursued by brain integration was interpreted as a transpersonal process in the sense that it extended beyond the ego at the individual level to the cosmic consciousness. Second, Brain integrating was found to have a commonality with the transpersonal self-discipline suggested in the West. Third, the processes of Brain integrating were to found to be composed of theoretical and practical methods that could lead transpersonal. As mentioned above, Brain integrating suggested the possibility of application as a method of developing the spiritual aspects of human beings and reaching transpersonal. This study will be meaningful in that it presented Korean self-discipline as a theory and concrete method that can lead to transpersonal, which has stayed in the peak or mystical experience at the individual level.

Objective To examine (1) the location of brain lesion that would predict post-traumatic delirium and (2) the association between volume of brain lesion and occurrence of delirium in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing medical records of 68 TBI patients, categorized into two groups: the delirious group (n=38) and non-delirious group (n=30). The location and volume of TBI were investigated with the 3D Slicer software.Results The TBI region in the delirious group mainly involved the frontal or temporal lobe (p=0.038). All 36 delirious patients had brain injury on the right side (p=0.046). The volume of hemorrhage in the delirious group was larger by about 95 mL compared to the non-delirious group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.382).Conclusion Patients with delirium after TBI had significantly different injury site and side, but not lesion size compared to patients without delirium.

The most successful media are currency and language. Their mechanisms are quite different. Currency must match the face value and the actual value as ‘sr=sd’ relationship. Language does not exactly match the signifier and signified. East Asian culture, perhaps, have already realized the limitations and prefer to communication in ‘sr≒sd’ relationship. In the days of modern Western culture, the ‘sr≒sd’ relationship is gaining more attention, including J. Derrida. He in his own 'Grammatology' argued that if the meaning only has difference, the ‘sr=sd’ relationship could be established. However, if the concept of delay is added, then it will not. Thus, he adopted the concept of ‘différance’ to incorporate the ‘sr≒sd’ relationship. In Eastern culture, the ‘sr≒sd’ relationship was favored more heavily in communication. Chuang Tzu(莊子) takes a more comprehensive and systematic approach to the concept of impossibility of ‘sr=sd’. What Chuang Tzu refers to in small language(小言) by small wisdom(小知) is definitive words that are clear and objective. This is represented as scientific and logical, which is based on ‘sr=sd’. However, the large language(大言) by large wisdom(大知) tend to be more comprehensive and subjective. These languages are metaphoric and is based on the ‘sr≒sd’ relationship.

Because the lens is a tissue with the highest sensitivity, the lens shielding is very important in CT imaging. However, in clinical terms, there is a lack in the efforts in decreasing dosage on the lens, and the shielding of dosage and the effects on the imaging are researched using bismuth to evaluate the usefulness. As results of the dosage evaluation results, when there is no gantry angle when the thickness of the lens shielding material is 0mm, the dosage was 28.476mGy, and when there is gantry angle, the dosage was 20.852mGy that it was confirmed that the dosage was 27% lesser with gantry angle. It was confirmed that the dosage value decreased with the increase of thickness of lens shielding material when there is gantry angle, and when the lens shielding material was 1mm, the dosage decreased by approximately 39% compared to when it was 0mm. When there is gantry angle, the dosage values were respectively 12.788mGy and 12.776mGy for the crystalline lens shielding material thicknesses of 0.75mm and 1.0mm. In image analysis, the quantitative evaluation and the qualitative evaluation were almost constant regardless of the thickness of the lens shielding material. The optimal lens shielding material thickness to minimize the does of lens and increase the value of diagnosis in Brain CT examination is 0.75mm. Therefore, if this is utilized for easier use in clinical practices, it is considered to be able to contribute to not only the protection of the lens but the accurate diagnosis of diseases.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase-2 (NTRK2) have known important roles in the central nervous system for neurite growth, survival, and differentiation. Nevertheless, the significance of BDNF in spermatogenesis remains unclear in stallions. Therefore, the present study was designed 1) to investigate the expression of BDNF and its receptor NTRK2 and 2) the seasonal variation in the expression patterns of BDNF and NTRK2 in stallions’ testes. We used testes from eight postpubertal Thoroughbred stallions collected after a field castration during two different seasons of the year (breeding season [BS] and nonbreeding season [NBS]). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blotting (WB), and immunofluorescence were performed. RT-qPCR results showed upregulation of mRNA levels of BDNF and NTRK2 in the testes collected during the NBS. The quantification of the protein bands obtained after WB displayed significantly higher relative intensity in NBS. The immunofluorescence assay identified the localization of BDNF in the cytoplasm of Sertoli and Leydig cells in BS. The cytoplasm of germs cells and Leydig cells were stained with BDNF in NBS. NTRK2 was observed in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells of BS and NBS. Moreover, different stages of germ cells including undifferentiated spermatogonia and spermatocytes were immune labeled with NTRK2 in the NBS. These findings provided the first evidence of the localization of BDNF and NTRK2 in the testicular cells of stallions, suggesting the potential role of BDNF signaling in testes development and spermatogenesis. Further investigation is necessary to explore the functional implications of BDNF signaling on spermatogenesis, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms that govern the seasonal expression patterns observed. This will help confirm the paracrine/autocrine importance of this neurotrophin in the stallions testes.

본 연구는 비교사학습의 대표적인 방법 중 하나인 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 BCI(Brain-Computer Interface)에 적용 가능한 자율적 기계학습방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 상호작용 함수를 이용한 학습영역조정방법과 자율적 기계학습규칙을 제안하였다. 학습영역조정과 기계학습은 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 한 상호작용 함수에 의한 측면제어효과를 이용하였다. 승자 뉴런을 결정하고 난 후 학습 규칙에 따라 뉴런의 연결강도를 조정하 고 학습 횟수가 증가함에 따라 학습영역이 점차 감소하여 출력층 뉴런 가중치들의 입력을 향한 유동을 완화시켜 네 트워크가 평형 상태(equilibrium state)에 도달하여 학습을 마칠 수 있는 자율적 기계학습을 제안하였다.

This paper proposes an autonomous machine learning method applicable to the BCI(Brain-Computer Interface) is based on the self-organizing Kohonen method, one of the exemplary method of unsupervised learning. In addition we propose control method of learning region and self machine learning rule using an interactive function. The learning region control and machine learning was used to control the side effects caused by interaction function that is based on the self-organizing Kohonen method. After determining the winner neuron, we decided to adjust the connection weights based on the learning rules, and learning region is gradually decreased as the number of learning is increased by the learning. So we proposed the autonomous machine learning to reach to the network equilibrium state by reducing the flow toward the input to weights of output layer neurons.