Earticle

본 연구는 자동화 도입수준이 직종별 근로자(사무직 또는 생산직)의 업무량에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 자동화의 도입목적/도입동기를 대체효 과와 보완효과로 구분하였으며, 직종을 사무직과 생산직으로 분류하여 자동화 도입수준 이 근로자의 업무량에 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 한국노 동연구원의 사업체패널조사 8차년도 자료를 활용하여, 최종표본 574개 사업체를 대상으 로 자동화 도입수준이 근로자의 업무량에 미치는 영향을 실증하였다. 분석 결과, 대체효과 목적의 자동화 도입수준이 증가할수록 사무직 근로자와 생산직 근로자 모두의 업무량이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 보완효과 목적의 자동화 도입수준이 증가할수록 사무직 근로자의 업무량은 증가하였지만, 생산직 근로자의 업무량에 미치는 영향은 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 자동화가 고용에 미치는 영향은 자동화 도입의 목적이나 동기에 따라 달라질 수 있으며, 근로자의 직종에 따라서도 그 영향이 상이할 수 있음을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of the level of automation on the workers’ workload depending on the motives of adoption and the types of jobs. The motives for automation are divided into the substitution and complementary effects, and the job types are classified as white-collar workers and blue-collar workers. Based on the analyses using the 574 samples from the Korea Labor Institute's Workplace Panel Survey data, the result showed that the workload of both white- and blue-collar workers decreased as the level of automation for substitution effects increased. In addition, as the level of automation for complementary effect increased, the workload of white-collar workers increased, but the workload of blue-collar workers was not statistically significant. These results suggest that the effect of automation on workload may vary depending on the motive and job types of automation.

This present study tested whether job stress mediates the relationship between workload and safety behavior of members in organization. In addition, we hypothesized trust in leader/coworkers functions as moderator between not only the workload-job stress link, but also the job stress-safety behavior link. In order to investigate the hypotheses, 841 employees in various fields of companies were sampled. Using structural equation modeling(SEM), we conducted moderated mediation model analysis which elaborately investigated the significance of our hypotheses. The results indicated that job stress mediated the link between workload and safety behavior of members. In addition, the relationship between workload and job stress was moderated by trust in leader/coworkers. Moreover trust in leader/coworkers moderated the job stress-safety behavior linkage. The implications and limitations of our study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify workload measurement indicators for school nurses in order to provide high-quality health care and deploy school nurses effectively. Methods: A second Delphi survey was conducted on 21 experts with more than 5 years of school nurses experience. To develop indicators related to the workload of school nurses, the importance and measurability of a total of 21 workload indicators were investigated, including school nurses characteristics, school characteristics, health needs of students, and socioeconomic determinants. Results: As a result of the Delphi survey, it was found that 6 indicators were suitable in terms of importance and 8 indicators in terms of measurability. The important indicators the panel agreed on include the size of the city where the school is located, the total number of students, the number of classes, the percentage of students with chronic illness, the percentage of students visiting the health office per day, and the percentage of wound care in the health office per day. Conclusion: The percentage of students with chronic illness and the percentage of wound care per day need to be reflected in school nurse workload indicators and follow-up studies are required to shed more light on the socioeconomic determinants of schools.

이 연구는 초등학교에 종사하고 있는 교사들의 근무 행위와 행위 과정 속에 동반된 감정을 살펴봄으로서 초등교원의 근무 부담을 파악하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 교사의 업무 또는 근무에 관한 교사들과의 면담을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 교사가 학교에서 하는 업무의 특징을 살펴보면, 교사는 성격이 다른 많은 업무를 동시에 수행함으로써 업무에 대한 정체성의 혼란을 겪으며, 업무 영역별로 배정된 확고한 시간이 없기 때문에 개별 업무에 몰입이 어렵고 전문성 개발에 한계를 갖게 된다. 교사들이 자신의 업무에 대해 느끼는 감정을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교사들은 ‘불안감’을 경험하고 있다. 이는 바쁜 일과로 인해 수업 준비와 학생생활지도에 충분한 시간을 할애하지 못하는 상황과 관련이 있다. 둘째, 교사들은 기존의 제도와 관행으로 소신있게 행위하지 못하는 것에 ‘자괴감’을 느낀다. 셋째, 교사들은 ‘정체성을 흔드는 업무들’로 인해 ‘혼란’을 경험하고 있다. 넷째, 교사들은 학교에서 경험하는 ‘내적 갈등’을 나름대로의 방법으로 견뎌나가고 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 교사들의 근무 부담을 유발하는 학교 안팎의 문제를 살펴보고 해결을 위한 시사점을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze workload of elementary school teachers in Korea. Especially, we focused on emotions teachers feel when they are working. Semi-structured interview with elementary school teachers was used to achieve the purpose. First, elementary school teachers are performing a lot of tasks such as planning and preparing for instruction, the instruction and learning related activities, student guidance and management support, classroom instruction and so on in school. The features of their tasks are simultaneous and closely connected with many students. Second, time according to each work is unclear. Below are emotions teachers feel when they are working. Teachers feel anxiety and sorry due to the lack of time to prepare for instruction, guide and support their students. Teachers experience sense of shame because they can not act according to their conviction over the forced policy. Also, they are confused with a lot of administrative duties. In this situation, teachers endure negative emotions such as unhappiness, stress, sense of guilt, confusion, helplessness, fear, and frustration. Based on the results, it is recommended: The government should listen carefully and address the actual needs and emotions of teachers rather than giving out general policies. Simultaneously, teachers should retain the attitude of trying to advance their teaching professionalism and teachers culture.

Purpose : Along with the changes in the distribution industry from offline-oriented to online consumption, the prolonged COVID-19 has greatly increased the delivery volume. As a result, the need for health protection for delivery workers is emerging along with the increase in workload of workers. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the fatigue of male delivery workers. Method : We analyzed the data from the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020). And the subjects were a total of 486 male delivery workers. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors associated with fatigue. Result : The results of the study are as follows: 47.4% of the participants worked over 52 hours a week. 38.9% of the subjects had temperature changes. and 29.0% had back pain. And 36.2% of the participants had work-related fatigue. As a result of analyzing the factors affecting fatigue, the variables found to be associated with extra long working hours per week, temperature changes during work, and more work-related back pain, muscle pain, and anxiety. Conclusion : To reduce the fatigue of male delivery workers, it is necessary to ensure that legal working hours are regulated and to reduce work-related anxiety. In addition, it will be necessary to detect and manage back pain and muscle pain early, and to minimize temperature changes during work.

For this study, we established a system for the CPU cooling performance evaluation and conducted performance tests on air-cooling and water-cooling to understand the effect of the CPU cooling method on performance. For the performance evaluation, the test chamber and water-cooling system were set up, the workload S/W was selected, and a case file was created. In the case of the air-cooling, the CPU temperature is sensitively affected by the outside air temperature, the direction of the board installation, and the influence of the airflow formed around it, and may cause a lot of fluctuations in the CPU temperature. When the water-cooling system was applied, the CPU temperature decreased from 75℃℃ to 37℃ compared to the air-cooled type under the test conditions of 28.5℃ and 3LPM cooling water supply temperature and flow rate. As the CPU clock speed increased due to the decrease in temperature, it was found that the job execution time was reduced by 15~23%. In the future, it is expected that using this performance evaluation environment established through this study will enable us to easily conduct test evaluations for various processors, cooling methods, and changes in operating conditions.

최근 프랜차이즈 산업에서 질적 성장은 매우 중요하다. 특히 가맹본부와 가맹점 관계에서 동반성장 및 상생 등의 관련한 정부의 정책과 지원 사업을 진행하고 있지만, 가맹본부의 일방적 지원 및 가맹점 관리 운영 방안 등의 문제점이 지속적으로 나타나고 있는 실정이다. 또한 가맹사업 분쟁과 가맹본부의 폭리 등의 갑질 문제가 여전히 발생되고 있다. 프랜차이즈 연구에서 중요성이 강조되는 가맹본부의 관리 능력 과 노하우에 대해 먼저 알아보고, 가맹점사업자가 지각하고 있는 가맹본부의 지원 인식과 함께 가맹점사 업자의 직무 열의와 업무 과부하의 관계에 대한 영향력을 연구하기 위하여 전국의 가맹점사업자를 대상 으로 실증 연구를 진행하였다. 기존 척도를 바탕으로 작성된 설문지를 이용해 전국 소재의 가맹점사업자를 대상으로 총 256명의 설 문지를 분석하였으며, 가설들을 검증하기 위해 구조방정식을 이용하여 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 가 맹점에 대한 관리 방식 중 행동 모니터링과 성과 모니터링, 모두 가맹점이 지작하는 가맹본부 지원의 인 식을 높이는 것으로 나타났고, 본부지원 인식이 가맹점의 직무 열의에 긍정적으로 나타났다. 한편, 가맹 점 입장에서 본부지원 인식과 가맹점의 직무 열의의 관계에서는 업무 과부하가 이들 관계에서 약화시키 는 조절 효과가 나타났다. 가맹사업에서 가맹본부가 단순한 관리 감독보다는 가맹점사업자 입장에서 파트너십과 소통 방법의 중 요성을 강조하며, 결국 가맹본부의 적절한 모니터링은 장기적인 거래에서 중요한 성공 요소라는 것을 밝 혔다. 이는 현재 운영되고 있는 가맹본부의 관리 시스템이 결국 명목상 표면적으로만 운영이 되거나 조 직되어 있는 방법에서 자구적 노력을 통해 가맹본부와 가맹점 간에 상호 신뢰가 구축되어 탁월한 경영성 과가 이루어질 수 있는 시스템 구축이 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

Qualitative growth is very important in the recent franchise industry. In particular, the franchise headquarters and franchisees are carrying out government policies and support projects related to shared growth and win-win, but problems such as unilateral support from the franchise headquarters and management of franchisees continue to emerge. Power abuse problems such as disputes over a franchise business and excessive profits at the franchise headquarters are still occurring. An empirical study was conducted on franchise operators nationwide to find out the management ability and know-how of franchise headquarters, which are emphasized in franchise research, and to study the influence of franchise operators on the relationship between job enthusiasm and workload. A total of 256 questionnaires were collected and used for analysis targeting convenience store franchisees located across the country using questionnaires prepared based on existing scale. As a result of the analysis, both behavior monitoring and performance monitoring among the management methods for franchisees were found to increase the awareness of franchise headquarters support, which is the best of the franchisees, and the recognition of headquarters support was found to be positive in the franchise's job enthusiasm. On the other hand, from the standpoint of merchants, in the relationship between the perception of headquarters support and the enthusiasm of merchants, there was a moderating effect in which the workload weakened in these relationships. In the franchise business, the franchise headquarters emphasized the importance of partnership and communication from the perspective of franchisees rather than simple management and supervision, and eventually found that proper monitoring of franchise headquarters is an important success factor in long-term transactions. This suggests that it is necessary to establish a system that can achieve excellent management performance by establishing mutual trust between the franchise headquarters and franchisees through self-rescue efforts in a way that the current franchise headquarters' management system operates nominally or systematically.

클라우드 컴퓨팅 시장의 지속적 성장과 더불어 클라우드 기반의 데스크톱 가상화 기술이 인기를 얻고 있다. 가상 데 스크톱 서비스(DaaS, Desktop as a Service)는 금융 서비스, 제조업, 의료, 교육 등의 여러 분야에서 사용되며, 지속적인 성장률을 보이고 있다. 하지만 기존 DaaS 관련 기술은 대부분 하이퍼바이저 기반으로 DaaS 서비스 관리 측면의 한계점이 존재한다. 또한, CPU, RAM 등 서버 자원을 사용자 요청에 따라 고정적으로 할당하여, 낭비되는 서버 자원으로 인해 자원 관리의 효율이 저하될 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 컨테이너 기반 DaaS 시스템과 그 시스템을 위한 자원 사용량 기반 자원 할당 방법을 제안한다. 이와 같은 자원 할당 방법을 통해 사용자 경험 극대화 가 가능할 것이며 컨테이너 기반 DaaS 기술의 성장 가속화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Cloud based virtualization technology gained popularity coupled with sustained growth of cloud computing. DaaS (Desktop as a Service) which is a desktop virtualization technology is used in many areas such as financial services, healthcare, and education. However, most of the existing DaaS technologies are hypervisor based systems. It has a performance degradation problem to load and create each desktop image. In addition, it cannot provide optimized resources to personalized services which have different resource demands. In this paper, to solve the problems, we propose a container based DaaS system and an efficient resource allocation method. By doing this, the proposed scheme looks forward to accelerate growth of the DaaS through improving the user experience and the resource efficiency of the datacenter.

본 연구에서는 군집주행환경에서 비자율차의 행태분석을 위해 영상기반의 조사를 통해피실험자의 인적특성과 군집주행 인지여부를 조사하고, 주행 시뮬레이션 실험을 통해 비자율차의 차량거동을 수집했다. 또한, 주행 시뮬레이션 실험 후 NASA-TLX 설문조사를 통해작업부하점수를 조사했다. 영상기반 인지특성 조사 결과 피실험자 대부분이 군집주행 중인 차량들을 인지하고 군집차량군으로 인해 부담감을 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 군집주행환경에서의 평균속도가 비군집 주행환경일 때보다 낮게 나타났고, 평균속도의 표준편차는 군집주행환경일 때 더 높게 나타났다. 인적특성과 작업부하점수를 연계분석한 작업부하평가 결과 군집, 비군집주행환경 시인적특성별로 작업부하점수가 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나는 결과들을 확인했다. 인적특성과 차량거동을 연계분석한 차량거동평가 결과에서도 군집, 비군집주행환경 시 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나는 결과들을 확인했다. 본 연구의 결과를 고령운전자, 여성 등 고위험군 운전자의 안전성 증대, 비자율차 운전자에게 주변 군집주행차량에 대한 정보 제공 방안 모색 등의 비자율차 운전자를 위한 교통관리전략을 수립하는데 활용할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

This study conducted a 3-stage survey and simulation experiment to identify the impact of vehicle platoons on car-following behavior of manually-driven vehicles. Vehicle maneuvering data obtained from driving simulations was statistically analyzed based on three measures including average speed, acceleration noise, and offset to represent the deviation of lateral movements. Results indicate that MV drivers tended to have psychological burden while driving in automated vehicle platooning environments, which resulted in different vehicle maneuvers. It is expected that the outcome of this study would be useful fundamentals in developing various traffic operations strategies for managing mixed traffic stream consisting of MVs and autonomous vehicles.

베트남 경제에서 서비스 산업은 경제의 핵심 분야의 하나이고 경제성장에 많은 기여를 하고 있다. 이러한 서비스 산업에서 인적자원은 서비스 질과 고객만족의 중요한 결정요소이다. 본 연구에서는 베트남 서비스 산업에 종사하는 직원의 스트레스를 유발하는 직무 및 조직요소에 대한 선행연구를 바탕으로 직원의 직무만족, 조직몰입, 이직의도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 조사하였다. 세가지 조직유효성의 지표들에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 4가지 스트레스 유발요 소는 과중한 업무량, 열악한 작업환경, 원만하지 못한 상사관계, 높은 시간 압력으로 파악되었다. 연구결과와 관련된 함의와 향후 연구문제에 대하여 추가적으로 논의하였다.

In Vietnamese economy, the Service industry is one of the most important industrial areas and has contributed significantly to the economic growth. In this crucial service industry, human resources are the essential determinant of service quality and customer service satisfaction. In the present study, we reviewed and investigated various job-related and organizational factors which cause employees' stress and how these stress-increasing factors would influence those employees' job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. It was found that the most influential factors to promote employee stress were high workload, bad work environment, undesirable employee-supervisor relationship, and high time pressure. Implications and future research questions were further discussed in the study.

목적 : 성인과 아동 작업치료사의 작업 활동과 관련한 근골격계 질환에 대해 파악하고, 근골격계 질환 위험 정도에 미치는 요인을 비교하여 근골격계 질환을 예방하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를수행하였다. 연구방법 : 서울과 경기도 근교에서 근무하는 임상 작업치료사 101명을 대상으로 일반적 사항, 직업 만족도, 작업부하와 작업 빈도 그리고 근골격계 질환 증상을 설문지를 통하여 조사하였다. 분석은 SPSS Version 17.0을 사용하였다. 결과 : 성인, 아동 작업치료사 모두 허리/등에서 가장 증상이 많이 나타났고, 그 다음으로 어깨와 목 순이었다. 근골격계 질환에 영향을 주는 신체 부위를 검토하였을 때, 환자의 운동 자세나 작업 부하량, 작업빈도수가 증가함에 따라 4~15배의 근골격계 질환 발생 위험도가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 작업치료사의 작업 자세, 작업 활동에 따른 작업 부하량 및 빈도수가 근골격계 질환의 발생 위험요인으로 유의함을 관찰하였다. 각각 다른 직무에서 일하는 작업치료사의 특성에 맞게 물리적인 작업 환경및 작업 자세의 개선을 위해 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Objective : This study is a descriptive examination related to musculoskeletal disorders and the risk factors between pediatric and adult occupational therapists as a way to provide basic information for the purpose of preventing musculoskeletal disorders. Methods : This study surveyed 101 occupational therapists who are employed at ten general hospitals and social welfare centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. A questionnaire was used as the research tool for determining their socio-demographic characteristics, job satisfaction, workload, task frequency, and symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders. The data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 17.0. Results : The waist and back are the areas that pediatric and adult therapists complain about being the most painful. The next problem areas are the shoulders followed by the neck. When reviewing the occurrence of factors that influence musculoskeletal disorders according to the body area, the results show that these factors increased 4 to 15 times depending on the therapist's posture while treating patients, conducting their workload, and frequently doing tasks. Conclusion : The results show that the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders of occupational therapists is significantly higher. To enhance the posture and physical task environment for therapists working in a diverse range of departments, further studies are needed.

본 연구는 산림작업원의 심박수 측정을 통한 풀베기작업의 작업강도를 분석하여 산림작업의 안전과 생력화 방안을 모색하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 전체 작업시간동안 작 업원의 심박수 및 요소작업시간을 측정하여 풀베기작업의 작업강도를 분석하였다. 그 결과 풀베 기작업의 요소작업 비율은 풀베기가 약 61%, 휴식 27%, 이동 5% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 풀베기 작업의 평균 작업공정은 0.228ha/day이며, ha당 평균 소요인력은 4.4인으로 나타났다. 이는 당해 년도 2차 풀베기작업으로 숲가꾸기 품셈 적용기준(풀베기, 모두베기 1ha당 소요인력 7.0)보다 적 게 소요된 것으로 나타나 풀베기작업이 적절히 이루어졌다고 할 수 있다. 풀베기작업의 진행방향 에 따른 작업강도는 위, 대각선 위, 대각선 아래, 아래, 수평방향 순으로 높게 나타났다. 또한 평 균 작업심박수는 114±5.2(SD)beat/min, 평균 심박수증가율은 68.9%이며, 평균 작업강도지수는 44.1%로 나타났다. 조사된 전체 작업원이 피로한도 이상의 작업을 진행하였으며, 50%수준의 심 박수에 대한 작업심박수의 비율이 0.95로써 지속적으로 높은 강도에 가까운 작업이 이루어지고 있다고 할 수 있다.

This study was conducted to analyze the physical strain measuring heart rate of forest-workers in weeding in order to seek ways of work safety and laborsaving. The heart rate of four forest-workers were recorded throughout the working day. As results, ratio of composition in weeding was showed that weeding, rest and moving were about 61%, 27% and 5% respectively. The productivity in weeding was 0.228ha/day and manpower needs was 4.4man/ha. Because of second weeding, the manpower needs was lower than standard for quality per unit(manpoer needs of weeding : 7.0man/ha) of forest tending. It said that weeding was worked properly. According to direction of weeding, uphill weeding imposed the most severe workloads on the forest-worker and workload was higher in order uphill, diagonal uphill, diagonal downhill, downhill, horizontality direction in weeding. It showed that the mean working heart rate(HRw) was 114±5.2(SD)beat/min and mean ratio of increasing heart rate(IHR) was 68.9% in weeding. The workload index(WLI) of weeding was 44.1% and all workers conducted work over the Endurance limit(EL). As mean of 50% level indices was 0.95, weeding was considered continuous heavy work.

아웃소싱 방식의 정보시스템 개발 프로젝트(SI 프로젝트)는 참여인력들의 만족도가 매우 낮은 것으로 알려져 있다. 이로 인해 잦은 전직과 이직, 프로젝트 참여 기피 등의 고질적인 문제가 발생하고, 프로젝트 성패에도 악영향을 미치고 있다. 참여인력들의 만족도 향상을 위해서는 프로젝트 참여만족도를 결정하는 요인들의 명확한 규명을 통한 개선이 필요하다. 프로젝트 참여만족도는 직무만족도의 일종으로 볼 수 있다. 선행연구에 의하면, 직무만족도는 직무특성과 무관한 급여, 보상, 명성 등의 일반 요인과 직무특성에 기인한 특화요인에 의하여 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 현업에서 프로젝트 참여만족도 측정에 널리 사용되는 PMI 설문에 기초하여, 정보시스템 개발 프로젝트의 특성에 기인하는 특화요인으로, 프로젝트 이행약정, 업무량과 업무시간, 프로젝트 통제, 조직내 의사소통, 조직간 의사소통, 방법론(프로세스) 영향도의 6가지 요인에 대하여 확인하고, 프로젝트 참여만족도 결정요인으로 적합한가에 대하여 66개 프로젝트에 참여한 390명의 데이터를 통해 검증했다. 연구 결과, 6개의 결정요인은 모두 프로젝트 참여만족도를 결정하는 요인으로 볼 수 있었다. 즉, 프로젝트 참여 인력들의 만족도는 프로젝트 이행약정과 프로젝트 통제, 의사소통, 프로젝트 방법론 등에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 벤더 사(社) 참여인력 들의 만족도는 단순히 많은 업무량과 강한 업무강도 보다는 무리한 프로젝트 이행약정과 계획의 잦은 변경 및 불합리한 프로젝트 통제에 의하여 더욱 저해되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 참여자들의 프로젝트 참여 만족도를 신장시키고, 궁극적으로 프로젝트의 성과를 높이기 위해서는 단편적인 처방과 개선에서 벗어나 프로젝트 이행약정을 비롯한 프로젝트 특화요인들에 대한 종합적인 접근과 해결책이 필요할 것이다.

The chronic problems of Information System Outsourcing Development Project include frequent changes in the participants and their roles, and the evasion of project participation, which exert unfavorable influence to the outcome of the project. Such problems are due, in large part, to the low level of project participants' satisfaction in the project. However, little is known about the factors that influence project participants' satisfaction in the project development. This research identifies six potential factors such as project commitment, workload, control, communication within the organization, inter-organization communication, and system development methodology based on PMI(Project Management Institute) and empirically examines their efficacy in explaining the level of participants' satisfaction in the IS development projects based on data from 390 participants in 66 projects. The results indicate that the six factors are strong determinants of participants' satisfaction in system development projects. In other words, the level of satisfaction among project participants overall are largely influenced by project commitment and control, communication, project methodology. Especially, the results reveal that the level of satisfaction among participants from the vendor decreased largely by unrealistic project commitment, frequent changes in project planning and unreasonable control rather than by a significant amount of workload. In conclusion, there need to be a rational approach and solution based on the six factors presented in this research in order to increase participation satisfaction level of the project participants and ultimately enhance project outcome.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the workload, work-related symptoms, perceived rewards, and expected rewards of frontline and non-frontline nurses during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and investigates the organizational strategies required by nurses to cope with its prolongment. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 99 nurses, including frontline (n=67) and non-frontline nurses (n=32) working in a tertiary hospital with a dedicated ward for COVID-19 was conducted. The data were collected from December 2021 to January 2022. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the x 2 test, Fisher’s exact test, and independent t-tests, and Mann Whitney U test. Results: Non-frontline nurses had heavier workloads and more severe work-related symptoms including burnout, stress, and fatigue than frontline nurses. Nurses’ perceived rewards for infection management and control were not equally distributed between the two groups. Nurses expected financial rewards including non-financial and reputation-related rewards. Conclusion: To prepare for future pandemics, medical stakeholders should develop effective strategies that include workforce management, equity-based rewards systems, and regular education and training in infection management and control for healthcare professionals.

PurposeThis scoping review aimed to evaluate current evidence regarding the application of artificial intelligence (AI)-based triage systems in emergency departments (EDs), with a focus on their contributions to workload reduction, patient safety, and decision-making accuracy from a nursing perspective. MethodsA scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Six electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, JSTOR, IEEE Xplore, ProQuest, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published between January 2014 and December 2024. Studies were included if they applied AI techniques to ED triage and reported outcomes related to workload, safety, or triage performance. Data were extracted and thematically analyzed to identify key contributions of AI-based triage systems. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. ResultsThree major themes were identified: (1) improvement in decision-making accuracy through AI-assisted triage models, (2) reduction in clinician workload, and (3) enhanced identification of critically ill patients contributing to patient safety. Some models achieved high predictive performance, with Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve scores reaching up to 0.96. However, heterogeneity in study designs and limited nurse involvement restricted the generalizability and clinical applicability of these studies. ConclusionThis review synthesizes existing literature on AI-supported triage systems in emergency care and provides foundational insights into their potential to support nursing decision-making. Future research should focus on nurse-centered system design, usability testing in real-world settings, and evaluation of clinical outcomes to ensure effective and ethical integration into nursing practice.

Recently, flipped classrooms have received increasing research interest in various disciplines (Gaughan, 2014). Although researchers have identified major psychological factors affecting the quality of the flipped classroom, these factors have not been systematically or simultaneously examined. Drawing on the questionnaire data obtained from 39 university second-language learners of different achievement profiles, this study explores the relative effects of students’ accepted workload, preferred form of work (group vs. individual) and perceived usefulness of flipped classrooms on these learners’ perceptions and acceptance of a flipped classroom. Additionally, based on these university L2 learners’ questionnaire responses, we examined if achievement levels (high vs. low achievers) would modulate the effects of the aforementioned factors. The results showed that high achievers could accept 2 hours of preparatory work prior to class, but that low achievers could only accept 1 hour of work. Additionally, while high achievers prefer individual work, low achievers like to work in groups. Based on the findings of the study, pedagogical implications for the implementation of the flipped classroom for mixed-level students are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether postural control would differ under various gaze tasks while standing in a wide or nar-row stance between healthy young and old people, and also investigate whether postural sway and cognitive workload are affected by dual- task balance. Ten young and 10 healthy old people participated in this study. Each participant stood upright under four gaze conditions (fixa-tion, saccade, pursuit, vestibular-ocular reflex) and two stance condi-tions (wide and narrow stance) in a total of 16 trials. Postural sway was measured by the mean sway amplitude of the center of pressure in the medial-lateral and anteriorposterior directions. Cognitive workload was measured through pupil response as an index of cognitive activity (ICA) by using Eye tracking system and Eyeworks. The results showed that postural sway significantly reduced when performing saccadic eye movement in both groups but greater postural sway was evoked in ves-tibular-ocular reflex condition. In addition, although old people had a significant increase in ICA compared to the young, there were no sig-nificant differences among all the gaze conditions in old people. These results confirmed that saccadic eye movements are the most beneficial for reducing postural sway regardless of aging and also provide some insight that pupil response represents an indicator of cognitive workload during dual-task balance context. These findings suggest that eye move-ment exercises may be considered as an effective intervention to im-prove postural control so a fall prevention program applying eye move-ment should be extended to individuals who are at risk of falling.