Earticle

종교개혁 동안 시각 이미지는 다양한 상징성을 내포한다. 특히 인쇄술의 발 달과 맞물리며 시각 이미지들은 대량으로 생산되었으며 사회집단 내에서 특정 상징성을 공유 및 공감하는 역할을 하였다. 이는 종교개혁가 뿐만 아니라 정치 인들에게도 동일하게 해당되었는데, 종교개혁의 흐름이 1530년 이후로 슈말칼 덴 동맹을 중심으로 전개되었기 때문이다. 특히 요한 프리드리히는 슈말칼덴 동 맹의 중심인물로 슈말칼덴 전쟁을 기점으로 이미지 표현에 변화가 일어나는 사 람이다. 그는 뮐베르크 전투에서 결정적인 패배를 당하였을 뿐만 아니라 큰 부 상을 입었다. 그의 얼굴에 새겨진 큰 흉터는 전투에서의 패배를 상징적으로 보 여주는 상징물이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 루터파를 지지하는 작가들은 그의 흉 터를 시련의 상징이자, 시험의 과정을 축약해 보여주는 대상으로 표현하였다. 이는 고난과 역경 속에서 믿음을 시험받고, 보다 성스러운 가치를 부여받게 된 다는 플롯을 따른 것이다. 즉 요한 프리드리히는 비록 전쟁에 패배하였으나, 신 앙의 승리자로 표현되었다.

In the Reformation, visual images contained symbolic meanings. In particular, with the development of printing technique, visual images were mass-produced and played a role in sharing and empathizing with specific symbolism within social groups. This was applicable not only to the Reformers but also to politicians, because the Reformation was centered on the Schmalkalden League after 1530. Johann Friedrich von Sachsen is a central person in the Schmalkalden League, he whose image expression changes after the Schmalkalden War. He was defeated at the Battle of Mühlberg and was seriously wounded. The large scar on his face was a symbolic icon of defeat in battle. Nevertheless, painters who supported the Lutherans expressed his scar as a symbol of ordeal and an object that abbreviates the process of testing. It follows the plot of biblical characters that in the midst of suffering and adversity their faith will be tested and given a more sacred value. In other words, although Johann Friedrich was defeated in the war, he was expressed as a victor of faith.

현재 유머라는 키워드는 사회문화 전반에 걸쳐 이슈화가 되고 있다. 이 연구는 유머광고의 유형에 따른 시각이미지 표현 방법의 기틀을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법은 유머광고의 유형을 유머의 인식과정과 유머반응에 대한 이론을 중심으로 각성형 유머광고, 부조화형 유머광고, 우월성형 유머광고로 분류 하였다. 한편, 선행 연구에 나타난 유머 내용의 유형을 중심으로 해학, 기지, 풍자, 아이러니로 구분하였고 유머의 생산방법을 중심으로 비주얼 펀, 비주얼 패러디, 비주얼 패러독스로 구분하였다. 이 세 가지 방식으로 분류된 TV유머광고를 2D 이미지, 3D 이미지, 실사 영상(이미지)로 나누어 분류하여 시각적 이미지의 표현 특성을 조사 하였다. 조사대상은 국내 공중파에서 방영된 유머광고를 중심으로 선정하였다. 자료는 인터넷 사이트 TVCF(www.co.kr)의 품목별 형식에서 유머광고로 분류된 광고를 선정하였다. 분석기간은 2009년부터 현재(2009.01~2010.01)까지 약 1년간 방송에서 방영된 유머광고 20여 편을 선정하여 조사 하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 점차 대중적인 광고기법으로 자리 잡고 있는 유머광고를 보다 잘 이해하는 한편, 유머소구에 적합한 이미지 표현유형을 밝힘으로써 향후 유머광고의 이미지 선정과정 등에 실증적 자료를 제시하기 위함이다.

Currently, the keyword, humor, becomes an issue over the whole society and culture. This study attempts to propose the foundation of methods of expressing visual images according to types of humorous advertisement. For the methods of this study, the types of humorous advertisements were divided into awakening, mismatched, and superiority types of humorous advertisements, by centering on process of perceiving and responding to humors. On the other hand, for the types of contents of humor appearing previous studies, advertisements were distinguished into humor, wits, satires, and irony and for the methods of producing humors, visual puns, parody, and paradox. In order to discover the characteristics of expressing visual images in these three types of humorous advertisements, this study divides the advertisements into 2D, 3D and actual images. This study mainly selected advertisements from humorous advertisements broadcasted in the Korean public network. The data was selected from chosen advertisements as humorous advertisement in the types by item on the web-site of TVCF (www.tvcf.co.kr). Twenty humorous advertisements were selected and analyzed for about a year from 2009 until now (January 2009 to January 2010). This study helps better understanding of humorous advertisements, which become a popular method of advertisement, and it is expected that the findings of this study becomes an empirical foundation for image selection in the future by identifying proper image expressions for humor appeals.

본 연구는 통번역대학원 학생들의 순차 통역에서 나타나는 비언어적 요소를 시각적으로 비교·분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 비언어적 행동은 의사소통의 중요한 요소로서, 통역의 질과 전달력에 큰 영향을 미치는 바, 본 연구는 시각적·음성적 비언어적 요소들이 순차 통역 수행에 어떻게 반영되었는지 관찰하였다. 통역사가 청중을 마주하는 순차 통역에서 시각적·음 성적 비언어적 요소는 언어적 요소만큼 중요하다. 이에 본 연구는 통번역대학원 한중과 학생들의 순차 통역 과 정에서 나타나는 비언어적 요소 항목인 아이콘택트, 제 스처와 자세, 발음, 성량과 음조, 속도와 휴지의 빈도를 시각화하여 직관적으로 비교·분석을 하였다. 이어 통계 검증을 실시하였는데 그 결과, 한국 학생 과 중국 학생 간 비언어적 요소에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 특히 아이콘택트와 발음 항목에서 유의미한 차이가 발견되었다. 하지만 두 집단 간 차이는 크지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 분석 결과 비언어적 요소 훈련을 실시한 중간고사보 다 비언어적 요소 훈련을 하지 않은 기말고사에서 비언 어적 요소 항목들의 오류나 불안정 빈도가 전반적으로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 비언어적 요소가 통역 품질에 영향을 미친다는 점을 고려하면 이러한 비언어적 요소를 학생들에게 지속적으 로 인지시키고 통역 수업에 반영할 필요가 있다. 모국어가 다른 학생에게 발성, 발음, 음성 톤 같은 음성적 요소를 언어 방향별로 훈련하는 등 차이점을 반영하고, 동시에 아이콘택트, 바른 자세 등 시각적 요소를 위한 훈련을 꾸준히 시켜나가는 교육적 설계를 한다면 학생 들 통역의 품질 향상에 도움이 될 것이다.

Non-Verbal Elements are essential in consecutive interpretation, where the interpreter interacts directly with the audience. This study investigates the Non-Verbal Elements exhibited during the consecutive interpretation performances of students at the Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation. Specifically, it analyzes eye contact, gestures, posture, pronunciation, volume, tone, speed, and pauses. A comparative analysis of these elements between Korean and Chinese students revealed statistically significant differences in the frequency of certain non-verbal behaviors, although the overall differences between the two groups were not considerable. Significant differences were observed in eye contact and pronunciation, while other aspects showed no notable variations. Non-verbal factors play a crucial role in communication, significantly affecting the quality and effectiveness of interpretation. Therefore, raising students' awareness of these factors and integrating them into interpreter training curricula is imperative. Given the linguistic differences between Korean and international students, it is also necessary to develop educational strategies tailored to the specific characteristics of each group.

미술은 종교개혁의 가치가 전파되는 주요한 통로 중 하나였다. 당대의 사람 들에게 시각 이미지를 통한 메시지의 전달은 삶 속에서 진행되고 있던 문제였 고, 장기적으로 누적된 이미지의 상징성은 보다 직관적이고 명확하게 발화자의 메시지를 전달하는 도구가 되었다. 특히 크라나흐 부자의 활동은 종교개혁의 핵 심시기 전반을 꿰뚫고 있을 뿐만 아니라 종교개혁의 가치를 표현하고, 확산하는 데 있어서 주요한 영향력을 끼쳤다. 부자는 예술적 능력을 기반으로 사회적으로 중요한 위치를 점하였다. 이들은 작센 궁정의 주요 구성원이었을 뿐만 아니라 비텐베르크의 유명인사이기도 하 였다. 특히 이들은 인적·물적으로 주요한 네트워크를 만들었으며 신학자가 아니 면서도 종교개혁에 주요한 영향력을 미쳤다. 대 크라나흐는 루터파의 가치를 구분 짓는데 초점을 맞추는데 반해 소 크라 나흐는 루터파의 규례와 제도적인 부분에 무게중심을 두고 있다. 부자 사이에 나타나는 이러한 차이는 루터파에 대한 사회적 환경과 무관하지 않는데 종교개 혁 초기에는 자신에 대한 규정 및 정의가 필요하였으나 시간이 흘러 루터파가 확립된 이후에는 규례와 제도, 안정이 중요한 요소가 되었기 때문이다. 그러나 공통적으로 이들 부자에게 종교개혁은 자신들이 살아가고 있는 사회의 문제임 과 동시에 새로운 예술적 방향을 만들어가는 핵심 사건이었다고 할 수 있다.

Art was one of the main conduits through which the values of the Reformation were disseminated. For people of that time, the delivery of messages through visual images was an ongoing issue in their lives, and over time, the symbolism of accumulated images became a tool for delivering the speaker's message more intuitively and clearly. In particular, the activities of the Cranachs, father and son, not only encompassed the crucial period of the Reformation but also had a significant influence on expressing and spreading the values of the Reformation. Based on their artistic abilities, the Cranachs occupied an important position in society. They were not only key members of the court of Wittenberg but also well-known figures in Wittenberg. Especially, they created significant human and material networks and, despite not being theologians, played a major role in the Reformation. The elder Cranach focused on distinguishing the values of Lutheranism, while the younger Cranach concentrated on the rules and institutional aspects of Lutheranism. This difference between the father and son is not unrelated to the social environment surrounding Lutheranism. In the early stages of the Reformation, there was a need for self-definition and regulation, but as time passed and Lutheranism became established, rules, institutions, and stability became important factors. However, it can be said that for both the Cranachs, the Reformation was not only a societal issue they were facing, but also a key event in shaping a new artistic direction.

In this study, Gotanda, a character of Haruki Murakami’s Dance Dance Dance, was analyzed and examined from the point of view of the media environment overflowing with video images(photography, TV, film, etc). Gotanda plays roles only with a fixed image at all times by the star system that easily generates stable profits. His personal life is not distinguished from the images produced in front of the camera(the roles in movies, dramas, etc), and it feels as if they are connected. Boku(narrator: the main character in this novel) feels a greater sense of reality in video images than in the real: the doctor playing Gotanda is more like a doctor than a real doctor. It seems to Boku that the real (original) pales in comparison to the images (reproduction). When Gotanda is involved, many experiences in daily life do not become the first and unique ones of one’s own, but a rehash of the video images Boku has seen before. It can be said that Gotanda embodies the dominance of video images, in which video images precede the real and prescribe the real in a highly advanced capitalist society.

국내 각 지자체의 지역 이미지는 지역의 정체성을 전달하는 것을 목적으로 만들어졌으며, 지역을 상징 하는 시각 이미지로서 다양한 곳에 활용된다. 지역을 상징하는 시각 이미지는 시민이나 관광객이 지역을 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 기획하고 디자인하는 것이 중 요하다. 전국 245개 지자체 중 대부분의 지자체가 심 벌마크와 캐릭터를 보유하고 있을 정도로 관심을 갖 고, 다양한 곳에 활용하고 있다. 지역 이미지를 활용 하여 지역 관광 및 문화, 특산물 등을 홍보하는데 적 극적으로 활용하고 있고, 지역 경제 활성화에 도움을 주고 있다. 본 연구를 위해 전국 245개의 지자체 중 거주 인 구 및 유동 인구가 많은 특별시 1곳과 광역시 6곳을 선정하였다. 지역 이미지의 대표적인 사례 중 심벌마 크, 캐릭터, 슬로건, 도시를 상징하는 꽃인 시화(市 花), 도시를 상징하는 새인 시조(市鳥), 도시 컬러 등 을 정리하고 분석했다. 본 연구에서는 선정된 도시의 거주 중인 시민 269 명을 대상으로 지역 이미지에 대한 인식과 시각적 연계성에 대해 설문조사를 진행하였다. 조사를 통해 다 음과 같은 기준으로 분석하고 정리했다. 첫째, 시각 이미지로서 심벌마크와 캐릭터의 시각 적 연계성의 필요 여부에 대해 분석했다, 둘째, 지역 이미지로서 심벌마크와 캐릭터의 필요 여부에 대한 인식을 분석했다. 셋째, 지역 이미지의 표현에 대한 이식을 분석했다. 마지막으로, 현재 만들어져 있는 심 벌마크와 캐릭터의 시각적 연계성 여부에 대해 분석 했다. 연구를 통해 얻어진 결론으로는 현재 만들어져 있 는 심벌마크와 캐릭터의 이미지는 시각적 연계성이 낮았다. 시각적 연계성을 기준으로 시각 이미지가 잘 표현되지 않았다는 것을 확인했다. 반면, 지역 이미지 로서 심벌마크와 캐릭터는 필요한 요소라는 것을 확 인하였고, 시각적 연계성이 필요하다는 것을 확인했 다. 이를 통해, 각 지자체는 효과적인 지역 이미지의 활용을 위해서는 시각적 연계성을 기반으로 한 지역 이미지를 개발한다면, 지역의 긍정적 이미지 향상 및 지역 경제 활성화 등 다양한 분야에서 긍정적인 결과 를 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

Made for the purpose of conveying local identity, the local image of each local government in South Korea is used in various ways as a visual image symbolizing the region. As visual images symbolize the municipality, it is important to plan and design them in a fashion that citizens and tourists can easily understand its characteristics. Most of the 245 local governments across South Korea have their own city symbols and characters and utilize them for various purposes. The local images have been extensively used to promote local tourism, culture, and specialty products, contributing to the revitalization of the local economy. For this study, out of the 245 Korean local governments, one special city and six metropolitan cities with a large resident and floating population were selected. Among several representative examples of local images, city symbols, characters, slogans, flowers, birds, colors, etc. were organized and analyzed. In addition, a survey was conducted on the perception of local images and the visual connectivity of local images with 269 residents living in the selected cities. The survey results were analyzed and organized according to the following criteria: First, the importance of the visual connectivity of symbols and characters as visual images was analyzed. Second, the perception of the need for symbols and characters as local images was studied. Third, the perception of the expression of local images was analyzed. Finally, whether there was visual connectivity between the existing symbols and characters was explored. As a result, the existing symbol and mascot images had a low visual connectivity. It was found that the visual image was not properly expressed based on the visual connectivity. On the other hand, symbols and characters, as local images, were found to be necessary elements. Additionally, it was revealed that visual connectivity is essential. In conclusion, local governments can expect positive outcomes in a variety of areas, including the improvement of the local image and the boost of the local economy, by developing the local image based on visual connectivity for its effective use.

본 연구는 네이버 뉴스스탠드의 10개 종합일간지 홈페이지에 대한 분석을 통해 온라인 신문의 지면구성 요소와 각 신문의 지면구성은 어떻게 차별화되고 있는가를 파악하기 위해 실시되었다. 자료 수집은 두 차례에 걸쳐 실시되었으며, 분석 방법은 일원분산분석(One-Way ANOVA) 기법을 이용하였다. 분석 내용은 시각적 이미지 유형, 사진기사와 제목기사 수, 메인기사 이미지의 크기다. 분석결과 종이신문과 차별화되는 오디오, 동영상, 카드, 슬라이드 형식의 뉴스기사 비율이 매우 낮았으며, 그래픽 소스를 이용한 뉴스기사도 극소수에 불과했다. 그러나 전체적인 면에서 네이버 뉴스스탠드의 신문들은 다양한 편집기법을 이용하여 지면의 차별화를 꾀하고 있었다. 본 연구의 의의는 신문의 뉴스소비 촉진을 위한 편집방향에 기초적인 단서를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 뉴미디어 기술에 의한 미디어 생태계가 빠르게 재형성되고 있는 가운데 신문지면은 어떻게 변화되는가에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

This study aims at understanding the components of on-line newspaper and how each newspaper's layout configuration is differentiated through the analysis on the websites of 10 general daily newspapers in the news stand of NAVER. The collection of data was implemented twice, and One-Way ANOVA was used as an analyzing way. The content of the analysis was carried out based on the types of visual images, the number of photo-based articles and title-based articles, the size of image for the main story, etc. As a result of analysis, the rate of news articles with the audios, videos, cards and slides differentiated from paper-based newspaper was low, and also the news articles using the informative graphics and the graphic sources were very small in number. As a whole, the newspapers in the news stand of NAVER showed that they attempt to make a distinction of their newspaper layout by using a variety of editorial techniques. The significance of this paper is to offer a basic clue to the editing formation to promote the news consumption of newspapers. Under the circumstance that the ecology of media is rapidly being reformed by new media technology, the continuous study of how the newspaper layout should be changed will be needed.

독일 종교개혁의 발생 이후 인쇄된 시각 이미지는 루터의 메시지를 전달한 대표적인 매체 중 하나였다. 매체의 생산자인 인쇄업자들에게 루터의 메시지는 ‘잘 팔리는 상품’이었다. 따라서 루터파와 관련한 인쇄물은 주요한 상품이 되었다. 루카스 크라나흐는 루터의 대표적 지지자 중 한 명이었다. 예술가로서의 명성과 사업가로서의 부를 동시에 지니고 있던 이 인물은 종교개혁 이후 자신의 사업장과 예술적 능력을 통해 종교개혁을 적극적으로 옹호하였다. 특히 루터의 󰡔독일어 성서󰡕의 출판 과정 속에서 악마적 가치를 지닌 존재들에게 교황의 삼중관을 씌움으로써 교황으로 상징되는 로마 가톨릭을 타자화한다. 그의 시도는 이후 종교개혁 가운데 작가들에 의해서 반복적으로 나타난다. 이들은 교황에게 악마적 가치를 부여함으로써 로마 가톨릭 전체에 대한 비판을 지속하며, 그와 함께 대적하는 존재로써 예수를 내세운다. 작가들은 양자를 투쟁적 대상으로써 표현하였으며 이 과정에서 예수를 루터파만의 존재로 표현하였다. 이를 통해 작가들은 교황으로 상정되는 로마 가톨릭을 기독교 세계에서 배제된 악마적 가치를 지닌 존재로 타자화하였고, 예수를 루터파의 독점적 존재로 규정하였다.

In the Reformation, printed visual images were the one of the representative media that conveyed Luther's message. For the producers of media, Luther's message was a 'hot item'. So, It became major commodities. Lucas Cranach was one of special supporter for Luther. He, who had both fame as an artist and a businessman, actively supported the Reformation through his workplace and artistic capacity. In Luther's "German Bible", he put the illustration of ‘Whore of Babylon’ and ‘the beast that comes up from the Abyss’ with papal tiara. He gave the Pope a demonic image and value. His attempts were later repeated by many artists who support Lutheran in the Reformation time. They were continuing to criticize the Roman Catholic and made Jesus the symbol of Lutheran. In the visual images, the Pope and Jesus were depicted as struggling by artists. Artists succeeded to define the otherization for Roman Catholic and make the monopolization of Jesus image.

CIn this paper, I discuss the minimization of the user interface of the interactive fairy tale content based on BCI and Motion Sensing Technology. For this reason, 3 version intervention interfaces of the interactive fairy tale content with Microsoft's Kinect as a non-contact motion sensing device and NeuroSky's MindWave EEG biosensor device as a BCI interface were produced and experimented. The experiments have been accomplished for four children of the first or the second graders by examining three different interactive intervention interfaces: 1) attention indicator by sparkling light; 2) the attention indicator plus behavior instructions; and 3) an indication bar for the attention level plus behavior instructions. As a result of this experimental observations, it shows that the visualized interface such as icons helps the participating children communicate with the fairy tale content system. In addition, they do communicate well without the visualized graphical interfaces when they are demanded by the realistic actions. Whereas, some communication problems have been found neither the realistic actions are requested nor the attention indicators are provided definitely.

광고에서, 새로운 컨셉으로 창조되어 소비자의 관심을 이끌어내는 시각이미지가 다른 광고에 차용되고 반복되어 더 이상 신선한 소구력을 유지하지 못하게 되는 현상은 빈번하게 발생하고 있고, 이는 표절, 패러디, 클리쉐 등으로 여겨지며 창의성과 반목하는 행위로서의 부정적 견해를 피하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 이러한 일련의 상황을 단순히 창조성을 무너뜨리는 부정적 행위로만 간주하지 않고, 문화의 발전과 순환과정에 동력이 되는 순기능적 면모에 대해 새로운 시각으로 바라보고, 이에 대한 이론적 근거를 마련해보고자 하는데 있다. 프라그 언어학파의 전경화 개념과 게슈탈트 이론의 배경과 사물효과 그리고 상호텍스트성을 이론적 기반으로 하여 광고의 시각이미지들의 전경화와 전형화, 그리고 표절과 차용을 통한 후경화 현상을 고찰해보았다. 고찰대상은 현대 문화의 대표적 아이콘이 되어온 앱솔루트 보드카, 나이키, 애플 등의 기업이미지 광고와 제품광고를 위주로 진행하였다. 이와 같은 고찰을 통해서 표절과 차용 등의 행위는 전경화 된 시각이미지들을 전형화 시키고 결국 후경화 시켜 창조성을 파괴하거나 클리쉐의 수준으로 전락시키기도 하지만, 그 이면에서는 이미지의 새로운 전경화에 대한 요구를 증대시키며 문화의 발전과 순환과정을 촉진하는 역할을 한다는 것 또한 알 수 있었다.

From advertisement, visual images that being created as a new concept to attract consumer interest are often no longer maintain unconventional “appealing power” due to its adoption to other advertisements and being used repeatedly. This action considered as a plagiarism, parody and cliche, and could not avoid a negative view as being considered as an action conflicting with creativity. The purpose of this study is to establish theoretical basis for these chain of situations by no longer simply considering as a negative behaviors to destroy creativity, but app roaching with a new perspective to view its favorable functional aspect, which becomes a driving force of the cyclic process of culture. For a theoretic analysis, by applying “Fore grounding” concept of Prague School, “Figure and ground effect” of Gestalt theory and “Intertextuality” as methodology, “Fore grounding” and “Typification” of visual images from advertisement, and “Back grounding”process through copying and plagiarism were studied. The reviews were conducted around corporate image and product advertisement such as Absolute Vodka, Nike and Apple, that have became icons of modern culture. Through the study, it has become clear that copying and plagiarism bring the fore ground visual images down to the typical status, and eventually destroy its creativity or degrade to the level of cliche, on the other hand, these actions promote demand of new foregrounding of visual image and play a role to develop and accelerate the cyclic process of culture.

인쇄매체광고는 단순히 상업성뿐만 아니라 예술적 가치로 평가를 받을 만큼, 다양하고 흥미로운 시각이 미지들의 적용이 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 다양성은 경쟁브랜드와의 차별을 통해 광고수용자들에게 효율 적으로 소구(訴求)하는 시각기호로서 발현된다. 따라서 차별화를 꾀하는 시각이미지들이 상투적인 클리쉐를 탈피하며 적용이 되고 있다. 하지만 충분히 숙고되지 않고 진행되는 탈(脫)자동화는 광고목표의 본질적 가치를 왜곡하며 의미작용의 불일치를 초래할 수 있다. 이러한 의미작용의 성공과 실패의 요인을 파악하기 위해서 인쇄매체광고에 적용된 시각이미지 들을 분석해보았다. 이에 대한 이론적인 개념으로서 신조어인 ‘엑스포 메이션’을 도입하였다. 엑스포메이션은 문학과 철학 분야에서의 ‘낯설게 하기’ 또는 ‘탈 자동화’의 개념을 시각적 형태를 중심으로 해석한 것으로, 이를 통해 광고에서 시각이미지 적용에 있어 ‘새롭게 본 다는 것’의 가치를 재조명하였다. 인쇄매체광고의 사례분석을 통해 파악해본 결과, 엑스포메이션은 의미작용에 있어서 송신자의 인식에 신선한 자극이 되지만, 그 변화의 폭이 너무 크게 적 용된다면 원본 대상과의 연결 관계가 모호해지거나 파괴되어 의미작용을 방해하는 요인으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 성공적인 의미작용을 위해서는 제 작과정에서부터 이에 대한 충분한 고려가 있어야 할 것이다.

Print media advertisements are evaluated not only by the commercial value but also the artistic value; therefore diverse and interesting visual images are being applied. The diversity is expressed as a visual sign to effectively appeal the advertising audiences by the difference from competitor brands. As a result, differentiated visual images have been applied by breaking away from cliche. However, the deautomatization that is performed without full consideration can distort the essential value of the advertising goal, resulting inconsistency of the signification. The visual images applied in the print media advertisements were analyzed to evaluate the factors for success and failure of the signification. As a theoretical concept, ex-formation, a neologism, was introduced. The ex-formation is an interpretation of the concept of ‘deautomatization’ or ‘defamiliarization’ in the literary and philosophical areas, through which the value of ‘viewing from a new aspect’ was explored again in the application of visual images for the advertising posters. The results of the case studies on the print media advertisements showed that the ex-formation can be a fresh impetus for the perception of sender in the signification. However, if too wide range of variation is applied, it can act as a factor to obstruct the signification by making the connection with the original object vague or breaking the link. Therefore, a sufficient consideration from the manufacturing process would be necessary for a successful signification.

Intelligent monitoring, life entertainment, medical rehabilitation, and other fields are only a few examples where visual image technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated and playing a significant role. Recognizing Wushu, or martial arts, movements through the use of visual image technology helps promote and develop Wushu. In order to segment and extract the signals of Wushu movements, this study analyzes the denoising of the original data using the wavelet transform and provides a sliding window data segmentation technique. Wushu movement The Wushu movement recognition model is built based on the hidden Markov model (HMM). The HMM model is trained and taught with the help of the Baum-Welch algorithm, which is then enhanced using the frequency weighted training approach and the mean training method. To identify the dynamic Wushu movement, the Viterbi algorithm is used to determine the probability of the optimal state sequence for each Wushu movement model. In light of the foregoing, an HMM-based martial arts movements recognition model is developed. The recognition accuracy of the HMM model increases to 99.60% when the number of samples is 4,000, which is greater than the accuracy of the SVM (by 0.94%), the CNN (by 1.12%), and the BP (by 1.14%). From what has been discussed, it appears that the suggested system for detecting martial arts acts is trustworthy and effective, and that it may contribute to the growth of martial arts.

This study proposes a deep neural network model based on an encoder-decoder structure for visual dialogs. Ongoing linguistic understanding of the dialog history and context is important to generate correct answers to questions in visual dialogs followed by questions and answers regarding images. Nevertheless, in many cases, a visual understanding that can identify scenes or object attributes contained in images is beneficial. Hence, in the proposed model, by employing a separate person detector and an attribute recognizer in addition to visual features extracted from the entire input image at the encoding stage using a convolutional neural network, we emphasize attributes, such as gender, age, and dress concept of the people in the corresponding image and use them to generate answers. The results of the experiments conducted using VisDial v0.9, a large benchmark dataset, confirmed that the proposed model performed well.

In this study, the preferences with regard to floral design in a public space and the correlation between such preferences and the image features of the floral design types were identified. Based on the review of the related literature, the floral designs placed in a public space were classified into three types(the flower bed, container, and three-dimensional sculpture types) according to physical factors, and were classified into two types(the indoor and outdoor types) according to environmental factors. In the floral-design type classified by physical and environmental factors, the flower bed and outdoor types, respectively, were highly preferred. The factor that was found to have the greatest influence on the preference for the flower bed type was 'well-orderedness', which included the adjective categories 'harmonious', 'clean', and 'simple'; that which was found to have the greatest influence on the preference for the outdoor-type floral design was 'identity', which included the adjective categories 'symbolic', 'distinctive', 'harmonious', 'impressive', and 'clean'. It can thus be concluded that the plants that are effectively displayed in a public space can express the nature and identity of the city itself, can be a yardstick for giving value to the city and for evaluating it, and can be important components of the urban landscape. A design that is suitable for the purpose of each public space and that reflects the factors that exert an influence on the users' floral-design type preference should thus be developed.

This paper describes a new mechanism of detecting object of interest from a noisy image, without using any a-priori knowledge about the target. It employs a parallel set of filters inspired upon biological findings of mammalian vision. In our proposed system, several basic features are extracted directly from original input visual stimuli, and these features are integrated based on their local competitive relations and statistical information. Through integration process, unnecessary features for detecting the target are spontaneously decreased, while useful features are enhanced. Experiments have been performed on a set of computer generated and real images corrupted with noise.

본 논문에서는 DCT 변환과 퍼지추론을 이용하여 영상을 분석하는 방법을 제안 한 바, 병해충 과실 등의 특성을 분석 할 수 있는 퍼지추론 알고리즘과 변환계수에 시각특성파라미터를 접목하는 방법에 중점을 두었다. 전처리 과정에서 이산코사인 변환계수로부터 엔트로피와 텍스처 등의 시각특징 파라미터들을 구하였고, 이 변수들을 이용하여 퍼지 추론의 입력 변수를 생성 하였다. 맘다니 연산자와 ${\alpha}$-cut 함수를 적용하여 영상 분석을 실험한 결과, 제안한 방법의 응용가능성을 입증하였다.

This paper presents a method of image analysis based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) and fuzzy inference(Fl). It concentrated not only on the design of fuzzy inference algorithm but also on incorporating human visual parameter(HVP) into transform coefficients. In the first, HVP such as entropy, texture degree are calculated from the coefficients matrix of DCT. Secondly, using these parameters, fuzzy input variables are generated. Mamdani's operator as well as ${\alpha}$-cut function are involved to simulate the proposed approach, and consequently, experimental results are presented to testify the performance and applicability of the proposed scheme.

In generally, the resolution of reconstructed three-dimensional images can be seriously degraded by undesired occlusions in the integral imaging system, because the undesired information of the occlusion overlap the three-dimensional images to be reconstructed. To solve the problem of the undesired occlusion, we present an exemplar-based image restoration method in integral imaging system. In the proposed method, a minimum spanning tree-based stereo matching method is used to remove the region of undesired occlusions in each elemental image. After that, the removed occlusion region of each elemental images are re-established by using the exemplar-based image restoration method. For further improve the performance of the image restoration, the structure tensor is used to solve the filling error cause by discontinuous structures. Finally, the resolution enhanced three-dimensional images are reconstructed by using the restored elemental images. The preliminary experiments are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Purpose: This study is to investigate the muscle activity based on real-time visual feedback training methods by rehabilitative ultrasound image in elderly and correlation between Heckmatt scale grade, muscle tone and thickness. Design: Cross-sectional study: Pilot study Methods: 6 elderly participated in the study with 2 conditions. Under the condition of rehabilitation ultrasound imaging equipment, all subjects performed voluntary maximal muscle contraction of the quadriceps 3 times using visual feedback based on Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging 1.0 (RUSI 1.0). Under the condition of only ultrasound images, all subjects performed voluntary maximal muscle contraction of the quadriceps 3 times using ultrasound image-based visual feedback. The muscle thickness and tone of the quadriceps were measured and the grades were classified by Heckmatt scale and all variables were comparative analyzed. Results: Heckmatt scale grade showed a negative correlation with muscle thickness at relaxation (p<0.05), and a negative correlation with the difference value obtained by subtracting muscle thickness at relaxation from muscle thickness at contraction in ultrasound image condition (p<0.05). The muscle tone during relaxation showed a negative correlation with the muscle thickness during relaxation (p<0.05). Conclusion: In the case of voluntary maximum muscle contraction of the quadriceps muscle in the elderly, it can be seen that the muscle thickness is getting larger when the RUSI 1.0-based visual feedback is provided than with only ultrasound image provided. And the lower Heckmatt scale grade is, the thicker the muscle is, and the lower the muscle tone is.

The social image of the “career woman” in occupied Shanghai can be explored in the context of the strong discursive vein of the “new woman” in modern China. In the 1930s, “new woman” discourses were extended to the visual field, as represented by the film Xin nüxing. However, while the image of xin nüxing in the printed media was largely controlled by the power of intellectual discourse, to the extent that Yingjin Zhang epitomises it as “panoptic surveillance” in Foucaultian terminology, the cinematic representation of xin nüxing became more complex and dubious, being influenced by more intricate and diverse factors in the mass system of cultural production. The image of “career women” in Shanghai printed media, often buttressed by visual images, should be seen from within this complex mass production system. Being separated from the solid image of the national warrior, which was hoisted high by the left-wing intellectuals, the social image of “career women” in popular culture was produced and consumed in a modern mass system.

In this paper, an image-based "approach-align -grasp" visual servo control design is proposed for the problem of object grasping, which is based on the binocular stand-alone system. The basic idea consists of considering a vision system as a specific sensor dedicated a task and included in a control servo loop, and we perform automatic grasping follows the classical approach of splitting the task into preparation and execution stages. During the execution stage, once the image-based control modeling is established, the control task can be performed automatically. The proposed visual servoing control scheme ensures the convergence of the image-features to desired trajectories by using the Jacobian matrix, which is proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. And we also stress the importance of projective invariant object/gripper alignment. The alignment between two solids in 3-D projective space can be represented with view-invariant, more precisely; it can be easily mapped into an image set-point without any knowledge about the camera parameters. The main feature of this method is that the accuracy associated with the task to be performed is not affected by discrepancies between the Euclidean setups at preparation and at task execution stages. Then according to the projective alignment, the set point can be computed. The robot gripper will move to the desired position with the image-based control law. In this paper we adopt a constant Jacobian online. Such method describe herein integrate vision system, robotics and automatic control to achieve its goal, it overcomes disadvantages of discrepancies between the different Euclidean setups and proposes control law in binocular-stand vision case. The experimental simulation shows that such image-based approach is effective in performing the precise alignment between the robot end-effector and the object.