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전자 매체의 발달과 테크놀로지의 발전은 관객들에게 기존과는 다른 새로운 콘텐츠들을 선보였다. 미디어와 융·복합 시도를 통하여 더 확장된 분야의 콘텐츠와 어우러질 수 있는 ‘트랜스미디어’는 다양한형태와 다채로운 전달 채널들을 통하여 이루어지고 있다. 또한 연극에서의 가장 중요한 속성인 ‘스토리텔링’에 맞추어져 있으며 엔터테인먼트의 경험 창출과 콘텐츠의 확산을 강화시켰다. 관객들의 새로운 콘텐츠에 대한 요구는 연극 분야에서도 커져갔다. 극장이라는 사방이 막혀있는 제한적인 공간에서 벗어나장소가 가지는 특유의 색깔과 뉘앙스를 경험할 수 있는 장소 특정적 공연들은 관객들의 새로운 요구에응답한다. 장소 특정적 공연들과 트랜스미디어는 이렇듯 일맥상통한 부분들이 눈에 띈다. 본 연구에서는 트랜스미디어적 경향을 가진 장소 특정 공연들의 사례를 분석하면서 연극과 어떻게융·복합되고 어떤 영향력을 관객에게 주는지 알아보았다. 장소 특정성과 트랜스미디어의 개념 정리를선행한 후 트랜스미디어적 경향을 가진 <페이스 투 페이스(Face to Face)>와 <앙 루트(En-route)>의 장소특정적 공연들의 사례를 분석했다. 트랜스미디어적 장소 특정적 공연의 사례 연구를 통하여 관객의 인터랙티브한 능동적 참여도를 향상시키며 타 예술 장르의 융·복합 가능성을 제시했으며 다양한 예술 공간의 확장성을 통하여 사회 곳곳의 잉여 공간 활용을 적극 지향한다는 효과를 발견할 수 있었다.

The development of electronic medium and technology have made audiences pay more attention to new contents. Through convergence attempts with media, ‘trans-media’, which can be combined with contents of a more extended field, is being made through various forms and channels. In addition, it is based on ‘story telling', which is the most important attribute of the theatre, and it enhances the creation of experience about entertainment and the diffusion of new contents. The demand for new contents by audiences has also grown in the field of theatre. Rather than tasting limited and confined places that a theatre provides, the site-specific performances that can experience the unique color and nuance of the site itself are responding to the new demands of the audience. In this way, the site-specific performances and the trans-media have a thread of connection. This study is based on the questions about the attempts of the trans-media tendency and the feasibility of the art convergence in the theatre. After analysing the concept of site-specific and trans-media, the cases of site-specific performances of ‘Face to Face' and ‘En-route' with trans-media tendencies are examined. Through the case study of the site-specific performances with trans-media tendencies, it is clearly shown that there were three major key facts: the interactive participation of audiences is improved, the possibility of fusion of other art genres is presented, and the effect of surplus space throughout society is found.

이 연구는 포스트모던댄스에서 시도된 다양한 안무특성 중 하나인 장소특정적 무용공연의 개념을 살펴보고 장소특정적 무용공연이 선보여진 장소의 특성을 기준으로 장소유형을 분류하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 장소특정적 무용공연과 관련된 국내·외 선행연구, 언론매체의 관련기사와 인터뷰 내용, 비평가들의 평론, 인터넷자료를 포함하여, 장소특정적 무용공연을 10년 이상 해온 안무가들의 개인 홈 페이지나 리뷰, 동영상자료를 많이 확보할 수 있는 작품들을 중심으로 통합적 문헌고찰 방법을 활용하 여 그 유형을 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫 번째 일반적 장소유형은 단순히 일상과 예술의 경계 해체에 그치 는 것이 아니라 일상적 장소의 특성에서부터 작품의 주제가 연결되며 이를 통해 우리의 평범한 일상을 상기 시키는 기회를 제공하는 장소의 특성을 갖는다. 두 번째 의미적 장소유형은 고유한 문화적, 역사적 의미가 담긴 박물관이나 일반인의 자유로운 출입이 불가한 장소의 특성에서부터 작품의 주제가 연 결되며 이를 통해 지역 커뮤니티와 기관들과의 파트너십을 만들 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 장소의 특성 을 갖는다. 세 번째 사건적 장소유형은 버려지고 쓸모없어진 사건적 장소에서부터 작품의 주제가 연결 되며 이를 통해 공연장소에서 현재 일어나고 있는 현상에 대한 고민과 과거의 역사적인 의미를 회상할 수 있는 계기를 마련하며 버려진 장소에 대해 장소를 새롭게 재생시킬 수 있는 가능성을 제시하는 장소 의 특성을 갖는다.

The purpose of this study is to classify the types of site-specific dance performance based on the characteristics of the site. To analyze the types, I examine articles, interviews, reviews, and internet sources about site-specific dance performance. In conclusion, the general site type is not just the dismantling of the boundary between everyday life and the arts but has the characteristic of a place that provides an opportunity to remind us of our ordinary life through the connection of the subject of work from the characteristics of the everyday venue. The site of specific meanings type is a museum with its own cultural and historical meaning, or the theme of the work is connected from the characteristics of a place where free access by the general public is not possible, and through this, an opportunity to create partnerships with local communities and institutions. The episodic site type is that the subject of the work is connected from the discarded and useless place, and through this, it provides an opportunity to reflect on the historical meaning of the past and concerns about the issues currently occurring at the performance venue. This type has the characteristics of a place that presents the possibility of regenerating the place again.

Spatial Composition and Audience Experience of the Site-specific Performance Rora Paek (Soongsil University) This research has two-fold aims: to investigate critical discourses in site-specific arts and to analyze the production and reception aspects of contemporary site-specific performances. These aims are motivated by the problematic issues brought up by the nature of site-specific performance in the areas of performance studies and staging. One reason is that more and more diverse styles of site-specific performances have recently been emerging in Korea. Another reason is that, even though scholars have given site-specific performance a lot of attention over the years, its conceptual definition still remains unclear. To clarify the concept of site-specific performance, this research undertakes the following three tasks. First, it examines the established critical theories of site-specific arts that have been proposed so far both in Korea and abroad. Second, it identifies tendencies that distinguish the site-specific performances of the 21st century. Third, for specific investigation, it analyzes the directing methods that organize the "found site" and audiences’ reception and experiences of specific sites through analyzing two site-specific performances—Heterotopia (2010) and en route (2012)—which have been highly acclaimed for their experimental and aesthetic qualities. This research will hopefully encourage a more comprehensive critical discourse on site-specific performance of our century -- a discourse which will also show how the directors who experiment with site-specific performances provide access to the sites, compose the site-specific performance space, and guide the audiences who not only watch but also participate in the performance.

장소특정적 공연이란 기존의 공연 형태에서 장소의 제약이라는 한계를 벗어나고 특정한 의미를 지닌 장소를 선정하여 일련의 메시지를 전달하는 분야다. 포스트모던댄스가 활발하였던 1970년대 미국에서 초기 실험이 단행된 이래로 장소특정적 무용공연은 성장과 확산을 거듭하였다. 현재에 이르러서는 독립성을 띤 영역으로 자 리 잡고 있으며 컨템포러리댄스의 창작방식에도 직간접적으로 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 논고의 목적은 장소특정 적 무용공연의 예술적 특질을 컨템포러리댄스에 활용된 장소특정적 요소를 중심으로 논의하는데 있다. 이러한 연구의 방법으로 국내외의 관련 서적, 논문, 기사, 리뷰 등과 함께 DVD, 동영상클립, 공연관람 등을 다각적으로 사용하여 논의를 전개하고자 한다. 결과적으로 아홉 가지의 특징적 요소를 도출할 수 있었으며 컨템포러리댄스 에서는 일정 부분이나 상당 부분을 활용하고 있다. 20세기 말 이래로 주도적인 무용경향으로 자리잡은 컨템포 러리댄스에서 장소특정적 요소를 통해 창작 표현의 영역을 확장해온 선례로까지 논의를 진척시키고 있다는데 본 연구의 필요성을 찾을 수 있으며 관련 후학 연구에 근간을 제공할 수 있으리라 본다.

The site-specific performance is a field in which a series of messages is delivered by selecting a place with a specific meaning, breaking away from the limitations of place in the existing form of performance. Since the initial experiments were conducted in the United States in the 1970s, when post-modern dance was active, site-specific dance performances continued to grow and spread. At present, it is positioned as an independent area and has a direct or indirect influence on the creative method of contemporary dance. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the artistic characteristics of site-specific dance performances, focusing on the site-specific elements used in contemporary dance. As a method of this research, we intend to develop a discussion using various domestic and foreign related books, papers, articles, reviews, DVDs, video clips, and viewing of performances. As a result, nine characteristic elements could be derived, and a certain part or a significant part was utilized in contemporary dance. Since the end of the 20th century, the discussion is progressing from contemporary dance, which has been established as a leading dance trend, to a precedent that has expanded the realm of creative expression through site-specific elements.

본 연구는 초등학교의 공간을 활용한 장소특정적 연극놀이를 개발하여 실행하고, 프로그램이 참여자에게 미치는 영향을 연구하는 것에 목적이 있다. 연구 대상은 서울 A 초등학교의 학생 22명이며, 프로그램은 약 8주간 진행되었다. 커뮤니티 연극 전문가이자 연극 연출가인 예술가 L의 조언을 받아 프로그램을 설계하였고, 일부 활동은 코티칭의 방식으로 진행되었다. 본 연구는 참여자가 학교라는 일상적인 장소와 관계를 맺을 수 있는 의미 있는 경험을 제공하기 위해 ‘장소 특정적 예술’을 교육연극과 연계하였다. 이에, 장소특정적 연극놀이 프로그램은 장소 정체성 구성요소 (Relph, 2005)와 메탁시스 공간 특성(배주연·김병주, 2020)을 연계하였으며, 예술가와의 협력을 통해 개발되었다. 프로그램 진행 후 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 장소특정적 연극놀이의 참여자는 학교를 객관적, 물리적으로 존재하는 공간이 아닌 개인적, 집단적 의미가 있는 장소로 인식하였다. 둘째, 장소 특정적 연극놀이의 참여자는 일상적인 공간을 바라보는 관점을 다각화할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통해 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 경직되고 획일화된 학교 공간을 교육 연극을 통해 어린이의 눈높이에 맞추어 활용할 수 있다. 둘째, 교육연극은 일상의 공간에 낯설고 새로운 상상의 이미지를 불어넣어 공간과 장소를 살아 움직이게 할 수 있다. 셋째, 교육연극은 공간을 가변적인 곳, 새로운 가능성을 지닌 곳으로 인지하게 하여 공간에 대한 인식을 다양하고 풍성하게 할 수 있다. 어린이들이 수동적으로 받아들였던 학교 공간을 예술을 통해 재미와 상상, 의미가 가득한 장소로 인식 하게 된다면, 어린이들은 자신을 둘러싼 환경에서 주체가 되어 공간에서 재미를 추구하고 놀이를 지속 하며 자신의 삶을 더욱 풍성하게 가꾸어 나갈 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to implement a place-specific dramatic play using elementary school place and to explore effects of programs on participants. The subjects of this study included 22 students from Seoul A Elementary School. The program was conducted for eight weeks. The program was designed with the help of artist ‘L’, a community theater expert and a theater director, and some activities were conducted in the form of coaching with L. In order to provide a meaningful experience for participants to relate to the everyday place of school, this study linked 'site-specific art' to drama education. The program was developed linking place identity and its component(Relph, 2005) and metaxis space characteristics(Bae&Kim, 2020). The results from this research are as follows. First, participants in the site-specific dramatic play recognized the school as a place with personal and collective meaning, not an objective and physical space. Second, participants in the site-specific dramatic play diversified their perspectives on everyday space. Based on the research results of this study, the implications derieved from these findings are as follows. First, rigid and fixed school spaces can be used at the level of children's eyes through drama education. Second, drama education breathe life into everyday space through imagination. Third, drama education can diversify and enrich the perspective on space by making it recognized as variable place with new possibilities. If children perceive the school space, which they have accepted passively, as a place full of fun, imagination, and meaning through art, children will be able to pursue fun in the space, continue playing, and enrich their lives.

Art has continuously evolved and site-specific art is one product during this process. Art is site-specific, where the surrounding environment or its location plays an integral role in the meaning and interpretation of the work. Since site-specific art is designed and arranged for particular locations, removal from a specific location arguably mutilates or destroys the integrity of the work. This article will explores the protection scope and content of site-specific art in the context of moral right, specifically the right of integrity and analyze the relevant provisions of Korean Copyright Act, focusing the problems in Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate, Inc., which raised the public awareness in the U.S.. Part II will address the meaning and movement of the site-specific art to give a better understanding of related legal issues and 'contextual integrity' which is the cruel clue for solving legal disputes. Part III will cover the legal treatment of site-specific art under Korean and foreign legal systems, focusing on the Visual Artists Rights Act of U.S. Part IV will look into the limitation of protection of site-specific art through VARA and do analysis of the court decision in Phillips and subsequently the future of site-specific art in the wake of Phillips decision. Further this article will specifically consider the right of integrity and its exceptions under the Korean Copyright Act and will conclude with the suggestion for legal alternative.

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss how placeness is engaged in site-specific arts, and conclusion is as following. 1, although works are situated in the same place, each individual artist chooses different themes, and artists generally prefer a singular subject rather than plural subjects. 2, placeness is divided into “Nature,” “Culture,” and “History.” Many artists understand well enough not only the characteristics in-depth but also the characteristics of places. 3, in terms of form and material, artists tend to use various materials for the same place they use for their art. 4, form structure is mainly divided into faceable style, touchable style, and surroundable style while the subject of how to appreciate art is divided into 7 sections. In the subject of how to appreciate artworks, how the viewer “physically experiences” places is more general than just “seeing” the works. 5, how to visualize placeness is mainly divided into “emphasis,” “examination,” and “visibility.” Any form structure can pertain to each expressing method above, but the most suitable expressing method is different for the form structure. 6, when one thinks about the relationship between placeness and expressing method, it is the most widely used to “emphasize” nature even more to understand the invisible “Nature.” “Culture”which is invisible to eyes but can be recognized through objects can be understood by “emphasizing” and “examining.” “History” which can be understood with the biggest difficulty generally takes the method of “visibility.”

본 논문은 ‘몸’의 개념을 중심으로 장자(莊子, B.C.369~B.C.289) 철학을 바 탕으로 한국 현대 설치미술에 대한 해석을 제시하는 것을 목표로 한다. 본 논문은 설치 미술 중에서 몸과 장소의 관계가 중심이 되는 장소 특정적 미술(site-specific art)을 대상으로 하여 예술철학적 고찰을 진행한다. 이를 위한 사례로 한국 출신의 국제적 미 술가인 이우환(1936~ ), 김수자(1957~ ), 서도호(1962~ )의 작품을 살펴보고자 한다. 몸은 동·서양을 막론하고 고대로부터 현재까지 사상·철학사와 예술사에서 논의 되어 온 중심 주제들 중 하나이다. 몸의 개념은 시대와 문화권에 따라서 그 접근 방법 이 달라왔고, 예술은 그러한 시대와 사상·철학사의 상황을 반영해 왔다. 몸과 관련하여 장소 특정적 미술의 가장 큰 특징을 말하자면, 작품창작에 있어서 예술가의 몸이 인지 하는 3차원 공간이 작업의 기반이 되고, 이에 따라 그 공간과 3차원의 예술작품을 인 지하는 관람자 몸의 체험이 중요하다는 점이다. 그러므로 본 논문은 장소 특정적 미술 을 분석하기 위하여 ‘몸’을 핵심어로 삼는다. 본 논문은 장자의 ‘일원적 몸’에 관한 사유를 바탕으로 한국 현대 설치미술을 고 찰한다. 장자의 몸철학을 통한 한국 출신 미술가들의 장소 특정적 미술 작품 고찰은 현 대의 문화융합적 예술 현상을 이해하기 위한 연구 방편 중 하나로 중요한 가치가 있을 것이다. 이 논문은 동시대의 한국 예술계가 급진적으로 세계화되어가고 있으며 한국의 설치미술이 다양한 문화·사상과 융합되어가고 있는 상황에 주목하면서, 기존의 서양미 학을 중심으로 한 연구방법론에서 탈피하고자 한다. 나아가 현대미술에 대한 다양한 연구시각의 일환으로 동양철학의 필요성을 강조하고, 이러한 연장선에서 한국의 현대 설치미술을 장자의 시각으로 규명하려 한다.

This paper aims to study on Korean contemporary installation art based on the philosophy of Zhuangzi(莊子, B.C.369~B.C.289), focusing on the concept of 'body'. This thesis proceeds with a philosophical examination of art, targeting site-specific art in which the relationship between the body and the place is central. As examples of site-specific art, I contemplate the artworks of Lee Ufan (1936~ ), Kim Sooja (1957~ ), and Suh Doho (1962~ ), who are international artists from Korea. The body is one of the central themes that have been discussed in the history of thoughts, philosophies and the arts from ancient times to the present, regardless of the East or the West. The concept of the body has been approached differently depending on the era and the culture, and art has reflected the situation of this. To speak of the characteristic of site-specific art in relation to the body, the three-dimensional space perceived by the body of the artist becomes the basis of the work in the creation of the work. Accordingly, the experience of the viewer’s body, who perceives the space and the three-dimensional art work, is very important. Therefore this thesis uses ‘body’ as a key word to analyze site-specific art. This paper examines Korean contemporary installation art based on Zhuangzi's thoughts on ‘the unitary body'. This consideration of site-specific art works by Korean artists through Zhuangzi's body philosophy may have a important value as one of the research methods to understand the contemporary art phenomenon of cultural convergence. This thesis seeks to break away from the existing research methodology centered on Western aesthetics. Also it pays attention to the situation in which the contemporary Korean art world is rapidly globalizing and Korean installation art is merging with various cultures and ideologies. Furthermore, as a part of various research perspectives on contemporary art, the necessity of the East Asian philosophy is emphasized, and in this context, Korean contemporary installation art is to be investigated from the perspective of Zhuangzi.

본 논문은 광주비엔날레 출품작을 중심으로 5·18민주화운동(이하 5·18)이 동시대 미술 현장에서 어떻게 시각화되고 구현되는 지 전략을 연구한다. 광주비엔날레는 창설 취지에서 알 수 있듯 5·18의 아픔을 문화로 치유하고, 독재에 항거했던 민주와 인 권, 평화 정신을 문화로 계승하기 위해 태동했다. 경제적·산업적 인프라가 열악했던 광주광역시가 서울과 제주도 등과 경합해 행사를 유치할 수 있었던 데는 역사적 당위성과 예로부터 뿌리 내린 예향을 근거로 한 문화적 명분이 자리했기 때문이다. 즉 군부독재 시대 민중들이 항거했던 5·18의 정신과 예향 광주의 역사성을 드러내는 매개체가 광주비엔날레인 셈이다. 이러한 광주비엔날레는 창설 기본 방향 아래 매 대회마다 기획자의 전시 전략을 시각적으로 구현하면서 광주비엔날레 만의 담론을 던져왔으며 이중 5·18은 직·간접적으로 녹아들었던 가치라 할 수 있다. 하지만 29년 동안 역대 광주비엔날레의 흐름 속에서 이를 다룬 작품의 아카이빙 논문은 전무했다. 이에 본 논문은 5·18과 관련된 작품을 아카이브하고, 동시대 미술 현장의 미학 적 담론이자 경향인 장소특정성, 아카이브, 참여예술, 직접적이거나 은유적인 형상화 기법, 동시대 미술이 지닌 확장성과 사 회적 전환 등의 다층적인 맥락에서 5·18을 다룬 작품들의 미학적 근거와 시각화 전략을 연구하는 데 목적이 있다. 또한 5·18 을 다룬 미술에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되면서 개념 정립과 이론화의 초석이 되길 바란다.

This study focuses on strategies related to the trend of contemporary art and how the May 18 Democratization Movement in 1980 is visualized and implemented in the contemporary art scene, focusing on entries submitted to the Gwangju Biennale, a barometer of contemporary art. As can be seen from the purpose of its establishment, the Gwangju Biennale was born to heal the pain of the May 18 Democratization Movement in 1980 through culture and to inherit the spirit of democracy, human rights, and peace that resisted dictatorship through culture. Gwangju Metropolitan City, with its poor economic and industrial infrastructure, competed with Seoul and Jeju Island in the 1990s to host the event because it had a cultural justification based on historical facts and long-established traditions. In other words, the Gwangju Biennale is the medium that reveals the spirit of the 5.18 Democratization Movement and the historicity of Gwangju during the military dictatorship era. Under the basic direction of its founding, the Gwangju Biennale has presented a unique discourse by visually realizing the exhibition strategy of the organizer at each event, and 5·18 in relation to this can be said to be values that are directly or indirectly melted into each event. However, there have been no archived papers that deal with the flow of the Gwangju Biennale over the course of 29 years. Therefore, this thesis archives works dealing with 5·18, and presents the aesthetics of works dealing with 5·18 in multi-layered contexts, such as ‘site-specific’, an aesthetic discourse and phenomenon in the contemporary art scene, archives; participatory art, direct or metaphorical imagery techniques; and an expansion and social transformation of contemporary art. The purpose of this study is to present evidence and visualization strategies. Through this thesis, it is expected that systematic theorization and conception will be established as research on art dealing with 5·18 is actively conducted. It is hoped that this will serve as an opportunity to once again reflect on the role of art by evoking the historical event of the Gwangju Democratization Movement, which condemned the conspiracy of the new military government in 1980 and demanded the realization of democracy, through a visual medium in modern and contemporary Asian history.

Improved methods are required for glyco-characterization of biopharmaceuticals and comparison between their corresponding biologics and biosimilar, where they have multiple glycosylation sites such as Etanercept of a fusion protein. In order to enhance sensitivity of discovery and minimize the sample loss, the combination of a TMT labeling method and fractionation using high flow HPLC has contributed to detect low amount of peptide in data dependent mode of LC-MS/MS. Here, we report a new method combined with TMT labeling, fractionation using ZIC-HILIC HPLC, LC-MS/MS using HCD triggered CID/EThcD, and computational software for identification of site-specific N- and O-glycopeptide and comparison of their corresponding biologics and biosimilar. Of three different Etanercept, such as Enbrel (biologics), Etoloce and Eucept biosimilars), a total of 115 N- and O- glycopeptides were identified and quantified using TMT-11plex labeling including triplicates and 22 ZIC-HILIC fractionation in three and 15 of N- and O- glycosylation sites, respectively. Two O-glycopeptides in different O-glycosylation site and seven core 2 type of O-glycopeptides were first reported. In particular, three kinds of O-glycopeptides with NeuGC which could be a foreign agent of immune response. In depth of quantification, our strategy shows site-specific similarity is quite not similar between biologics and biosimilar.

Recombinant coagulation factor IX (rFIX) is an extremely heterogeneous glycoprotein having multiple N-and O-glycosylation which influence on pharmacological functions including biological activity and in vivo stability. The study of glycosylation on rFIX has mainly focused on N-glycans due to an inherent complexity of O-glycosylation and the absence of analytical platform. Here, we comprehensively characterized the O-glycosylation on recombinant coagulation factor IX (rFIX) using MS-based glycomic and glycoproteomic approach. Briefly, O-glycans were chemically released using β-elimination while O-glycopeptides were prepared by pronase digestion to determine site-specific O-glycosylation distribution. Successfully we could identify unique O-glycosylation modifications such as O-fucosylation and O-glucosylation as well as a typical O-glycosylation on rFIX using nanoLC/MS and Tandem MS. Particularly, through O-glycopeptide analysis, we demonstrated that O-glucosylation and O-fucosylation were uniformly displayed on O-sites Serine 53 and 61 of EGF domain, respectively. While core 1-type O-glycosylations were overwhelmingly distributed across other O-sites (Threonine 159, 169, 172, and 179) in activation peptide of rFIX. Site-specific profiling including micro-and macro-heterogeneity could provide macroscopic aspect to figure out O-glycosylation pattern decorated on rFIX.

In decision making, crisp ranking is not possible when the entire attribute characteristics and their degree of importance are known precisely. In real world situations decision making takes place in an environment where the goals, the constraints, and the consequences of possible actions are not known precisely. Thus the best condition for classic decision making problem may not be satisfied when the situation involves both fuzzy and crisp data. Site specific soil fertility and seasonal crop selection data are characterized by high degree of fuzziness and uncertainty. In our model, intuitionistic fuzzy rough set establishes a close connection between the concepts of similarity and dissimilarity thereby providing an excellent framework for ranking soil fertility. Further fuzzy Bayesian incorporates both fuzzy and uncertainty in the probability model yielding more realistic seasonal paddy variety selection. The decision model introduced in this paper is suitable for both data rich and data poor environment. The results illustrate that the soil fertility ranking and successive paddy variety selection can help to sustain the soil fertility in subsequent rotations and minimize the loss of nutrients from the sites.

Human LOX-1/OLR 1 plays a key role in atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. The N-glycosylation of LOX-1 has been shown to affect its biological functions in vivo and modulate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, the N-glycosylation pattern of LOX-1 has not been described yet. The present study was aimed at elucidating the N-glycosylation of recombinanthuman LOX-1 with regard to N-glycan profile and N-glycosylation sites. Here, an approach using nonspecific protease (Pronase E) digestion followed by MALDI-QIT-TOF MS and multistage MS (MS3) analysis is explored to obtain site-specificN- glycosylation information of recombinanthuman LOX-1, in combination with glycan structure confirmation through characterizing released glycans using tandem MS. The results reveal that N-glycans structures as well as their corresponding attached site of LOX-1 can be identified simultaneously by direct MS analysis of glycopeptides from non-specific protease digestion. With this approach, one potential glycosylation site of recombinanthuman LOX-1 on Asn139 is readily identified and found to carry heterogeneous complex type N-glycans. In addition, manual annotation of multistage MS data utilizing diagnostic ions, which were found to be particularly useful in defining the structure of glycopeptides and glycans was addressed for proper spectra interpretation. The findings described herein will shed new light on further research of the structure-function relationships of LOX-1 N-glycan.

Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) analysis provides a variety of information including conformational and structural dynamics and localized or colocalized position of the tagged protein. For effective smFRET analysis of protein, site-specific dual-labeling with two fluorophores as an energy donor and an acceptor is crucial. We have shown that the site-specific labeling of protein via incorporation of an unnautural amino acid provides a greater contrast between the folded and unfolded states of the protein in smFRET analysis than the conventional labeling using double cysteines. As a model study, maltose-binding protein (MBP) was dually labeled via incorporation of ρ-azido-L-phenylalanine and cysteine at specific positions, immobilized on a surface, and subjected to smFRET analysis under native and denaturing conditions. The resulting histograms show that site-specific dual-labeling results in a more homogeneous distribution in protein populations. Considering this case of MBP, site-specific dual-labeling of the protein might offer a new chance for more precise smFRET analysis of the protein.

Here we describe a highly specific, robust and rapid new method for labeling of cell surface proteins with fluorescent probes. The method uses the trans-splicing reaction of Nostoc punctiforme (Npu) DnaE split-intein. Split-intein based protein trans-splicing reaction has been used for site-specific labeling of proteins in vitro for various applications. The trans-splicing reaction is self-processing reaction and can be used for introduction of various synthetic probes to target proteins without a large linker proteins. In this report, we have utilized split-intein based protein trans-splicing reaction for site specific labeling of cell surface proteins. We have prepared a model cell surface protein fused to N-terminal fragment of Npu DnaE Intein and C-terminal fragment of Npu DnaE Intein fused to a fluorescent probe. The model protein was expressed on the cell surface and the proteins were labeled with synthetic fluorescent probes through specific interaction between Nand C-fragment of inteins. This labeling reaction was performed within 30 mins using low concentration of fluorescent molecules (4 uM). No external energy was required for the labeling reaction. This improved labeling method will provide a useful tool for studying functions and mobility of proteins in live cells.

Stable contacts between biomolecules and nano-materials are strongly required to design and characterize the bio-nano interface for many applications, such as medical implants, drug delivery, and biosensors. Although there are various strategies to construct the bio-nano interface to fabricate advanced devices with long lifetime, most of strategies are difficult to control the biomolecular binding and maintain the biological activity onto surface of nano-materials. Herein, we demonstrated the powerful and effective approach to attach organophosphrous hydrolase (OPH) onto graphene-based nanohybrids (RGO-Au) through site-specific interaction. The gold binding peptide (GBP)-OPH/RGO-Au was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and circular dichroism (CD). The secondary structure of enzymes after attachment onto RGO-Au represented negligible changes with the GBP. In addition, the GBP-OPH/RGO-Au hybrid were applied into biosensors for detecting organophosphorous compounds.