Earticle

Purpose: This study was an analysis of the factors that affect the satisfaction level of the rest facilities in the workplace and the satisfaction level of employees. Methods: A survey was conducted among 906 workers in 150 enterprises. Results: The satisfaction levels of rest facilities were higher for younger ages, males, and upper management. The satisfaction levels of rest facilities were higher when the companies had 300 employees or more, 4 rest facilities or more, and the rest area signs were placed. The satisfaction levels of rest facilities were higher for the responses indicating improved work performances, feeling less tired, frequent visits to the rest facilities. Conclusion: It is necessary to increase satisfaction to the rest facilities at small and medium-sized businesses along with the number of rest facilities. Also, rest area signs should be placed to be easily seen. Employers need to let employees know that rest facilities help them improve their work performances and they will feel greater satisfaction to the facilities, even though they are very tired or hardly visit there.

As information-oriented society development, utilization of information become import part of daily life as well as academic curiosity and the pleasure of contemplation. The situation is accelerating further due to development of digital media and digital device. naturally role of printed media reduced and it of digital media increased. Digital Library has been a mainstay in the form of a new library. However, the nature of the digital environment, the information medium of exchange that takes place in the virtual space design of library space will be very diverse. Therefore, extracting elements of design that digital library and rest space have, I will check the possibility of applying through a case study to elicit Strategy of design.

본 논문의 목적은 일의 성령론적 이해를 바탕으로 워라벨 실천 방안 을 제안하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 일과 노동은 아담의 타락의 결과 로 주어진 것이 아니라 창조적 선물임을 강조하고, 일의 구조적 차원과 기능적 차원을 구분하여 논한다. 하나님의 창조적 선물인 일의 중요성 을 밝히기 위해 또한 소명과 은사로서 일 이해의 중요성을 논한다. 하 나님의 창조적 선물로서 일은 하나님께 대한 봉사일 뿐 아니라 하나님 의 새 창조 사역의 동역임을 강조한다. 본 논문은 창조적 선물로서 일의 중요성을 이해하는 또 다른 면으로 서 일만이 삶의 유일한 목적이 될 수 없다는 점을 밝힌다. 하나님의 창 조 질서에 따른 온전한 삶은 안식도 일과 같이 그 자체로 생기를 불어 넣는 중요한 요소일 뿐 아니라 이 둘은 통전적 리듬 안에 있다는 것을 강조하며, 안식의 중요한 실천적 형태인 쉼도 창조적인 활동이라는 것 을 구체적으로 살핀다. 그 결과 본 논문은 쉼은 우리의 지능, 공감, 정 서적 판단뿐 아니라 전반적인 정서와 정신 건강과도 높은 연관성이 있 으며, 우리가 일의 가치뿐 아니라 안식의 진정한 가치를 인식하고 실천 할 때 온전한 삶을 경험할 수 있다는 점을 밝힌다. 따라서 하나님의 창 조 질서에 따른 온전한 삶은 노동과 안식, 일과 잠 등이 균형을 이룰 때 가능하다는 것을 주장한다. 본 논문은 나아가 일과 안식의 워라벨 실천 방안으로서 온전한 삶으 로서 일과 함께 안식의 중요성, 안식의 최고의 선물로서 잠의 중요성을 다룬다. 특히 창조적 선물인 잠은 우리의 일상의 일, 안식, 예배, 기도, 관계, 여가, 성격 형성 등에 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 밝힌다. 마지막으로, 본 논문은 교회 차원에서 성도들이 안식의 영성을 누릴 수 있도록 실천할 수 있는 몇 가지 방안을 제안한다. 구체적으로, 주일 오 후 설교 중심 예배에서 진정한 영적 안식이 있는 소그룹 모임으로 전환 하는 방안이나, 또한 새벽기도회를 저녁기도회로 전환하는 방안을 제안한다.

The aim of this thesis is to propose ways to practice work-life balance based on a pneumatological understanding of work. For this, it first emphasizes that work and labor are not given as a result of Adam’s fall, but are creative gifts from God. To uncover the importance of work as God’s creative gift, it discusses the importance of understanding work as a calling and a gift. It emphasizes that work as God’s creative gift is not only a service to God, but also a partnership in God’s new creation work. As another aspect of understanding the importance of work as a creative gift, this thesis reveals that work cannot be the only purpose of life. It emphasizes that a perfect life according to God’s creation order is not only an important element that breathes life in itself, like the Sabbath, but also the two are in a holistic rhythm, and it looks into that an important practical form of rest is also a creative activity. As a result, this thesis discloses that rest is highly related not only to our intelligence, empathy, and emotional judgment, but also to our overall emotions and mental health, and that we can experience a full life when we recognize and practice the true value of rest as well as that of work. It argues, therefore, that a perfect life according to God’s creation order is possible only when work and rest, work and sleep are in balance. As practical ways of work-life balance for work-and-rest, this thesis further deals with the importance of work and rest as a wholeness of life, and the importance of sleep as the best gift of rest. In particular, it reveals that sleep, a creative gift, plays a very important role in our daily work, rest, worship, prayer, relationships, leisure, and character formation. Finally, this thesis proposes several ways to practice so that church members can enjoy the spirituality of rest at the church level. Specifically, it proposes the shift from the Sunday afternoon sermoncentered worship to a small group meeting with true spiritual rest, and the shift from the early morning prayer meeting to the evening prayer meeting.

본 연구의 목적은 레스트와 나바에츠의 도덕성 4-구성요소모형의 발전적 모형을 활용하여 인권교육 프로그램을 개발하고 인권 도덕성을 평가하려는 것이다. 대학생을 대상으로 한 인권교육을 시도해 보고 이를 레스트의 도덕성의 4-구성요소 모형의 발전적 모형에 근거하여 인권의식 및 연구행동의 심리적 과정을 분석해보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구자는 나바에츠의 모형을 부분적으로 수용하고 변형하면서 콜버그, 블라지, 반두라의 이론을 수용하였다. 이를 통해 대안적인 인권교육 프로그램을 제시하되 이를 적용하면서 검증해보고자 하였다. 기존의 인권교육 프로그램에 비해 인권 감수성, 인권 동기화, 인권 행동실천력을 보다 발전시키는데, 효과성을 가진 프로그램을 제시한 본 연구는 하지만 인권판단력을 향상시키기 위한 프로그램에서 나바에츠의 이론 등의 검증을 통해 인권교육의 내실화를 위한 추가적인 연구를 필요로 한다.

The purpose of this study is the application and evaluation of human rights education. For this, we will take advantage of Rest's four component models and Narvaez’s intergrative ethical education theory. The psychological assessmnet of human rights education is utilized through Mun, Mi-Suk. And the four component model of human rights education is described involving the influences of key factors including sensitivity, judgment, motivation, and action about human rights. By the way, I modified Narvaez’s intergrative ethical education theory about human rights education program. Instead, I utilized Kohlberg, Blasi and Bandura's theory. For sensitivity, I utilized Narvaez’s IEE theory. And Kohlberg's theory was utilized for man rights judgment. For motivation, I utilized Blasi moral self theory and Bandura's moral disengagement theory. And Narvaez’s theory was utilized for human rights action. I advocated that the program and teaching strategies for human rights was well represented in the curriculum of program dealing with human rights. And the program and strategies were demonstrated by using statistical techniques. Using the four component model as a framework, I made empirical proofs and suggestions for learning experiences that can enhance the development of each process with the domain of human rights education.

본 연구의 목적은 레스트의 4-구성요소모형을 활용하여 연구윤리 도덕성을 평가하려는 것이다. 대학생을 대상으로 한 연구윤리교육을 시도해 보고 이를 레스트의 도덕성의 4-구성요소 모형에 근거하여 연구윤리의식 및 연구윤리행동의 심리적 과정을 분석해보고자 하였다. 도덕성에 관한 가정에서 레스트의 중요한 이론의 발전을 보여준 4-구성요소모형을 활용한 이유는 레스트의 4-구성요소모형이 도덕성에 대한 다른 연구전통들을 하나의 그림으로 통합시키고자 하는 노력으로 만들어진 것이라고 판단했기 때문이다. 본 연구자는 레스트의 도덕성의 4-구성요소 모형에 입각하여 연구윤리 감수성, 연구윤리 추론능력, 연구윤리 동기화, 연구윤리 행동실천력이라는 네 구성요소를 제시하였다. 또한 이러한 네 가지 요소들을 발달시키는 것이 연구윤리교육의 교육목표라고 보았다. 이러한 연구윤리교육의 교육목표를 기준으로 하여 대학생을 대상으로 하는 현재의 연구윤리교육의 효과성까지 측정하고자 하였다. 또한 연구윤리교육의 내실화를 위한 추가적인 연구를 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is the application and evaluation of research ethics education. For this, we will take advantage of Rest's four component models. The morality of research ethics is revealed by Rest's 4-component model of morality. So, the four component model of research ethics is described involving the influences of key factors including sensitivity, judgment, motivation, and action about research ethics. I analyzed the psychological process about research ethics education program. These components are not personality traits or virtues; rather they are major units of analysis used to trace how a person responds in the situation of research ethics. I advocated that the program and teaching strategies for research ethics was well represented in the curriculum of program dealing with research ethics. And the program and strategies were demonstrated by using statistical techniques. Using the four component model as a framework, I made empirical proofs and suggestions for learning experiences that can enhance the development of each process with the domain of research ethics education.

본 연구는 단시간 들기·내리기 작업을 실시한 누적피로 대상자에게 미세전류자극 및 휴식을 적용하여 피로 지수에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 2012년 12월부터 2013년 2월까지 S대학에서 연구가 진행되었으며, 말초질환 및 근골격계 질환이 없고 오른손을 사용하는 20대의 신체 건강한 남자 22명을 대상자로 선정하였다. 모든 대상자는 10 kg 상자를 15분 동안 들기·내리기를 100회 실시한 직후, 표면근전도기를 이용한 근피로지수(Median Frequency : MF) 와 혈액피로지수(Creatine Kinase Lactate : CK, Lactate Dehydrogenase : LDH)를 측정하였다. 두 그룹으로 나누어 실 험군에는 미세전류자극을 대조군에는 휴식을 각각 20분간 중재하였다. 중재 후, 근피로지수와 혈액피로지수를 측정하 여 누적 피로지수의 변화를 비교하였다. 그 결과 휴식그룹의 왼쪽 척주세움근 피로지수를 제외한 두 그룹 모두에서 중재방법 적용 전보다 적용 후 유의한 누적피로의 감소(p＜.05)가 있었고, 미세전류의 자극은 휴식과 비교했을 때, 근피로지수의 유의한 감소(p＜.05)를 보였지만, 혈액피로지수는 차이가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 미세전류자 극은 반복적인 들기와 내리기 작업 종사자들의 근피로회복에 도움이 될 것이라 사료되며, 장시간 피로지수 추적조사 및 중재 적용시간에 따른 피로회복의 상관관계 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

This study aimed to compare the effects of microcurrent stimulation and rest on the fatigue index by applying both to subjects who had accumulated fatigue after performing short-duration physical activity. The experiment was performed at S University from December 2012 to February 2013, on 22 healthy men in their 20s, who were right-handed, and without peripheral or musculoskeletal diseases. All subjects lifted a 10-kg box lift and lower 100 times in 15 minutes. Immediately after that, muscle fatigue index (Median Frequency: MF) and blood fatigue index (Creatine Kinase Lactate: CK, Lactate Dehydrogenase: LDH) were measured by using surface electromyography. The subjects were divided into two groups, and microcurrent stimulation and rest were mediated to the experimental and control groups, respectively, for 20 minutes. After intervention, muscle fatigue index and blood fatigue index were measured and the changes in the accumulated fatigue index were compared. Both groups manifested significantly decreased cumulative fatigue after applying the mediation compared to the pre-intervention level (p ＜ .05), the only exception being the fatigue index of the left erector spinae in the rest group. Compared to the rest group, the microcurrent stimulation group showed a significant decrease in muscle fatigue index (p ＜ .05) but no significant differences were found in the blood fatigue index. Given the results of this study, microcurrent stimulation is considered to be helpful in muscle fatigue recovery for workers who have to perform repetitive movements lifting weights, and additional studies on the correlations of the fatigue recovery with respect to the long-term follow-up of fatigue index and mediation time are necessary.

본 연구는 청소년의 도덕성을 측정하는 표준화된 검사를 개발하는 과제로써 2011년부터 2012년까 지 2년간 연구를 실시하였다. James Rest의 4구성요소 이론에 기초하여 도덕적 감수성, 도덕적 동 기화, 도덕적 품성화 문항을 개발하였으며, 도덕적 판단력은 기존의 KDIT로 구성하였다. 2012년 2차년도 연구에서는 1차년도에 개발된 문항을 수정, 보완하는 작업을 통해 문항을 확정하였다. 본 논문은 개발된 검사도구를 표준화, 유형화하기 위한 것이다. 전국단위 본 조사를 통해 나타난 한 국 청소년의 도덕적 특징은 다음과 같다. 6216명의 청소년의 표준화결과, 도덕적 감수성, 동기화, 품성화의 경우 7점 척도 중 4-6점대에 해당하는 점수가 가장 많이 나타났으며, 판단력의 경우 점 수가 올라갈수록 낮은 빈도를 나타냈다. 또한 유형화의 분석대상이 된 5729명의 청소년 중 모든 도덕적 요소가 높거나 낮은 유형은 극히 적었으며, 특정한 한 요소가 지배적인 유형이 대부분이었 다. 특히 판단력이 우세한 경우가 가장 빈번했다. 본 연구는 검사도구의 표준화와 유형화를 통해, 그 활용도를 높이고, 교육현장에서 도덕적 특징을 쉽게 파악할 수 있는 인성관련 검사도구를 개발 하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 마지막으로 향후 도구의 지속적인 보완과 활용방안 및 후속연구방향에 대하여 제안하였다.

This study is based on the project to develop an instrument to examine Korean youth morality, conducted from 2011 to 2012. The KYMT is based on James Rest's four component model: moral sensitivity, moral reasoning, moral motivation, and moral character. The first draft of the instrument developed in 2011 was revised and supplemented in 2012. This study aimed to standardize the KYMT and categorize an individual's moral type. The KMYT was applied to 6216 middle school students in national level. In results, standardized norms were indicated by each component and 6 categories were made. Fewer students had higher scores in moral judgment whereas majority of responses were located in 4-6 points in 7 likert scale in moral sensitivity, motivation, and character. Most participants had one dominant component and few participants were dominant across 4 components. This study provides useful information of moral characteristics of Korean youth and suggests practical usage for moral education and furthur studies.

본 연구의 목적은 J. Rest의 4 구성요소 모형을 바탕으로 1차년도(2011년)에 개발된 도덕 동기화 검사를 보다 신뢰롭고 타당한 도구로 개정하는 데 있다. 따라서 선행연구를 보완하여 도덕 동기화 의 측정요인을 도덕지향성과 도덕적 정서귀인 등 두 항목으로 재설정하고, 검사의 신뢰성과 타당 성을 높이기 위해 제시된 스토리와 문항을 수정하였다. 개발된 세 개의 스토리(과제, 콘서트, 작품) 별로 총 10개의 도덕 동기화 문항 전체에 대한 신뢰도를 분석한 결과, 전반적으로 .90 내외의 매우 높고 안정적인 수치를 보였다. 또한 이론적으로 가정한 측정요인을 중심으로 세 가지 스토리 전체 에 대한 신뢰도를 분석한 결과, 약 .90 내외의 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 타당도를 검증하기 위하여 요인분석을 실시하였다. 과제 스토리에서는 2개의 요인이 도출되었는데, 회전방법을 적용하여 위의 두 가지 방식으로 분석했을 때, 이론적으로 가정한 2개의 요인에 해당되는 문항들이 각각 동등한 수로 묶이는 것으로 확인되었다. 콘서트 스토리의 경우에는 이론적으로 가정한 2개의 요소에 준하 여 요인이 잘 나타났으나, 요인의 수가 동일하지 않고 2요인이라고 가정하고 개발한 2개의 문항들 이 1요인에 함께 묶인 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때, 1요인에 묶였으나, 본래 2요인에 해 당되는 문항들은 그 문항이 개발된 본래의 취지에 보다 적합하도록 2요인의 특성을 반영하여 그에 맞게 문항을 수정할 필요가 있다. 작품 스토리에서는 1개의 요인이 도출되었고, 회전된 방법을 통 해서는 결과가 도출되지 않았다. 이로 인해, 요인을 2개로 지정하여 확인적 요인분석을 하였다. 그 결과, 1요인에 8개, 2요인에 2개의 문항이 묶이는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 고려할 때, 1 요인에 묶인 2요인의 3개 정도의 문항들을 원래의 이론적 가정에 맞도록 수정하여 2요인의 특성에 보다 적합하도록 문항을 수정하는 것이 바람직해 보인다. 요인분석 결과를 중심으로 볼 때, 과제 스토리외에 콘서트, 작품 스토리는 일부 문항에 대한 수정이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study aimed to revise the moral motivation test I for adolescents based on Rest, J. R.' four component model. The framework and constructs of moral motivation were developed through literature reviews. The constructs of moral motivation test consist of moral orientation and moral emotion attributions with total 3 stories, including 30 items of 5 likert type. Participants of the test were 409 adolescents. The main results of this study were as follows : The reliability of moral motivation test II was moderate with Cronbach’s alpha .90. The validity of moral motivation test was not bad with constructs. In conclusion, moral motivation test II was proved good to measure adolescents' moral motivation. Based on those results, discussions and implications were suggested.

본 논문은 인도미학 라사rasa 이론에 드러난 미적 경험의 고찰에 관한것이다. 라사는 인도 미학을 대변하는 이론으로, 연극으로부터 출발하여음악, 무용 등, 다양한 범주 예술들의 형식 및 이론의 발전에 중요한 바탕이 되고 있다. 라사는 ‘수액’, ‘액즙’, ‘맛’ 등의 뜻을 나타낸다. 나아가 관객이 예술품 감상의 결과로 갖게 되는 ‘심미적 감정’을 가리키는 라사는 ‘완미(玩味)’, ‘완미를 통한 쾌(快)의 향유’의 의미 또한 갖는다. 이러한 라사이론에 있어서 미적 경험이라 함은, 지극히 순수하고도 안정적이며 여덟 가지 심미적 감정을 기반으로 한다. 이 심미적 감정(즉, 여덟 개의 라사)들은 영속적일 뿐만아니라 우리 모두의 마음속 깊이 내재하는 하나의 공통적 실체이기도 하다. 그렇다면 라사는 어떻게 발현되는가? 라사는 일상의 흐트러진 감성상태가 내면으로 집중되는 과정을 통해 일어난다. 즉, 부수적, 일시적 (브야비카리바바vyabhicāribhavā)성격의 감정들이, 매우 순수하고 지속적인 여덟 가지의 지배적인 기반감정((스타이바바Stāyibhāva)으로 집결됨으로써 발현된다. 미적경험은 이러한 심리적 전환을 내포하며, 이때의 전환은 심층적 내부로의 고립을 통한 ‘나’의 변화라는 본질적 경험에 의거한다. 이러한 라사의 발현을 통한 미적경험이란 일상인 것과 대조되는 ‘탈일상적(extra-originary)’, 나아가 ‘초속세적’인 것이 되고 있다. 라사이론에 의하면 미적 경험은 지고의 쾌快를 낳는 것이다. 그리고 그것은 심미적 주체의 ‘중립적 감정’과 감정의 ‘보편화’를 전제한다. 이 때 감정은 ‘무장애’의 성격을 갖는 것으로써 이러한 감정을 바탕으로 감상자는 타자들 속으로 자유로이 몰입해 들어가 그것들과의 동일화(sympathy)를 이루어 낸다. 올바른 미적경험은 이렇듯 순수한 심적-정신적 경험 안에서 존재하는 것이다. 라사이론은 정신의 순수한 상태를 최종적으로 침묵의 감정(아홉 번째 라사, 산타라사santa-rasa)에 일치시켰다. 예술작품이 그 실 재성을 드러내는 것은 바로 이러한 위대한 침묵, 산타라사에서이다. 이러한 침묵은 무미건조한 비어있음의 상태와는 근본적으로 다른 매우 역동적이고 충만한 성격의 것이다. 심미적 주체는 바로 이러한 침묵으로부터 작품에 집중하게 된다. 고요함과 티 없이 맑은 거울과 같은 마음을 이룬 자에게 미적 경험은, 모든 것은 지극한 기쁨인 산타라사이다.

This study is about the aspect of aesthetic experience indian of rasa. The theory of rasa, being based on NāṭyāŚātra (the most ancient theory indian of theater) is not only the theory of theater but also that of the various kind of arts related on it, like literature, music, dance, etc. Rasa, literally essence, means ‘sap', ‘juice’ ‘flavor’. As a emotion that a spectator can have in front of an art work, it signifies also ‘taste’, ‘savor’, and also ‘be ageable to the favor’. What does the aesthetic experience means in theory of rasa? The aesthetic experience, by the ancients theorists, is based on the eight aesthetic emotions, or eight rasa. Being realizable during aesthetic experience, they are the emotions of pur, intense, stable and sustainable states. Layed on our deep interior through our ordinary experience, they are also consubstantial. Theses pur emotions appears by a process of concentration of ordinary feeling habitually disperses. They are realizable by a reunion of the complementary, transitional emotions (vyabhicāribhavā), which by an intensification continue will transform to the eight emotions dominants, purs and of exceptional stability (stāyibhāva). Aesthetic experience, being understood by this sense, is like experience of ‘extra-ordinary’ in opposition to that ordinary, people says also it is ‘supra-worldly’. The transformation of the emotions that the aesthetic experience procure, is based on the replies of one to his inside, this later being a place of fundamental experience of ransformation. Aesthetic experience thus, is that of transformation of a one who ordinarily impure to extra-ordinary and pur. Understood like this, it isn't the experience given by chance but a ‘reaching’ or an ‘accomplishment’ in a sense of very actif.

Objective To develop a new tool for aspiration risk prediction based on pharyngeal width at rest in older adults with symptoms of aspiration.Methods Lateral cervical spine roentgenograms were obtained from 33 older adult patients who complained of dysphagia and from 33 healthy, age-matched controls. Pharyngeal width at rest was measured at two points. We named the average of these two pharyngeal widths ‘JOSCYL Width’, calculated ‘JOSCYL Scale’, and compared these parameters between dysphagia and control groups. Correlations of individual JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale, with Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) and Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) scores were analyzed for the dysphagia group. To determine optimal cutoff points for predicting aspiration, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed on JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale.Results Both JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale of the dysphagia group were larger than those of the control group (p<0.001). The correlation between JOSCYL Width and severity of dysphagia was significant for the dysphagia group (PAS p=0.007; DOSS p=0.012). The correlation between JOSCYL Scale and the severity of dysphagia was also significant for the dysphagia group (PAS p=0.009; DOSS p=0.011). Optimal cutoffs for JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale for predicting aspiration were 20.0 mm and 5.9, respectively.Conclusion JOSCYL Width and JOSCYL Scale can be new indicators for predicting aspiration in older adults. They are both precise and easy to use.

기존 지능망 서비스들이 포화 상태에 이르게 됨에 따라 수익이 나는 새로운 서비스를 개발하는 것이 점 점 더 어려워지고 있다. 요즈음 전통적인 전화망과 인터넷의 결합이 새로운 경향으로 나타나고 있다. PC와 같은 인터넷 단말은 전화망의 전통적인 단말보다 저장 장치 및 유저 인터페이스 면에서 더욱 더 강력한 능력을 가지고 있다. IT 개발자들은 전화 분야의 전문 지식을 갖고 있지 않아도 Parlay API를 사용하면 새로운 통신 서비스를 쉽게 만들 수 있다. HTTP 상의 SOAP을 사용하여 쉽게 두 컴퓨터 노드간의 통신이 가능하게 할 수 있더라도 일반적인 개발자는 현란한 XML 포맷 때문에 SOAP 메시지를 처리하는데 어려움을 느낀다. REST 기반 API는 이러한 것의 좋은 대체재가 될 수 있는데, 추가적인 프로토콜 층이 없이 HTTP 층만 있기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 통화 및 메시징 서비스를 만들기 위한 REST 기반의 Open API 를 소개한다. 제안되는 API는 클릭투콜, 미니 컨퍼런스, 통화 녹음, 주문형 오디오 재생, 단문 메시징 및 음성 메시징 기능을 제공한다. 제안되는 API 특징은 전화망과 인터넷의 컨버전스의 강력함을 보여준다.

This study investigated the influence of short and moderate recovery in-tervals on lipid profiles and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) fol-lowing exhaustive strength exercise in recreational weightlifters. Seven subjects performed two conditions in a randomized order: short, 90% of one maximum repetition (1RM) and 30-sec rest allowed between sets; moderate, 90% of 1RM and 90-sec rest allowed between sets. Total cholesterol (Chol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-den-sity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triacylglycerol (TAG), Chol/HDL-c ra-tio and PAI-1 concentrations were assessed at baseline, immediately postexercise, and 15- and 30-min postexercise (post-15 and post-30). The LDL-c concentrations decreased and HDL-c concentrations in-creased in both conditions but without significant differences (LDL-c: 30 sec: pre, 82.0±19.5 mg/dL, immediately, 73.9±16.4 mg/dL, 90 sec: pre, 75.9±30.8 mg/dL, immediately, 66.2±35.5 mg/dL, P=0.423; HDL-c: 30 sec: pre, 53.5±9.2 mg/dL, immediately, 61.4±11.4 mg/dL; 90 sec: pre, 55.8±11.1 mg/dL, immediately, 84.9±27.8, mg/dL; P=0.146). On the other hand, PAI-1 had a tendency to decrease only in the 90-sec condition (pre, 7,754.9±2,927.7 pg/mL; immediately, 5,313.1±4,637.4 pg/mL; P=0.085). There was a positive correlation between PAI-1 and Chol (30 sec: r=0.83, 90 sec: r=0.91; P<0.05), PAI-1 and fat-free mass in both conditions (30 sec post-15: r=0.79, post-30: r=081, P<0.05; 90 sec imme-diately: r=0.77, post-15: r=0.81; P<0.05), and PAI-1 and TAG only in 30 sec (r=0.87, P<0.05). Short and moderate intervals of recovery improve lipid profiles after heavy strength exercise but only 90 sec induced greater improved in PAI-1 concentration in recreational weightlifters.

이 연구는 Rest의 4 구성요소에 관한 개념 규정 및 제4 요소인 도덕적 품성화 능력을 측정하기 위한 검사 도구를 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해 도덕적 품성화의 구성 요소를 대항목 및 소항목 수준에서 확정하고, 도덕적 품성화 구성 요소별 측정을 위한 3가지 Story를 제시하고, 각 스토리에 인내(인지적 전략, 자기 조절), 자아강도(용기, 자아효능감), 수행기술(사회적 기술, 의사소통능력)을 측정할 수 있는 6문항으로 제시하고, 검사의 신뢰성을 높이기 위해 허위문항 1개를 각각 추가하였다. 각 문항에 대해 5점 척도로 응답할 수 있도록 하였다. 서울소재 중․고등학교 학생 총 262명을 대상으로 검사를 실시하였다. 개발된 검사의 신뢰도 계수(문항 내적 일치도인 크론바흐 알파)는 .75로 안정적이었다. 타당도와 관련해서 요인분석 결과 도덕적 품성화 능력 검사는 대항목의 요소(인내, 자아강도, 수행기술)별이 아닌 스토리별로 구인타당도를 가진 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 상관분석의 결과는 각 요인이 적정한 정도의 상관을 보임으로써 독립적인 구인이며, 세 개의 대항목이 도덕적 품성화 능력 전체와의 상관이 .80에 이르러 도덕적 품성화 능력의 안정적인 구인인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 수정이 필요한 부분이 있었다. 결론적으로 개발된 검사는 신뢰도와 타당도에서 수용할만한 검사로서, 이 연구를 통해 수정 보완된 검사는 도덕적 품성화 능력을 측정하기 위한 검사로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of the study was to develop Moral Characterization Test for adolescents based on J. Rest' four component model. The construct of moral characterization test consists of persistence(cognitive strategy, self-regulation), ego strength(courage, self-efficacy), and implementation skills(social skills, communication skills) with 3 story, 18 items and 3 faking good items of 5 likert type. The subjects were 262 adolescents. The results of this study were as follows : The reliability of Moral Characterization Test was moderate with Cronbach’s ɑ coefficients .75. The validity of Moral Characterization Test was not good with constructs, but moderate with stories. In conclusion, Moral Characterization Test was proved moderate to measure adolescents' moral characterization. But further study will be necessary to improve this test.

Sleep deprivation (SD) inhibits normal biorhythms, causing physical and mental problems. To solve the problems caused by SD, fundamental measures are needed. I investigated change of recovery by rest time in psychological aspect after repetitive SD. The mice were divided into four groups: control 24-hr rest after 24-hr SD group, 48-hr rest after 24-hr SD group, and 72-hr rest after 24-hr SD group (n=20 in each group). I carried out SD in the water cage included multiple platforms. Repetitive SD executes for 36 days. I measured weight every week after SD for 6 weeks. To check emotional condition, I carried out intruder-evoked ag-gression test and modified forced swimming test. In the present results, group treated 24-hr rest and 48-hr rest after 24-hr SD showed lower natural aggressiveness and high depression. However, group treated 72-hr rest after 24-hr SD indicated emotional changes to recover the normal conditions. In the weight change, all group showed significant decrease compared to control for 6 weeks. I suggest that appropriate rest time after SD can help to restore emotional change.

본 연구의 목적은 도덕적 사고(지식)보다는 도덕적 행동에 초점을 둔 Rest의 4-구성요소 모형(Four-Component Model)에 의거하여 도덕 감수성․판단력․동기화․품성 등 4개 하위요소로서 청소년의 도덕성을 측정하여 청소년 생활지도나 도덕교육을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 대도시, 중소도시, 읍면 지역의 학교에 재학 중인 청소년 565명을 대상으로 도덕성 검사를 실시하고 네 요소의 발달적 분포와 네 요소 간의 관계, 행동 선택의 빈도와 비율 등을 확인하기 위해 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관분석, 독립표본 t-test, 일원배치분산분석(one way ANOVA) 등을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과가 청소년 대상의 생활지도와 도덕교육의 목표와 방향, 내용과 방법의 개선을 위한 기초 자료로 유용하게 활용되기를 기대한다.

The object of this study is to measure morality of Korean Adolescents based on “the Four Component Model" which was suggested by J. Rest in 1983. The components of the model are psychological processes which must work in order moral action to result. There are at least four processes that produce moral behavior: (1) moral sensitivity, (2) moral judgment, (3) moral motivation, and (4) moral character. The participants in this study were 565 2nd students of middle and high school in Korea. The investigator conducted frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, independent t- test, one way ANOVA, etc. This study suggested conclusions and discussion, and proposals on future research based on the results. We expect that the results of this study will be useful to guidance and moral education for Korean adolescents.

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is widely applied as a warm-up strategy to enhance performance. Although various rest intervals have been proposed following PAPE, an optimal recovery duration has not been clearly established. In addition, most previous studies applying PAPE have focused only on comparing individual variables rather than on multidirectional analysis of skill-related physical fitness factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal rest interval following upper- and lower-body PAPE through a comprehensive analysis of skill-related physical fitness in elites. Seven male elites participated in a crossover design under four groups: control (CON), 3-minute rest (3RG), 8-minute rest (8RG), and 12-minute rest (12RG) groups following PAPE. PAPE was induced using resistance exercises at 85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), consisting of the bench press for the upper body and squat for the lower body. Skill-related physical fitness was assessed using measures of power, agility, balance, speed, coordination, and reaction time. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with LSD. The significance level was set at .05. Lower-body power was greater in the 3RG and 12RG conditions compared with CON, whereas no significant differences were observed in upper-body power. Upper-body agility improved in both 3RG and 12RG relative to CON, while lower-body agility did not differ across conditions. Dynamic balance improvements were primarily evident in 3RG compared with CON. Speed did not differ significantly across conditions following upper-body PAPE. Coordination increased in 3RG compared with CON after upper-body PAPE, and in all rest conditions (3RG, 8RG, and 12RG) relative to CON after lower-body PAPE. Reaction time showed no significant differences across conditions. These findings suggest that the optimal rest interval following PAPE varies according to body segment and fitness component. However, when considering all skill-related fitness measures, a 3-minute rest interval may represent the optimal recovery duration in elites.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the rest-activity circadian rhythm (RAR) using data obtained from wearable actigraph devices in hospitalized older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to investigate its relationship with salivary alpha amylase (sAA). Methods: This secondary data analysis used data from the Hospitalized Older Adults’ Cognition and Physical Activity Study. Actigraph data for 3-4 days were analyzed for RAR. RAR indices such as interdaily stability (IS), intradaily variability (IV), activity level during the most active 10-hour period and during the most least active 5-hour period, and relative amplitude (RA) were calculated. Data on sAA collected in the morning and general characteristics, including body mass index (BMI), were analyzed. Results: Data from 92 hospitalized older adults with MCI were analyzed. The IS, IV, RA were 0.23, 0.73, 0.88, respectively. The average level of sAA was 77.02 U/mL, and a higher level of sAA was significantly associated with better IS and RA in the regression analysis, while age, BMI, and cognitive level were not. BMI showed positive correlations with IS and RA. Conclusion: RAR in the hospitalized older adults with MCI was attenuated, showing especially low IS, which implies they failed to maintain regular and repetitive 24-hour RAR. Increased sAA and BMI were associated with robust RAR. Nurses need to pay attention to maintain robust RAR in hospitalized older adults with MCI, and strategies should be developed to improve their RAR.

Purpose: The study compared rest-activity rhythm and sleep pattern of elderly with young group. Methods: The subjects were 22 over than 65 years old and 23 under 65 years old. An actigraph, sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index scale were used as measurement tools for this study. The data were analyzed with χ^2, Lamda test, t-test and correlation with SPSS 15.0 program. Results: Elderly had lower curve than young group in rest-activity rhythm on each time zone. Specially elderly group had lower rest-activity rhythm curve of 8, 9, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 time zone than those of young group. Sleep pattern had statistical difference in the total sleep time, PSQI and insomnia. Total sleep time of elderly had lower score and PSQI and Insomnia had higher score than young group. Age had correlation with rest-activity rhythm, sleep efficiency, PSQI and insomnia. Conclusion:Rest-activity rhythm of elderly showed an increase in activity in the early morning because of earlier get up then young group and an decrease in activity in the afternoon because of having a nap at this time. Elderly sleep was that total sleep time increased but sleep efficiency decreased and insomnia intensified more. this sleep pattern related to age and rest-activity rhythm.

Purpose: The research was conducted to verify the relation between the time for bed rest and the characteristics of postdural puncture headache(PDPH). Method: Subjects of this research were 395 adult patients who had been operated to their legs or abdomen under spinal anesthesia at I University Hospital in Busan metropolitan city from Dec. 1, 2003 to Aug. 31, 2004. Patients was divided into two groups such as bed rest for 24 hours group(211 patients) and Move at will group(184 patients). The incidence rates and the characteristics of PDPH were compared between two groups. Results: The incidence rate of PDPH, the onset of PDPH within two days after spinal anesthesia, the most location of PDPH, the most duration of PDPH, diplopia and amblyopia that are accompanied by PDPH, the levels of PDPH were no statistical difference between two groups. Conclusion: It is verified that making patients rest in bed for 24 hours has no significant effect on preventing PDPH compared to allowing patients to move freely. Therefore, it seems that bed rest for 24 hours group after spinal anesthesia is not beneficial.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of absolute bed rest(ABR) on occurrence of bleeding, discomfort and back pain after kidney biopsy. Method: This study was the nonequivalent control group posttest design. The experimental group was allowed to stay in beds for 18 hour-bed rest(BR) after 6 hour-ABR while the control group was allowed to stay ABR for 24 hours. Results: No bleeding sign was showed for all the patients. Discomfort of voiding, eating, ABR in the control group appeared at a higher level. Three subjects in the control group needed nelaton catheterization, whereas no catheterization was required in the experimental group. There was no significant difference in back pain. However, the control group used more pain killer with significant difference. From these results. Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between ABR time and bleeding. On the other hand, the discomfort of the experimental group appeared at a lower level by reducing ABR time. Therefore, Reduction of ABR time after kidney biopsy would be more efficient way for patients.