Earticle

This paper proposes mathematical models of the process of information interaction between a set of subjects (IoT devices) and a base station in the 5G-IoT ecosystem. The researched process, in this case, is represented by a queuing system with a flow of new incoming requests with needs for the desired volumes of system resources and a flow of service signals, the receipt of which initiates redefinition of allocated for received incoming requests volumes of system resources. A controlled parameter in the created queuing system is the acceptance or rejection of new incoming requests. The priority is to support active sessions of subject-system interaction initiated for the received incoming requests. We consider two functional scenarios, which differ asynchronously or synchronously when a service signal comes to the base station’s front-end interface. The receipt marks a partial or complete redefinition of system resources involved in supporting active sessions of subject-system interaction. Formalized in the basis of a single queuing system, mathematical models of development of these functional scenarios allow calculating the probability of rejection of a new incoming request and the percentage of occupied system resources, combined in the metrics of quality indicators, in the conditions of asynchronous or synchronous change of the spatial location relative to the base station of the end IoT devices, the received input requests from which are active in the 5G-IoT ecosystem.

Won, Jong-Hwa. (2007). Code-switching and cognitive models of the process of simultaneous interpreting. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 89-112. Bilingual code-switching has long been recognized as an important linguistic phenomenon worthy of serious investigation. Code-switching is a special skill possessed by bilinguals which allows them to switch from one language to another in the course of a communicative exchange without slowing down speech delivery. The process involves the integration of the morphological, phonological, and syntactic structures of the two codes or languages in real time. Code-switching is a particularly vital aspect of the behavior of the simultaneous interpreters. Indeed, one of the major defining characteristics of simultaneous interpreting is that it inevitably involves code-switching in which switches occur moment by moment not only by the speakers but by the interpreters themselves. Code-switching can also be said to occur when interpreters listen in one language and delivers in another. Few interpreting models formulated so far, however, have incorporated the code-switching process, with the result that simultaneous interpreting is presented as a strict, linear, one-way process. This paper asks the question “To what extent should the theory of code-switching be drawn upon in describing and explaining the process of simultaneous interpreting?” and a tentative answer is offered by integrating the switching process into Setton’s (1999) simultaneous interpreting model. Keywords: Code-switching, mental lexicon, parsing, executive, frame

자기결정이론에서는 기본적인 욕구-자율성, 능력감, 유대감-를 충족시켜주는 사회적 환경에서 성장한 청소년들에게 자기 결정력이 발달하여 공부의 효율성이 높아지고 이에 따라 삶에 대한 만족감이 증가한다고 본다. 본 연구는 자기결정이론의 이런 주장이 한국 청소년에게도 적용되는지 알아보기 위해 학습장면에서 동기가 형성되고 작동하는 경로를 추적해보았다. 연구 결과, 한국 청소년들에게 자기결정이론은 부분적으로 부합했다. 기본적인 욕구가 충족되면 자기결정력이 발달하고, 자기결정력이 발달하면 학업성취도가 향상되며, 학업성취도가 높아지면 주관적 삶의 질이 높아지는 경향이 있었다. 이는 학업 성취도를 향상시키기 위해서는 자율성을 촉진하는 동시에 타율성을 억제하고 공부에 대한 걱정, 불안감, 경쟁심, 죄책감, 수치심 등을 완화시키는 전략이 필요함을 함의한다. 그러나 주관적 삶의 질에 미치는 자기결정력의 영향은 미미하였고 학업성취도의 영향은 거의 없었다. 즉, 한국에서는 스스로 공부하고, 성적이 좋은 학생들의 삶의 질이 그렇지 않은 학생들에 비해 더 나은 것은 아니었다. 한국 청소년의 삶의 질, 학업성취도 및 학습동기를 향상시키기 위해서 이들은 부모, 교사, 친구들과 좋은 관계를 유지하고, 능력감을 맛보며, 자율적인 삶을 살 필요가 있어 보인다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine learning motivational process models, based on Self- Determination Theory(SDT) in academic settings. I examined if SDT's assumptions would fit for Korean adolescents, using a learning motivation scale(LMS), Basic Needs―autonomy, competence, and relatedness―Satisfaction Scale(BNSS), academic grades and life-quality scales, and also tried to search for the adequate motivational process models for Korean adolescents through regression analysis and structural equation model analysis. The results of this study are as follows. Basic needs satisfaction influences positively on the development of self-determinative motivation, which influences positively on academic achievement. But academic achievement and self-determinative motivation doesn't always influence on subjective well-being positively. And Korean adolescents who study autonomously or achieve good grades, are not better in a dimension of subjective well-being than others. Basic needs satisfaction while growing is more important than any other variables to improve adolescents' autonomous motivation, academic achievement and subjective life qualities.

바둑은 여러 가지 하위 과정을 포함하는 복잡한 문제해결과정으로서 각 과정이 어떻게 처리 되는가는 이론적, 응용적으로 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 바둑의 중요한 하위 과정인 수읽기, 공격, 수습, 사활, 끝내기를 정보처리 관점에 따라 처리과정 모형을 설정하였다. 그리고 각 모형의 이론적, 응용적 유용성을 논의 하였다.

Go is a complicated problem solving Process with various sub-process and the sub-process has a important meaning in theory and application. The study constructs the models of main sub-proesses such as reading, attack, breakin through, life and death, endgame.

본 연구에서는 유명인 광고모델이 연루된 부정적 사건에 대한 소비자 반응에 초점을 맞추었다. 본 연구에서는 유명인 광고모델에 대한 부정적 사건 중 해당 광고모델의 고의성이 낮은 사건에 주목하였으며, 이러한 사건을 정당화함으로써 해당 광고모델에 대한 지지를 철회하지 않으려는 소비자 집단의 반응을 다루었다. 본 연구에서는 부정적 정보의 정당화 기제를 도덕적 합리화와 도덕적 분리로 분류하였으며, 이러한 정당화가 광고모델의 신뢰성 등에 영향을 미칠 때 사건의 심각성 지각이나 소비자의 자아해석이 이러한 영향을 조절할 수 있음을 제안하였다. 설문 분석 결과, 사건의 심각성 지각이 높을수록 도덕적 합리화보다는 도덕적 분리가 소비자 반응에 더 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 소비자의 기질적 특성인 자아해석에 따라서 정당화가 소비자 반응에 미치는 영향이 다른 것으로 나타났는데, 상호의존적 자아해석의 경향성이 높을수록 도덕적 분리보다는 도덕적 합리화가 소비자 반응에 더 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 학문적으로는 유명인 광고모델 활용과 관련된 연구의 영역을 확장하였으며, 실무적으로는 유명인 광고모델의 활용과 관련된 시사점을 제공하였다.

This research aims to explore consumer responses to negative incidents involving celebrity advertising models. More specifically, this research focuses on negative incidents in which the celebrity advertising model involved has a low level of blameworthiness and explores the thought processes of consumers who maintain support for celebrity advertising models involved in such incidents. The author divides the justification process into moral rationalization and moral decoupling and suggests the two variables of perceived severity and self-construal as moderating variables that influence consumers’ justification responses toward celebrity advertising models. The results of this study show that when the perceived severity of an incident is high, moral decoupling has more of an impact on consumer response than moral rationalization. Additionally, for consumers with an interdependent-self construal, moral rationalization has a greater impact than moral decoupling on consumer response. This research is expected to expand the scope of available research on the persuasive impact of celebrity advertising models and provide practical implications for marketers.

이른바 ‘3B’는 전통적으로 주의를 유인하는 잠재력이 높다고 알려진 세 가지 광고 소재, 즉 미녀(Beauty), 동물(Beast), 아기(Baby)를 일컫는 말이다. 그러나 인간은 구조적 한계로 인해 TV화면에 담긴 영상 전체를 한 번에 이해할 수가 없다. 인간의 시각은 시야 중심에 위치한 직경 2도 정도의 작은 원을 통해 정밀한 처리를 할 수 있는데 반해, 일반적인 시청 상황에서 TV의 영상은 시청자 시야에 약 20도의 크기로 담기기 때문이다. 즉, 3B 중 하나가 광고에 등장하여 시청자의 주의를 끈다는 것은 결과적으로 동시에 같은 화면에 담긴 3B 이외의 요소들에는 상대적으로 주의투여가 이루어지지 않을 가능성이 높다는 것을 암시한다. 본 연구는 3B 중 하나인 미녀(Beauty) 모델이 등장하는 TV 광고물 5개를 감상하는 TV 시청자 29명의 시선이동을 아이트래킹 기법을 통해 관찰한 결과를 정리해 보고한 것이다. 총 145개의 결과 동영상들을 분석한 결과, 미녀 모델은 빈도와 시간 측면에 있어 광고되는 제품의 모습 또는 기타 제품 관련 요소보다 확연히 우월한 주의유인력을 보이는 것으로 드러났다. 그러나 다소 특이한 그래픽 기법으로 제품정보를 제시하는 기법, 모델의 동작이 제품의 모습을 부각시키는 기법, 인위적 화면 분할로 제품과 모델을 명확히 분리하는 방법, 모델이 등장하는 장면과 제품만 등장하는 장면을 교차시켜 제품과 모델이 동시에 등장하지 않도록 하는 기법, 오디오 채널을 이용해 화면의 특정 영역으로 시청자의 시선투여를 유도하는 기법 등은 비록 충분하지는 않지만 시청자의 주의를 일정량 제품으로 향하게 하는 데 효과가 있는 것으로 드러났다.

The term '3B' in advertising industry indicates 'beauty(attractive female model),' 'beast(pet),' and 'baby,' which are widely acknowledged as the elements of advertisement that are effective in attracting viewers'(readers') attention. However, the fact that the area in human's visual field in which a visual stimulus can be processed accurately is limited to only 2 degrees in visual angle and the size of a TV screen placed in viewers' visual field is normally about 20 degrees, some visual information in TV advertisement should be overlooked while the viewers' attention is attracted to a beauty, a beast, or a baby. The present study is to explore how people process TV advertisements that feature attractive female models using a device called eye-tracker. Five TV advertisements were used as the stimuli, and 29 adults in 20s~40s participated in the study. The results were obvious in that the beauties won viewers attention over various product-related elements placed in the same picture frames. However, though not sufficient, some techniques turned out to be effective in drawing viewers' attention to product-related elements, and they are as follows: (1) the uses of special graphic techniques or motions of a model employed to make product-related messages more prominent; (2) the uses of artificial layouts that bisect the screen into the one for the model and the other for the advertised product or present the model and the product one after the other repeatedly; (3) the use of narrations that direct viewers' attention to specific areas in the screen.

도시재생의 파트너십은 장기적인 지속가능성을 담보하는 핵심적 요인임에도 불구하고 어떻게(how) 파트너십이 형성되는지에 대한 통일된 모형은 부재한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 서울시 도시재생사업 을 대상으로 하여 도심산업을 활성화하는 파트너십형성이 형성될 수 있는 과정별 세부 요인에 대한 이론적 모형을 도출하고자 한다. 분석 방법은 프로세스 트레이싱(process-tracing) 사례 방법론을 활용 하였다. 분석 대상은 서울시 도시재생사업지역 중 도심산업으로 소규모 제조업 기반의 7개 사업지역을 설정하였다. 분석 결과 참여 유도를 위해 정부의 ‘인센티브’가 필요했으며, 파트너십 주체들 사이를 ‘연 결’시키는 중간지원조직의 역할이 중요했다. 그리고 중간지원조직의 ‘조정’ 기능을 통해 파트너십 당사 자들의 원활한 의사소통이 가능해 지고 ‘공유의 경험’을 축적하는 과정을 통해 파트너십이 형성된다고 보았다. 이를 통해 중범위 수준의 일반화가 가능한 파트너십 형성의 모형을 도출하였다는 점과 파트너 십의 과정에서 정부의 인센티브와 중간지원조직의 각 요인 중 역량 및 지원이 함께 중요함을 확인함 으로써 의의를 갖는다.

Although the partnership for urban regeneration is a key factor in securing long-term sustainability, there is a lack of discussion about how partnerships are formed. This study aims to how the partnership of urban regeneration governance is formed by using process tracing method, theory-building. In order to elaborate this, the process-tracing methodology, which attempts to elucidate the causality mechanism through in-case inference, was used. Among them, the theory-building was applied. The analysis required government incentives to engage, and the role of the intermediary support organization to “link” between the partners. In addition, through the coordination function of the intermediary support organization, it is possible to facilitate communication between the partners and to form a partnership by accumulating the 'sharing experience'. Through this, we identified a model of partnership formation that can be generalized at a mid-range level. In terms of the incentives of the government and the factors of the intermediary support organization, it was confirmed that capability and support were important.

재난 또는 위기와 정책변동을 연계하여 설명할 수 있는 이론과 모형에 대한 적정성 있는 학술적 논의를 하였다. Birkland의 사건관련 정책변동 모형(EPC 또는 EPL)이 Kingdon(1984, 1995)의 Multiple Streams(MS) 모델, Baumgartner와 Jones(1993)의 Punctuated Equilibrium(PE) 모델, Sabatier(1988, 1993, 1999, 2007)의 Advocacy Coalition Framework(ACF) 모델 등과의 비교를 통하여 재난사건 이후의 정책변동을 설명하는 유용성에 주목하였다. 왜냐하면 이슈형성, 의제설정, 정책결정 그리고 정책변동 과정에서 초점사건의 역할을 고려할 수 있기 때문이다. Birkland의 재난 또는 위기와 관련된 초점사건으로 명칭될 수 있는 대규모 사건이후 정부의 정책이 변동되는 과정과 메커니즘을 연구하고 초점사건 이후의 정책변동 과정에 대한 모형을 제시할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 향후에 행정학의 특성상 정책적 공헌이 중요해짐에 따라 최근의 대중의 관심을 높아지는 한국의 자연재난, 인적재난, 사회적 재난 사례를 Birkland 이론과 모형을 적용할 필요가 있다.

The objective of this research is to explore the appropriate theories and models explaining the policy change in conjunction with disasters or crises. Compared to Multiple Streams Model(Kingdon, 1984; 1985), Punctuated Equilibrium Model(Baumgartner & Jones, 1993), and Advocacy Coalition Framework Model(Sabatier, 1988; 1993; 1999; 2007), this study focuses on Event Related Policy Change Model that is relevant framework to explain the policy change after sudden events or catastrophes. Because this model makes it possible that we could consider the role of the focusing event in issue formation, agenda setting, policy making process, and policy change process. This study examines the policy change process and mechanism after catastrophes that are labeled as 'Focusing events'. Also, this research tries to make the model to understand the policy change process after focusing events. In conclusion, further study is required to explore theories and models appropriate to natural disaster, man-made disaster, and social disaster cases in Korea.

The recent trend in modern systems development can be characterized by the increasing complexity in terms of both the functionality and HW/SW scale that seems to be accelerated by the growing user requirements and the rapid advancement of technology. Among the issues of complexity, the one related to systems safety has attracted great deal of attention lately in the development of the products ranging from mass-transportation systems to defence weapon systems. As such, the incorporation of safety requirements in systems development is becoming more important. Note, however, that since such safety-critical systems are usually complex to develop, a lot of organizations and thus, engineers should participate in the development. In general, there seems to be a variety of differences in both the breadth and depth of the technical background they own. To address the problems, at first this paper presents an effective design process for safety-critical systems, which is intended to meet both the systems design and safety requirements. The result is then advanced to obtain the models utilizing the systems modeling language (SysML) that is a de facto industry standard. The use of SysML can facilitate the construction of the integrated process and also foster active communication among many participants of diverse technical backgrounds. As a case study, the model-based development of high-speed trains is discussed.

Software has been a significant part of modern society for a long time. In particular, this paper is concerned with various software development process models. Software process model is a description of the sequence of activities carried out in a software engineering project, and the relative order of these activities. It represents some of the development models namely, waterfall, v-shaped, incremental, RAD, iterative spiral and agile model. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to represent different models of software development and different aspects of each model to help the developers to select specific model at specific situation depending on customer demand.

Teaching new material and reviewing what has already been taught are two important activities in the educational process. Different students with different learning abilities need to review at different rates, that is to say, a personalized teaching process is necessary. Review has a spacing effect, namely it is most useful only if it is executed neither too soon nor too late. How should designers of educational software schedule the learning process to satisfy the need that different students learn different material? We present a mathematical model to capture the issue in idealized form. The learning abilities of students and the spacing effect of review are modeled as some input parameters’ constraints on the schedule. Our results include the optimal scheduling in accordance with which tutoring systems teach one student specific material, characteristics of the rate at which new material can be introduced under different conditions, and the reproduction of ladder-like educational process.

Nowadays, every vendor and IT service provider wants to switch into a cloud environment for better Quality of Service (QoS), Scalability, Performance and reasonable Cost. Many software developers trying to get the benefits of cloud computing and want to access the cloud environments at low cost and easy access. For this rationale and real-time cloud services, a reliable virtual platform is required. Many issues are encountering in development and deployment of these platforms regarding programming models, application architecture, APIs and services it provided. On the other hand, there are too many issues on the client side, including the limitation of tools, the interaction between client and service provider and user requirements in a specific cloud. As the cloud is inherently distributed environment, so it fabricates gaps in communication and coordination between stack holders. To cope with these obstacles and overcome challenges during software development in Cloud Computing, it is necessary to have a framework which resolves the issues and develop the software process model which meet the user requirement and provide quality of services within a time and budget. In this paper, the literature review mainly focuses on the software process model with their strength and weakness. The literature review also analyzes some attributes for software life cycle including cost, time, scalability and QoS.

With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, there is an increasing variety of methods for creating 3D models. These include innovations such as text-only generation, 2D images to 3D models, and combining images with cue words. Each of these methods has unique advantages, opening up new possibilities in the field of 3D modeling. The purpose of this study is to explore and summarize these methods in-depth, providing researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive perspective to understand the potential value of these methods in practical applications. Through a comprehensive analysis of pure text generation, 2D images to 3D models, and images with cue words, we will reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods, as well as their applicability in different scenarios. Ultimately, this study aims to provide a useful reference for the future direction of AI modeling and to promote the innovation and progress of 3D model generation technology.

The main purpose of this study is to rethink different existing models, approaches, or frameworks from the perspective of actors, groups and their interactions in public policymaking process. In particular, this article explores the level of rationality in various policy models and approaches. On a comparative view, this study analyzes characteristics, differences, and similarities of the four different approaches: rational (single-actor) models, revised rational approach including incrementalism, group (Pluralistic) approach, and synthesized (multi-factor) approaches. Policymaking is a simple linear process and is leaded by single or few groups in rational approaches. In synthesized approaches, policymaking process is considered as the outcomes of the interaction among various indivdiual actors and groups. Rationality, participant, reality, and power are important criteria for comparing the four sets of policy models and approaches. This study suggests that we need more realistic frameworks for understanding a variety of actors’ and groups’ behaviors and interactions in the policymaking process. In addition, a suggested policy process model would be simple, systematic, and broadly applicable.

본 연구의 목적은 예비 과학교사들이 중학교 과학 단원에 과학수업 모형과 탐구과정 요소를 적용하여 수업을 진행하는 과정에서 겪는 어려움을 분석하고 과학수업 전문성 향상을 위한 개선점을 찾는데 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 우선, 과학수업모형과 관련된 기존의 문헌을 근거로 하여 예비 과학교사가 과학수업모형의 각 단계를 실제 수업에서 얼마나 잘 적용하는지를 평가 할 수 있는 수업 평가지를 개발하였다. 이를 활용하여 과학수업모형을 적용한 수업 전문성 분석 결과, 예비 과학교사들은 탐구학습모형에서 ‘가설설정 단계’, 순환학습모형에서는 ‘개념적용 단계’, POE모형에서는 ‘예측 단계에서 예측한 내용을 표현하는 것’과 ‘관찰 단계에서 수용적인 피드백을 제공하는 것’, 개념변화학습모형에서는 ‘생각의 변화 검토 단계’를 실제 수업에 적용하는데 가장 큰 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 발견학습모형에서는 ‘자료 추가 제시 단계’에서, STS수업모형에서는 ‘탐색 단계와 실행 단계’에서 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 탐구과정요소를 적용한 수업 전문성 분석 결과, 예비 과학 교사들은 기초탐구과정 요소인 ‘관찰’을 실제 수업에서 가장 많이 적용한 것으로 분석되었다. 그 다음으로 통합탐구과정 요소인 ‘문제인식’, ‘변인통제’, ‘자료해석’을 수업에 많이 적용하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 예비 과학교사와의 면담 결과 과학수업에 탐구과정요소를 적용하는데 있어서 어려움을 느끼는 가장 큰 원인은 각 탐구과정요소의 의미를 명확히 이해하고 있지 못하는데 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

The purposes of this study are analyzing the difficulty, which pre-service science teachers experience while conducting classes by applying the science class models and inquiry process elements on the middle school science unit, and finding the points of improvement for enhancing the professionalism of science class. In order to achieve these purposes, the class evaluation, which could evaluate how well pre-service science teachers apply each step of the science class models in the actual class, was first developed based on the existing literature related to the science class models. After analyzing the lesson professionalism that applied the science class models by utilizing this, it showed that pre-service science teachers encounter the biggest difficulties in applying to the actual classes in the step of 'hypothesis-generation' of the inquiry learning model, the step of 'concept application' of the learning cycle model, the step of 'prediction' and 'observation' of the POE model, and the step of 'change examination of thought' of the conceptual change learning model. Also, it showed that they experienced difficulties in the step of 'additional material supporting' of the discovery learning model and in the step of 'probing and practice' of the STS class model. Second, after analyzing the lesson professionalism to which the inquiry process elements were applied, the result showed that pre-service science teachers applied 'observation,' which is the element of the basic inquiry process, on the actual classes the most. Next, it showed that they applied 'critical mind,' 'variable control,' and 'data interpretation,' which are the elements of integrated inquiry process, the most. Meanwhile, after interviewing pre-service teachers, it is analyzed that the biggest cause for them to feel difficulties in applying the inquiry process elements to the science classes is that they do not clearly understand the definition of each inquiry process element.

This squib examines how neural language models process subject and object control. Processing these two types of control requires an understanding of the structural dependency between an overt determiner phrase (DP) and a non-overt argument (PRO). By using surprisal as a complexity metric, the study tests whether two representative encoder models ? BERT and RoBERTa ? can distinguish subject control from object control. The results showed that, while the models succeeded in processing object control, they failed to process subject control. The surprisal estimates, which are expected to be higher for unlikely or unacceptable sentences, were elevated for subject inputs even in subject control sentences. This contrast between subject and object control is attributed to the statistical rarity of subject control in the corpus data, particularly regarding the subject control verb promise. Thus, model parsing relies more on statistical patterns than genuine syntactic analysis.