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This paper aims to provide a new account for the derivation of relative clauses. Under the traditional framework, relative clauses are the result of two major operations: base-generation and movement of a relative pronoun and merge of an antecedent DP with the relative clausal CP. This study reveals that this line of approach is vulnerable to issues such as the number checking of the relative CP-internal verb and co-indexing of anaphors. This study also shows that the above two issues cannot be accounted for without the violation of PIC and Binding Principle A. As discussed in the paper, a nominative relative pronoun which is based-generated cannot check the number feature of a relative CP-internal verb and co-index with anaphors. To address these issues, this study proposes that a relative clause is derived by the movement of the antecedent. This study also argues that the antecedent which moves to the edge of the relative clause after its base-generation, checks the number feature of the relative CP’s internal verb and co-indexes with anaphors consecutively. Lastly, from German data, this study suggests that the antecedent receive Case from the matrix clause, not from any constituent of the relative clause in English.

정제수/Span 80-Tween 80/화장품용 피부 미백제 계에서 PIC 방법을 이용하여 o/w 나노에멀젼을 제조하였다. 제조 온도를 30 oC에서 80 oC로 상승시킴에 따라 제조된 나노에멀젼의 입경은 150 nm에서 40 nm로 감소하여 나노에멀젼을 형성하였다. 혼합 계면활성제의 HLB를 변화함에 따라 13.0∼14.0 부근에서 가장 작은 입경을 형성하는 최적 HLB가 존재하였다. 오일/유화제의 비율이 증가하면 에멀젼의 입자 크기가 증가하였다. f ≤ 0.15 조건에서 나노에멀젼의 크기 분포는 2 개월 이상 일정하게 유지 되었다. 제조 온도의 증가는 단 분산 나노에멀젼의 제조를 가능하게 하였다. 나노에멀젼이 생성되면, Ostwald ripening에 대한 안정성은 연속 상에서 화장품용 피부 미백제의 매우 낮은 용해도로 인해 안정하였다.

Oil-in-water(o/w) nanoemulsions were prepared in the system of water/Span 80−Tween 80/long-chain paraffin oil via PIC method. With the increase of preparation temperature from 30 oC to 80 oC, the diameter of emulsion droplets decreased from 150 nm to 40 nm. By varying the HLB of mixed surfactants, we found that there was an optimum HLB around 13.0~14.0 corresponding to the minimum droplet size. The size of emulsion droplets increased upon increasing the ratio of oil/emulsifying agent. At f ≤ 0.15, the size of nanoemulsions could be kept constant more than 2 months. The increase in preparation temperature makes it possible for producing monodisperse nanoemulsions. Once the nanoemulsion is produced, the stability against Ostwald ripening is outstanding due to the extremely low solubility of the liquid paraffin oil in the continuous phase.

In this paper I present verb movement is a syntactic operation, which is a totally compliant with the suggested properties of previously accounts that verb movement is a PF operation. After recapitulating the essentials of the analysis of generative syntax and minimalist program on verb movement, I will defend the view that verb movement is a syntactic operation which allows CHL to recognize the completion of phases. After arguing that Chomsky(2001: 37-9) and others' accounts which lead to suggest excluding verb-movement from the core operation from the syntax can also be accommodated in my syntactic view I am trying to make sure that verb movement is a syntactic operation, not a phonological one suggested by Chomsky and others

In GB framework, covert operations, such as covert raising of wh-in-situ and quantifier raising, had been postulated to explain such phenomena as ACD constructions or scope interactions between the scope bearing elements. However, the recent minimalist approaches may have no way of explaining them in the framework since there is no covert operations in narrow syntax. To solve the problems, I will propose such covert operations be reconsidered and that the wh-in-situ in English be raised overtly to the outer Spec of v*P to satisfy the EPP of v*P and further be raised beyond the position through DISL. By assuming this proposal, we can get several advantages to explain the nature of human languages. First, we reduce the computational burden raised in Chomsky's(2000, 2001) approach to wh-movement constructions. The object shift of wh-element to the outer Spec of v*P causes computational complexity in Chomsky's system since the raising of wh-element is triggered just by the observance of PIC. However, we have no difficulty raising wh-element to the outer Spec of v*P since wh-element must raise to satisfy the EPP of v*P. Second, we can capture the correct reading of multiple-wh-questions eliminating the asymmetry between overt wh-movement and wh-in-situ. Finally, we can derive the object shift property of wh-movement by assuming that the shifted element in the outer Spec of v*P further raises beyond the position through wh-movement or TH/EX.

A wh-in-situ must be somehow associated with C, possibly as a way of scope taking, in order to ensure proper interpretation. So far, there have been two approaches concerning the fact that a wh-in-situ can have both a wide and a narrow scope. One is that a wh-in-situ undergoes movement at LF to the Spec of Comp by Aoun, Hornstein, and Sportiche(1981), Chomsky(1981), Hung(1982), Kayne(1984), Lasnik and Saito(1984), May(1985), Watanabe(1992), Tanaka(1999), and so on. The other is that a wh-in-situ does not undergo LF-movement at all and it is unselectively bound by the Q-operator instead. This approach was done by Pesetsky(1987), Stroik(1992), Aoun and Li(1993), Tsai(1994), Reinhart (1995), and so forth. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to explain why a wh-in-situ has an ambiguous interpretation. This approach along with the assumptions of Chomsky(1998, 1999) assumes that a null operator with an uninterpretable [wh] feature and an interpretable [Q] feature undergoes XP-movement overtly. With these assumptions, this paper shows that the reason that a wh-in-situ has both a wide and a narrow scope is the result of null operator movement to the position where the scope is marked.

필드 프로그래머블 포토닉 게이트 어레이(FPPGA)는 광 회로를 사용자의 목적에 맞게 동적으로 재구성할 수 있어, 통신 네트워크, 양자 컴퓨팅, RF 신호 처리 등 다양한 응용 분야에서 활용될 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 다양한 응용 에 적용 가능한 프로그래머블 광 회로를 구현하기 위해서는 입출력 단자와 게이트의 수가 증가하게 되고, 그에 따라 제어 파라미터의 수도 늘어나게 되다. 그리고, 이와 같은 복잡한 광학 시스템에서 원하는 기능을 구현하기 위한 최적의 파라미터를 찾는 것은 어려운 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 MEMS 기반으로 구현 된 FPPGA 를 효과적으로 활용하기 위하 여, 해당 구조를 기반으로 역전파 기법을 적용한 파라미터 최적화 시뮬레이션 도구를 개발하였다. 이 시뮬레이션 도구는 제작된 FPPGA의 게이트 구조와 1:1로 매핑되어, 사용자의 목적에 맞게 광 회로의 파라미터를 효율적으로 설정할 수 있다. 이를 통해 광 신호 라우팅, 주파수 분할 다중화, 신경망 기반 숫자 인식 등 다양한 응용에서 효과적인 파라미터 최적화가 가능함을 입증하였다. 본 연구를 통해 우리는 FPPGA의 실용성을 높이고, 전문 지식이 없는 사용자도 효과적 으로 활용할 수 있는 FPPGA용 인터프리터 제작의 기반을 마련하였다.

Field Programmable Photonic Gate Arrays (FPPGA) can be dynamically reconfigured to meet user objectives, enabling their application in various fields such as communication networks, quantum computing, and RF signal processing. However, implementing programmable optical circuits suitable for such diverse applications requires increasing the number of input/output terminals and gates, which consequently increases the number of control parameters. As a result, finding the optimal parameters to realize desired functionalities in these complex optical systems becomes a challenging task. In this paper, to utilize MEMS-based FPPGA more effectively, we developed a parameter optimization simulation tool that applies backpropagation techniques to their architecture. This simulation tool directly maps onto the gate structure of the fabricated FPPGA, allowing efficient configuration of optical circuit parameters in alignment with user objectives. We demonstrated that effective parameter optimization is achievable in various applications, including optical signal routing, frequency division multiplexing, and neural network-based digit recognition. Our research enhances the practicality of FPPGAs and lays the groundwork for developing an FPPGA interpreter that can be effectively used by users without specialized knowledge.

The paper makes a brief introduction of Multiple Carrier- Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) scheme based on the principles of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and CDMA, and a mathematical model of the uplink is established in MC-CDMA system. The simulation research on different multi-user detection methods in MC-CDMA system is implemented by using MATLAB software, and it also compares the impacts to system performance by several different multi-user detection methods, such as De-Correlation (DEC) multi-user detection, Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) multi-user detection and Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) multi-user detection, based on understanding and analyzing the experimental results. In addition, the paper also focuses on the research of multi level PIC multi-user detection performance in different primary detection methods and different series detections.

2014년 10월 12일에 발효된 나고야의정서는 생물다양성협약의 목표 중 하나인 유전자원에 대한 접근 및 이익공유를 구체화한 조약이다. 동 의정서는 자원보유국의 유전자원 및 관련 전통지식을 이용하는 경우, 사전통보승인과 상호합의조건을 바탕으로, 유전자원 제공자와 이용자 간 공정하고 형평한 이익공유를 하도록 규정하고 있다. 따라서 이 조약 체제 내에서는 자원 제공국의 유전자원에 대한 주권이 강화되고, 이익공유 요구가 국제법적 정당성을 갖게 된다. 그런데 이는 유전자원 이용자에게 비용증가가 초래될 것으로 예견되는바, 유전자원 제공국과 이용국, 제공자와 이용자 간의 분쟁 발생가능성을 배태하고 있다. 따라서 본고는 발생 가능한 분쟁원인과 그에 따른 분쟁해결절차를 분류해보고자 하였다. 그러한 분류 중, 나고야의정서 당사국 중 WTO회원국들의 통상관련 조치가 WTO 의무에 위반되는 경우, WTO 분쟁해결절차에 제소가 가능하다. 본고는 (i) 수출통제조치, (ii) 보조금 교부, (iii) ABS준수 인증 마크 부착을 예시로 기존 판례와 법리를 바탕으로 GATT/WTO규범 합치성을 살펴보았다. 이는 향후 나고야의정서 이행과정에서 발생 가능한 통상관련조치를 도입하는데 시사 하는 바가 클 것으로 보인다.

The Nagoya Protocol, entered into force on 12 October 2014, is an international agreement which aims at sharing the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way between providers and users. This benefit sharing mechanism is based on PIC and MAT, when users utilize genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. This reinforces state sovereignty over its genetic resources, and creates reciprocal rights and obligations between users and providers. Meanwhile, this mechanism would trigger cost increase for users, which means this protocol might embed potential conflicts among nations, providers and users. In these circumstances, this article is intended to examine which dispute settlement mechanism can be used, by categorizing cause of potential conflicts. Particularly, WTO member states that joined the Nagoya protocol will have obligations under not only WTO rules but also this protocol. When the trade- related measures conducted by these states are inconsistent with WTO rules, these measures can be handled at the WTO Dispute Settlement process. Representatively, those issues are potential: (i) export- restriction, (ii) subsidy, (iii) ABS compliance labelling. These issues are examined in this article based on the established WTO cases and jurisprudence, which can have implications for the Korean government and its bio-industry.

Lee, Eunkyeong. “Multiple Agree Reconsidered and Case Potentiality in Coordination.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.1 (2011): 273-97. This paper sheds light on the revised Multiple Agree handling asymmetric Case checking and Case potentiality of coordinated conjuncts(DP1 & DP2) occupying Spec of TP. PIC(phase impenetrability condition) insists that outside checker can not assign Case to two conjuncts directly within ConjP. Yet, whereas the previous Multiple Agree emphasizes Case checking’s simultaneity, the revised Multiple Agree is readily available to check Case(DP1, DP2) sequentially but not simultaneously into ConjP. It reflects that T’s multiple subproperty is not discharged until local DP1 and non-local DP2 are checked off in turn. One step further, unexpected Case form shown in Spec of TP is regarded as invisible Case potentiality which is handed over from Head(&) by Case Percolation. (Chonbuk University)

This paper proposes Korean Case-Licensing System by Phase in terms of which Korean Case-License System can be explained more clearly. It is well known that Cases can be marked multiply in Korean. Many attempts are made to show this multiple marking phenomena in Korean manifestly.In chapter 2, we look into 'Covert Multiple Agree' suggested by Hiraiwa (2001). Since his analysis is based upon Agree which is carried out by probe P c-commanding goal G, if two elements (P and G) are not in the c-commanding relation within a sentence, there is no way to license Case of G. Next, we examine 'Case License by focus' conducted by Jung (2000, 2001). Under this system, there arises a crucial problem : nominative case of the second NP in the Dative-Nominative Construction is licensed as default Case. On the other hand, Choi (2009) suggests 'Case-License by heads' (Agr and v), which has difficulties in justifying Head-movement of v to T, dealing with DP as a Phase, and the operation Agree not observing Phase Impenetration Condition (PIC). In Chapter 3, in order to overcome theses problems mentioned the above, we present 'Case License by Phase' under which while nominative Case is licensed within CP Phase, accusative Case is licensed within v*P. Under such a system, we solve the problems mentioned the above.In Chapter 4, our system is applied to some other constructions : Long-form Negation Construction, Verbal Noun Construction, Secondary Predication Construction, Negative Copula Construction, 'toyta (become)' Construction and ECM Construction.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of Agree in situ about ATB-movement in a coordinate structure. In Minimalist Inquires and Derivation by Phase (Chomsky 2000, 2001), Chomsky proposes a theory of AGREE, in which there is, in principle, no movement at all. In Agree theory, agreement between a probe and its goal can lead feature checking in situ. In coordinate structures, however, there are some problems with regard to DIC and PIC when we take a look at the relation between agreement and merge. In this paper, adopting a version of Hiraiwa's (2001, 2004) conception of Multiple Agree, I attempted to solve these problems by using a Chain Uniformity Principle in the Probe Theory of Parallel Derivation. (Konyang University)

현재 군부대 신병훈련소 및 경찰훈련, 서바이벌 게임장에 적용된 전술훈련시스템은 개활지 및 야지에서 별도의 훈련시스템이 없는 재래식 훈련 방식을 통한 훈련으로서, 실질적인 전장 상황 묘사에 따른 훈련성과를 기대하기 어렵다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 현재 사용되고 있는 전술훈련시스템의 문제점을 개선하고, 고성능 MICOM을 탑재한 PCB를 이용하여 센서 감지, PC와 연동을 무선으로 제어하는 컨트롤러 및 실시간 전술훈련 평가 모니터링 시스템을 개발하고 GUI방식의 전술훈련 평가시스템을 설계 했다. 전술훈련 평가시스템은 센서 컨트롤 모듈과 전술훈련시스템을 원격으로 통제하고 훈련병들의 행동요령에 따른 훈련을 평가할 수 있고, 전술 훈련 시스템을 위한 센서 컨트롤러는 센서입력포트에 반사형 및 투과형 등을 상황에 맞게 선택적으로 설치할 수 있으며, 전장상황 묘사를 위한 24V 하드웨어 구동 모듈이다.

Nowadays, For that reason, the tactical training system that were applied to recruit training center and police training, a real-life survivor game place is a drill using conventional training methods that there is no special training system at open terrain and field, there is no training accomplishment in conformity with battlefield situation portrayal. Therefore, this paper developed the tactical training evaluation system and real-time monitoring system that is compensated the defect and controlled sensing, interlock with PC as wireless a way of GUI using PCB mounted MICOM. This system evaluate drill that regulate sensor control module, tactical training system remotely according to what they should do, is installed to fit the occasion as to be reflected or transmission choosingly and is a 24V H/W drive module.

나고야의정서상의 PIC을 위한 유전자원 및 관련 전통지식에 대한 접근절차의 마련은 이제 당사국들의 필연한 과제가 되었다. 우리나라는 유전자원법 제9조에 따라 국내 유전자원에 대한 외국인의 접근신고와 변경신고를 의무화함과 동시에, 유전자원법 제10조에 따라 관계 중앙행정기관장들의 협의에 의한 고시로서 접근신고 예외나 간소화절차를 마련할 수 있다. 본문에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 우리나라 유전자원법 제10조는 나고야의정서 제4조와 제8조를 기초로 볼 때, 치료제개발이나 식량안보의 긴급상황의 경우에 접근신고 예외를 인정하고, 순수 연구목적의 비상업적 이용인 경우로서 그 목적의 변경이 없는 경우에는 접근신고 간소화절차를 적용하는 것이 적절해 보인다. 다만, 예외의 의미를 ‘엄격한 평가의 배제’를 의미한다고 볼 때, 유전자원정보관리센터의 관리 업무수행을 위해 일정한 요식행위로서의 접근신고는 필요하다고 보아 이에 필요한 ‘접근신고의 간소화 방법’을 마련하여 적용할 수도 있을 것이다. 여기에서 접근신고의 간소화절차라 함은 ‘국내 유전자원등의 접근 신고서’상의 ①부터 ⑭항목까지의 최소내용의 신고, 접근신고시 수수료 면제, 온라인 접근신고의 접수, 사후신고의 허용 등을 들 수 있다. 그런데 우리나라는 일반 개도국처럼 접근절차를 강화하기보다는 이용국 입장으로서 유전자원 이용자의 부담을 경감시키는 방향을 설정함과 동시에 국제사회의 상호주의에 유념하여 유전자원의 제공국과 이용국 간의 적절한 조화를 도모할 필요가 있다. 또한 긴급사태의 경우일지라도 해당 유전자원에 대한 국내적 필요를 고려해야 하며, 관계 중앙행정기관들의 협의를 통한 적극적인 협업을 통해 특별고려사항에 대한 국가의 재량행위를 최대한 활용하여야 할 것이다.

The establishment of access procedures to the Genetic Resources and the Traditional Knowledge associated with Genetic Resources for the Prior Informed Consent under the Nagoya Protocol has now become an inevitable task for the Parties. In accordance with Article 9 of the Act on Genetic Resources, the Korean government has made it mandatory for foreigners to report access to and change of the domestic genetic resources. At the same time, in accordance with Article 10 of the Act on Genetic Resources, it is possible to prepare an exception of access declaration or simplification procedure as a notice by consultation between the heads of relevant central administrative agencies. As we have seen in the text, Article 10 of the Act on Genetic Resources of Korea recognizes the exception of the access declaration in the case of emergency of the development of therapeutic drugs or food security on the basis of Articles 4 and 8 of the Nagoya Protocol and, in the case of non-commercial use for pure research purposes, if there is no change, it seems appropriate to apply the procedure for simplifying the access declaration. However, considering that the meaning of the exception is 'exclusion of strict evaluation', it is necessary to declare the access as a plain formal act for the management of the Genetic Resource Information Management Center. Here, the simplification procedure of access declaration is to report the minimum content from ① to ⑭ items in the 'access declaration of domestic genetic resources', exemption of fee for access declaration, acceptance of online access declaration, and allowing for post-declaration. However, rather than strengthening access procedures as in the case of general developing countries, Korea need to set a direction to alleviate the burden of users of genetic resources as a user country and at the same time be mindful of the reciprocity of the international society, It is necessary to make appropriate harmony between the donor country and the user country. Therefore, it is necessary to promote appropriate harmonization between the providers and users of genetic resources. In addition, even in case of emergency, domestic needs for the genetic resources should be considered, and active cooperation should be made through the consultation of relevant central administrative agencies to make full use of the state's discretionary act on special consideration.

In our country millions of peoples are affected by diabetes. In future, this range will get increased as said by the World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetes is a chronic disease and has the high risk of heart attack, stroke and in later stages cause blindness, kidney failure. This is mainly associated with insulin production and its action. Hence to recover the diabetic patients from these risks, insulin must be given periodically to the persons. Nowadays insulin is given to the diabetic patients by injector, inhaler or by syringes. This is not a precise method to sustain our blood glucose level. So to manage the problems related with this complex disease, automatic insulin pump provides the better blood glucose level maintained by injecting the insulin at regular intervals. This insulin pump supply distinctly limited dosage of insulin to diabetic persons who require multiple injections daily to maintain their glucose level in blood. This system automatically provides insulin at predefined times regularly, so that they keep control of blood glucose level.

본 연구에서는 스페인어의 두 가지 원거리 이동 사례에 대한 최소주의적 분석을 제시한다. 국면침투불가조건(Phase Impenetrability Condition)은 국면의 가장자리를 거치는 연쇄-순환식 이동을 강요한다. 즉, 국면(CP, vP) 밖으로의 이동은 반드시 국면의 가장자리(CP의 지정어, vP의 지정어)를 거쳐야만 한다. 그런데 스페인어에는 CP 밖으로 이동하는 요소가 CP의 지정어를 거치지 않는 두 가지 사례가 존재한다. 하나는 Fernández-Salgueiro(2008; 2011a; b)가 제시한 것이고 다른 하나는 Torrego(1984)가 제시한 것이다. 따라서 본고에서는 국면침투불가조건을 어기는 것처럼 보임에도 불구하고 이러한 이동이 허용되는 이유를 설명하는 방안을 모색해보고자 한다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 국면확대(phase extension)는 통사적 이동뿐만 아니라 의미적 선택을 통해서도 일어날 수 있다는 Kim Sun-Woong(2009)의 주장을 수용한다. 그의주장에 따르면 V가 CP를 선택하면 CP에서 VP로 국면확대가 발생하며 그 결과 국면 CP가 국면성을 상실하게 된다. 본고에서는 의미적 선택에 의한 국면확대는 원거리 이동을 하는 요소가 국면침투불가조건을 위반하지 않으면서 CP의 지정어를 건너뛸 수 있도록 해준다고 주장하고자 한다. 바로 이런 이유 때문에 본고에서 제시한 두 가지 사례에서 CP의 지정어를 건너뛰는 원거리 이동이 가능케 된다.

This paper provides aminimalist analysis of two cases of long-distance movement in Spanish. The PIC forces successive-cyclic movement via phase edges. That is, movement out of a phase(CP, vP) must proceed through the edge of a phase(Spec,CP, SpecvP). In Spanish, however, there exist two cases in which the element undergoing movement out of CP does not pass through SpecCP. One example was provided by Fernández-Salgueiro(2008; 2011a; b) and the other one was provided by Torrego(1984). Thus, we try to look for a way of accounting for why this movement is allowed in spite of appearing to violate the PIC. For this we adopt Kim Sun-Woong(2009)’s claim that phase extension can take place either via syntacticmovement or via semantic selection. According to his claim, when V selects CP, phase extension takes place from CP to VP and as a consequence CP comes to lose its phasehood. We claim that phase extension via semantic selection makes it possible for the element undergoing long-distance movement to skip SpecCP without yielding a PIC violation. This is the reason why the long-distance movement skipping SpecCP is allowed in the two examples.