Earticle

『玉歷寶鈔』는 중국인들이 즐겨 읽는 대표적인 勸善書로 중국인들의 통속적인 보편정서나 사회규범이 투영되어 전통시대부터 현대까지 광범한 대중적 인기를 누리고 있다. 특히 淸末民初 크게 유행하여 중국 전역에서 지역특색이 반영된 다양하고 개성적인 판본이 제작 ․ 보급된 『玉歷寶鈔』 에는 대중들이 쉽게 이해하고 공감할 수 있는 神祗와 권선 또는 지옥형벌장면이 삽입되어 보급수단으로 활용되었다. 『옥력보초』 삽도는 윤회전생에 입각하여 生前부터 死后까지, 혹은 冥界를 轉轉한 후 환생하기까지의 과정이 도설되어 있다. 여기에 등장하는 神祗들의 종교적 출처는 도교 ․ 불교 ․ 유교 ․ 민간신앙이 망라되어있으며, 주요신지는 觀音 ․ 地藏圖, 酆都 ․ 東嶽 ․ 靈宵 ․ 威靈顯赫大帝圖, 十殿閻王圖와 地獄刑罰圖, 六道輪迴圖, 接引亡靈圖, 孟婆圖, 勿迷道人受卷圖 등이다. 이중 주제와 표현 방법 면에서 전형성을 갖추고 있는 『重刊玉歷至寶鈔』를 선별하여 이 류의 삽도의 시각적 묘술에 대해 검토하고, 다음의 세 가지로 정리해보았다. 즉 ‘문자의 시각화’를 통해 책의 내용이 두루 반영되어 쉽게 이해할 수 있는 도설이라는 점과 ‘회화기술의 운용’에서 화면구성, 구도, 모티프 등에서 다양한 회화적 기술이 총체적으로 동원되어 효과적인 시각적 이해에 공들인 점, 또 ‘소재의 효용적 선별’에서는 대중들에게 접근함에 있어 친숙하고 공감할 수 있는 소재를 선별하였던 점들이다. 『옥력보초』처럼 복합적인 요소들을 총체적으로 다룬 서책에 있어서 『중간옥력지보초』 삽도는 책의 내용을 집약해 대중적인 공감을 얻었고 지속적으로 애호받고 있어 중국 전통시대 삽화에 대해 이해를 넓힐 수 있었다.

The Treasures of the Jade Calendar (Yuli Baochao), once one of the most widely read books in China, was written to promote virtuous deeds through a series of episodes reflecting the folk beliefs and social norms shared by the common people of China. The book enjoyed great popularity around the end of the nineteenth century in particular when the Qing dynasty was overthrown by the Republican revolution, during which it was published in many different editions to reflect diverse regional customs and traditions. These new editions contained many illustrations designed to help the reader better understand the meanings of the divine world, virtuous deeds, and punishments in hell. The illustrations in The Treasures are largely based on the Buddhist idea of samsara, the cycle of life and death through which one is destined to travel until one’s rebirth. The deities and hellish visions introduced in the book originated from Daoism, Buddhism, Confucianism and local folk beliefs, including Avalokitesvara, Ksitigarbha, dongak ․ yeongso ․ wiryeonghyeonhyeokdaejedo, sipjeonyeomyangdo, jiokhyeongbeoldo(illustration of punishments in hell), yukdoyunhoedo, jeopinmangryeongdo, maengpado, and mulmidoinsugwondo. The main discussion of this study is focused on the visual devices adopted in The Revised Treasures of the Jade Calendar, which contains various archetypal features in terms of the subject and the method of expression. The conclusion of the study is as follows: First, the illustrations are designed to help the reader understand the subject more easily through the ‘visualization’ of the texts. Second, the illustrations were chosen to promote a more effective visual understanding by exploiting various painting techniques related to composition and motif in a comprehensive manner. Third, the author of the book chose subjects which he believed would be easily accepted by ordinary people as these were familiar features of their daily life. The two books, The Treasures of the Jade Calendar and The Revised Treasures of the Jade Calendar, were received enthusiastically by ordinary readers in China because the illustrations helped them better understand the subject matter of the books, which are regarded as a great source of knowledge about the illustrations traditionally used in China.

정지용은 인습적 시어 기호를 창조적으로 변용하여 활용한 시인으로 평가된다. 그의 작품에서는 전통과 근대를 가교하고자 하는 의식이 드러난다. 본고는 정지용의 전통 수용방식을 바다와 산이라는 두 기호의 변용을 통해 규명하고자 한다. 시 ｢고향｣(1932), ｢다시해협｣(1935), ｢갈릴레아 바다｣(1933)에서 바다는 공간적 피안의 지위에서 탈각하여 화자의 일상과 내면을 구성하는 근대적 시간의 무대로 재편된다. 시 ｢백록담｣(1939)에서 신체의 극한적 소진이라는 근대적 경험을 통해 산의 절정은 외경의 성역에서 탈신성화되며, 고전 자연 기호들은 관념적 상징이 아닌 감각적 물질로 재배치된다. 시 ｢호랑나비｣(1941)에서 청산은 고전시가에서의 외경과 귀의의 공간이 아니라, 정사(情死)라는 근대적 주제의식이 전개되는 생사(生死) 교차의 장으로 변용된다. 정지용은 전통과의 단절 대신 과거시어에 현재적 의미를 부여하는 방식으로, 공간적 기호를 시간적 기호로 전이시켰다. 이는 칼리니스쿠가 지적한 유토피아 개념의 공간적 성격이 근대에 이르러 시간적 성격으로 변환되는 양상과 맥락을 같이한다. 정지용은 고전의 인습에 얽매이지 않으면서도 과거 시어의 가치를 현재 속에 새롭게 창출한 시인이었다.

Jeong Ji-yong has often been regarded as a poet who creatively transforms and redeploys conventional poetic form. His work is remarkable in the way it reveals a persistent effort to bridge tradition and modernity. This paper explores a poet’s mode of appropriating tradition by tracing how he reconfigures two major motifs, seas and mountains. In the poems “Hometown” (1932), “Straits Again” (1935), and “The Sea of Galilee” (1933), the sea is stripped of its status as a spatial beyond and reorganized as a stage of modern time that shapes the speaker’s everyday life and interiority. In “Tiger Butterfly” (1941), the Jade green mountains are no longer a space of awe, as it is in classical poetry, but is transformed into a scene where the modern theme of double suicide unfolds and where life and death intersect. This transformation is further deepened in “Baengnokdam” (1939). Through the modern experience of bodily exhaustion at the limit, the mountain summit is stripped of its sacred status as an object of reverence, and classical nature motifs are redistributed as sensuous material rather than abstract symbols. Rather than severing ties with tradition, the poet shifts spatial signifiers into temporal ones by endowing inherited poetic diction with contemporary meanings. This strategy resonates with Calinescu’s observation that the concept of utopia, initially spatial in character, is redefined in modernity in predominantly temporal terms. Jeong was a poet who, without being bound by classical conventions, re-created the value of traditional poetic language within the present.

본고에서는 가키노모토노 히토마로(人麻呂)의 ‘옥 어깨띠’(玉だすき)의 ‘진혼’(魂振り)과 주술적 의미의 실체에 대하여 고찰해보고자 한 것이다. 실제로 히토마로의 ‘옥 어깨띠’는 ‘저포’(木綿)의 성분을 띤 것으로 ‘저포 조화’(木綿花乃, ◎199), ‘염색한 삼베’(染木綿, ★2496), ‘저포 어깨띠’(木綿手次, 420)와 같은 ‘미테구라’(幣帛, 1403)를 말한다. 이는 곧 ‘저포’(木綿)나 ‘삼베’(麻)으로 된 ‘누사’(幣)를 걸치고 신성한 신에게 제사 지내는 주술적 성격을 가지는 초혼의 도구이기도 한 것이다. 한편, 히토마로의 필적과 유사한 니후왕의 방카(挽歌, 420)에서도 ‘일곱 마디 골풀’(七相菅)과 ‘칠지도’의 칠(七)로 연상되는 도교의 주술문화의 전래과정을 유추해 볼 수 있겠다. 더구나, 히토마로의 ‘옥 어깨띠’와 관련한 ‘후리사케미루’(振放見, 199)와 ‘소데후루’(袖曾振, 207)의 지명 관련 노래에서는 유독 이소노카미 신궁의 ‘후루’와 연계되어(★2417) 읊어지고 있다는 점을 감안해보면, 이는 곧 진혼과 초혼에 쓰이는 ‘직물’(布帛)’로 신이 빙의하는 주술 도구라는 사실을 알 수 있다. 또한, 히토마로의 ‘어깨띠’의 원류인 ‘히레’(天領巾,◎210․白栲天領巾,◎213, 細比礼乃☆1694)의 표현에는, 칠석전설에서 베 짜는 여신(직녀)과의 交信에서 유래된 주술 종교적 실체이자 신궁에 바쳐지는 공물로, ‘후루’(振)와 ‘하라에’(祓) 의식 때 사용하는 불제의 주구적 성격을 나타낸 실증적 자료라는 것을 논증할 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 히토마로의 ‘어깨띠’ 표현과 관련하여 일찍이 漢나라 詩賦에서도 무속에 의한 스토리 전개를 볼 수 있겠다. 이는 곧, 魏晋시대에 강남지역의 옛 샤머니즘을 기반으로 한 3세기경 도교의 주술적 신앙형태와 일맥상통한 풍습을 나타낸 것으로 동일한 종교형태가 신라와 특히 백제 선인들에 의해 일본으로 전래 된 루트를 유추해 볼 수 있을 것이다.

In this paper, we considered the ‘Soul swing(魂振り)’ and the magical meaning of Hitomaro's ‘Tama Dasuki’（Jade shoulder strap）notation. The sacred god festival is described in the notation such as ‘Mulberry cloth’(楮布), ‘Ramie flower’(木綿花◎199), ‘Beach ramie’(浜木綿◎496) ‘Mitegura cloth’(幣帛,1403), 'Ramie shoulder strap’(木綿手次,420), ‘Dyed ramie’(染木綿,★2496), etc. It is known to represent a magical tool used in the rituals of Japan. On the other hand, it is possible to infer the process of introduction of Taoist witchcraft culture by using the numbers 7 of ‘Sugakusa’(七節菅, A seven-node Sedge) and ‘Seven-Branched Sword’(七支刀) in the No.420 song, which resembles Hitomaro's handwriting. Continuing, consider the circumstances in which it is used together with Isonogami Shrine in the song phrase “Look back and look up at 199” linked with Hitomaro's “Jade Shoulder Strap” and the place name that was written as “Sleeve shaking 207”. For example, it is presumed that this was the “Ramie cloth” used during requiem and rituals, and was the surrender of God. In conclusion, it was discovered that Hitomaro's "Shoulder strap" was a "Waving" curse tool used as a gift at the Shrine ritual and at the time of "Harae rituals" It can be inferred that this is exactly the root of the sect of Gangnam around the 3rd century, which was passed down by the predecessors of Ancient Silla and Baekje.

은허 유적에서 출토된 상대 후기의 많은 옥기는 생산 과정에서 뛰어난 기술적, 예술적 수준을 보여준다. 특히 쌍음제양(雙陰擠陽)과 일면파(一面坡) 등 두 가지 공예는 은허 유 적에서 발전을 이루었고 다양하게 응용되어, 동일한 시기에 속하는 모든 유적지 가운데서 도 양과 질 등의 여러 측면에서 선도적인 위치를 차지했다. 이와 유사한 공예는 은허 이외 에도 텅저우(滕州) 첸장다(前掌大) 묘지, 링스(靈石) 징제(旌介) 묘지, 신간(新干) 다양저 우(大洋洲) 묘지, 후난(湖南) 닝샹(寧鄕) 황차이(黃材) 싼무디(三畝地) 등의 유적지에서 발견되었다. 이와 같은 사실은 상 나라가 핵심 통치 구역에서는 이러한 선진 제옥(製玉) 기술에 대해 어느 정도 기술적인 통제를 시행했지만, 변경 지역과 인접한 다른 문화 지역 에 대해서는 그와는 다른 정책과 교류 방식을 채택했을 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

During the Late Shang Dynasty, a large number of jade artifacts unearthed from the Yinxu ruins showed excellent technical and artistic level in the production process. In particular, the two technologies of Shuangyinjiyang and yimianpo have been uniquely developed and applied in the Yinxu ruins, making it occupy a leading position in both quantity and quality among all the sites in the same period. In addition to Yinxu, similar crafts can also be found in Tengzhou Qianzhangda Cemetery, Lingshi Jingjie Cemetery, Xingan Dayangzhou Cemetery, and Hunan Ningxiang Huangcai Sanmudi ruins. This suggests that the central government of the Shang Dynasty exercised a certain degree of technological monopoly on these advanced jade-making techniques in its core ruling area, while it may have adopted different policies and methods of exchange for the frontier areas and other adjacent cultural regions.

본 연구는 나다니얼 호손의 『주홍 글씨(The Scarlet Letter)』와 드라마 <축옥(逐玉, Pursuit of Jade)>을 교차 분석하여, 서로 다른 시대·문화·매체적 조건 속에서 여성 주체성이 억압적 질서에 대응하며 재구성되는 방식을 고찰한다. 두 작품은 각각 17세기 청교도 사회와 가부장적 신분 질서를 배경으로, 여성 인물이 사회적 규범과 권력 구조에 맞서 자신의 위치와 정체성을 새롭게 구성하는 과정을 보여준다. 헤스터 프린(Hester Prynne) 과 번장옥(Fan Changyu)은 사회가 부여한 낙인과 취약성을 수동적으로 받아들이는 희생자에 머물지 않고, 이를 생존과 자립을 위한 전략이자 주체성 형성의 자원으로 전환한다. 그러나 두 인물이 억압에 대응하는 방식에는 뚜렷한 차이가 나타난다. 헤스터가 고립된 노동과 돌봄, 침묵과 인내를 통해 사회가 부여한 낙인의 의미를 재구성하고 상징적 전복을 이루는 주체라면, 번장옥은 권력 구조 내부로 진입하여 능동적인 연대와 협상, 관계 조직을 통해 제도적 힘을 획득하는 조직적 행위자이다. 본 연구는 이러한 차이를 여성 주체성의 단선적인 발전이나 시대적 진화로 해석하지 않고, 각 작품의 역사적·문화적 배경과 서사 장르 및 매체 조건에 따라 형성된 상이한 주체화 방식으로 파악한다. 이를 통해 억압적 질서에 대응하는 여성 인물의 저항과 실천이 각 텍스트에서 어떠한 방식으로 구체화되는지를 규명하고, 문학과 영상 서사를 아우르는 비교문화적 여성 주체성 연구의 확장 가능성을 제시한다.

This study compares Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and the drama Pursuit of Jade to examine how female subjectivity is reconstructed under oppressive social orders. Set respectively in seventeenth-century Puritan society and a patriarchal status system, the two texts portray women redefining their identities within restrictive gender and power structures. Hester Prynne and Fan Changyu refuse to remain passive victims of stigma and vulnerability, transforming these conditions into resources for survival, independence, and self-formation. Their responses to oppression, however, differ significantly. Hester redefines the meaning of social stigma through labor, care, silence, and endurance, thereby achieving symbolic resistance. By contrast, Fan enters the existing power structure and acquires institutional agency through solidarity, negotiation, and organized social relationships. Rather than interpreting these differences as evidence of a linear evolution of female subjectivity, this study understands them as distinct modes of subject formation shaped by each text’s historical, cultural, generic, and medial conditions. It thereby demonstrates how women’s resistance and agency are represented differently in literary and screen narratives and expands the scope of comparative studies on female subjectivity.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) poses the highest rate of vulnerability to cloud computing in terms of availability with ability to destruct the Data-Center (DC) resources. The fortunate part of the attackers is these kinds of attacks are easier to launch the obscure flood towards victim DC and the unfortunate part of detection mechanism is to uncover the attack events and to protect the victim. In order to adapt and automate the detection mechanism in large scale network, agent based detection helps in improving the efficiency of detection. An increase in the network scale will also require the increase in agents deployed in the network to detect the vulnerability DDoS attack threats. This agent based DDoS Mechanism not only protects against huge DDoS flood, but also distinguishes the traffic characteristics by continuous traffic probing to classify the flash crowd traffic event and DDoS attack threat. Jade tool is used to simulate the experiment for our proposed detection scheme.

Considering the complexity of flexible workshop scheduling, combined with plant production process characteristics and constraints, we constructed a multi-agent system model to solve multi-objective flexible workshop scheduling problems. This paper proposed an algorithm which was a combination of the ant colony algorithm and Q-learning algorithm. This paper also analyzed and implemented how to solve the workshop scheduling optimization problem. Finally, this paper proved the validity of methods to solve the multi-objective flexible workshop scheduling optimization problems with examples on JADE platform.

Recent days, the systems based on mobile agents have attracted the attention of many researchers in different areas, because of the autonomic and pro-active aspects of the agent, as well as its adaptive and dynamic behaviors in solving complex problems. However, the mobility of these entities needs to be secured against multiple vulnerabilities that present a real obstacle to its wide expansion. When the mobile agent is migrating from one node to another over the network, it is difficult to guarantee that it will be executed safely and correctly on the hosting platform, neither that it will not encounter in its way malicious entities that try to harm it. In this paper, we try to address these security issues by introducing an approach based on cryptographic mechanisms. This approach involves an Identity-Based Key Agreement Protocol to get a session key and ensure authentication, an Advanced Standard Encryption (AES) for the confidentiality of data exchanged, as well as a Binary Serialization to get an easy and persistent portability of the agent across the network.

An efficient Stone’s BSS (ESBSS) algorithm is proposed based on the joint between original Stone’s BSS (SBSS) and genetic algorithm (GA). Original Stone’s BSS has several advantages compared with independent component analysis (ICA) techniques, where the BSS problem in Stone’s BSS is simplified to generalized eigenvalue decomposition (GEVD), but it’s susceptible to the local minima problem. Therefore, GA is used to overcome this problem and to enhance the separation process. Performance of the proposed algorithm is first tested through a different pdf source, followed by artifact extraction test for EEG mixtures then compared with the original Stone’s BSS (SBSS) and other BSS algorithms. The results demonstrate proposed algorithm efficiency in real time blind extraction of both super-Gaussian and sub-Gaussian signals from their mixtures.

In modern society, aging and chronic disease is becoming common due to the increasing numbers of elderly patients. To best treat this growing segment of the population, medical care should be based on constant vital sign monitoring. In this study, we propose a mobile vital sign measurement and data collection system for chronic disease management. . And we implemented a middle ware using Multi-Agent platform in SOS (Self-Organizing System) platform that transmits patient clinical data for services. We also implemented a HL7 messaging interface for interoperability of clinical data exchange. We propose health services on a self-organized software platform.

e-shopping has grown in popularity over the years, mainly because people find it convenient and easy to buy various items comfortably from their office or home. This paper has proposed a personalized e-shopping system, which makes use of agent technology to enhance the automation and efficiency of shopping process in Internet commerce. The agent technology is used to enhance the customer’s needs which include availability, speedy response time, and efficiency. Agent for e-Shopping creates connectivity on an anytime-anywhere-any-device-basis to provide the specific goods required by the consumers. But Internet being heterogeneous and non secure medium; privacy, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation are the key requirements to be addressed by such systems where face to face interaction is not possible. Most of the systems do not provide the required level of security service so that many problems exist in the systems like denying, losing, misusing, stealing double-spending etc. This paper address all the above said security service problems to an e-shopping system using Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC).

Today, mankind is falling in serious stress. So there are various way that heal men as human psychology, philosophy, medical science etc. And in recent years, interest in literature therapy has been focused to heal the human sense of spirit. In the future, we will be able to treat our spirit sense with AI Emotion. The treatment process can be induced by the system of emotion coding which AI Emotion deliver Emotion signals to Human body. For this study, we used the Ahn Min-young’s Sijo. The reason is that his Sijo is useful this study of the Emotion Coding. As the result, Ahn Min-young's emotion coding created the codes as if amino acid codes. We must continue this research. Then our literature therapy could grow and contribute to human well-being.

According to a recent survey, most elementary and secondary school students nationwide are stressed out by their academic records. Furthermore most of high school students in Korea have to study under the great duress. Some of them who can't overcome the academic stress finalize their life by suiciding. A study has found that it is one of the leading causes of stimulating the thought of committing suicide in Korean high school students. So it is necessary to reduce the high school student's suicide rate. Main content of this research is to implement a personalized music recommendation system. Music therapy can help the student deal with the stress, anxiety and depression problems. Proposed system works as a therapist. The music choice and duration of the music is adjusted based on the student’s current emotion recognized automatically from EEG. If the happy emotion is not induced by the current music, the system would automatically switch to another one until he or she feel happy. Proposed system is personalized brain music treatment that is making a brain training application running on smart phone or pad. That overcomes the critical problems of time and space constraints of existing brain training program. By using this brain training program, student can manage the stress easily without the help of expert.

This paper describes a process of developing commercial real time image recognition system with company. In this paper we will make a system that is combining an empirical kernel map method and conjugate least squares support vector machine in order to represent images in a low-dimensional subspace for real time image recognition. In the traditional approach calculating these eigenspace models, known as traditional PCA method, model must capture all the images needed to build the internal representation. Updating of the existing eigenspace is only possible when all the images must be kept in order to update the eigenspace, requiring a lot of storage capability. Proposed method allows discarding the acquired images immediately after the update. By experimental results we can show that empirical kernel map has similar accuracy compare to traditional batch way eigenspace method and more efficient in memory requirement than traditional one. This experimental result shows that proposed model is suitable for commercial real time image recognition system.

This paper explores hybrid Canadian in-betweens in contemporary Asian Canadian fiction by focusing on Wayson Choy (1939-2019) and his first novel The Jade Peony (1995). Choy himself is a cross-cultural writer who was born in Vancouver and spent his childhood in the city’s large Chinatown area. And Choy’s generation of Canadian-born Chinese resisted choosing one side of their double identities as Chinese Canadian subjects, but sought out negotiable possibilities for the hybrid integration of two distinctive positions. In The Jade Peony, Choy’s aim is thus to convey how three Canadian-born children of his generation—Jook-Liang, Jung-Sum, and Sek-Lung—negotiate to integrate contradictory subject positions in between the Canadian way and the Chinese way in the process of their construction of hybrid subjectivity. Moreover, Choy’s generation lived through the hard times of the 1930s and 40s amid the historical events of the Great Depression and the Second Sino-Japanese War, in addition to the racist discrimination that resulted from the Chinese Exclusions Act. Through the three Chinese Canadians’ retrospective first-person narrative of their childhood, organized in a coherent chronological manner from 1933 to 1941, Choy thus offers Chinese Canadian history from a different angle. However, even though the geopolitical and cultural territory in which the three narrators’ lives are interwoven is the same, their stories present different aspects of identity formation and distinctive historiography. This paper examines how the three Chinese Canadian subjects construct their unique cross-cultural subjectivity and revive the same historiography from different viewpoints.