Earticle

Our country has been recognized as a nation that is relatively less serious in the drug abuse compared to other countries such as America and Japan. Just in the early 20th century, the drug abuse was nothing but a problem that is restricted to a small minority of the whole population. However, due to a rise in the drug abuse and the smuggling deal such as having been exceeded 10,000 regulation personnel of drug-concerned criminals from 1999 to 2002, it is being emerged now as a serious social issue. Especially, according to the trend of the rapid opening and internationalization since 2000, the human & material exchange with foreign countries was expanded. In the meantime, from the 2000s, the new drugs were smuggled to a country, such as YABA and ecstasy, which are widely used in the advanced countries like Europe and America, starting from Philopon, which had been used traditionally, thereby being broadly used in foreign students, foreigners, and university towns. Also, an international drug organization, which uses Korea as a middle route for the smuggling export of drugs, started to increase recently. Thus, drug criminals by way of Korea is growing. Number of drug criminals, whom were caught for one year in 2008, dropped by about 7.1% year-on-year with 9,898 people. This is the numerical value that was limited merely to the number of the controlled criminals. Given trying to estimate the actually potential users, it is an established theory to see from 10 times to as much as 20 times. Given trying to analyze cases of being used recently, it is a situation that even the number of new drug criminals is gradually increasing such as YABA, ecstasy and benzylpiperazine from drugs such as the existing Philopon and marihuana. This study examined about a concept and characteristics in drug crimes and about the current regulation & legislation of drugs, and examined about tendency of domestically drug crimes and about a system of investigation into drug crimes. Based on this, the control of the police against drug crimes were proposed such as, first, the substantiation of educational training for the police, second, the reinforcement in preventive function of the police, third, the strengthening in the investigation system of the police, and fourth, the implementation of a cooperative system with residents through the community policing.

소방사범에 대한 수사는 화재현장의 유지가 곤란하고 화재로 인한 증거인멸의 가능성이 높으므로 일반적인 형사사건보다 신속성과 전문성이 요구되는 분야이다. 이에 따라 소방특별사법경찰제도가 도입되었으나, 법적‧조직적‧기술적 측면에서 여러 문제가 나타나고 있다. 본 논문에서는 소방사범의 사례를 고찰하고, 그 사례에서 발견되는 문제점 및 시사점을 바탕으로 제도의 개선방안을 제시하고 자 하였다. 첫째, 법적 측면에서는 근거법령 입법 및 직무범위 규정의 개정, 형사소송법 제196조의 개정, 위험물사범 불심검문과 경찰관직무집행법의 개정을 제안하였다. 둘째, 조직적 측면에서는 수 사권의 조율, 소방서 내 전문부서설치 및 시⋅도 광역수사전담팀의 구성, 조직체계의 일원화 및 검경 과의 공조수사를 제안하였다. 마지막으로, 기술적 측면에서는 전문인력의 확보와 전문장비의 확충 을 제안하였다.

Considering difficulty in protecting the fire scene and a high possibility of destroying the evidence, fire-related crime requires timely and professional responses compared to general crime. In South Korea, the special police system for firefighting has been introduced for this reason, but there are many problems in legal, organizational, and technical aspects. This study examined fire-related crime cases in Korea and proposes the solutions. First, in the legal aspect, we proposed the amendment of the legislation and the change in the scope of work, including the revision of Article 196 of the Criminal Procedure Act, inspection of dangerous goods, and the revision of Police Officer's Job Execution Law. Second, in the organizational aspect, we proposed the coordination of investigative rights, the establishment of special departments and the municipal and provincial teams, the unification of organizational systems, and the collaborative investigation with prosecution and police. Finally, as for technical aspect, we proposed the securing of professional manpower and the expansion of professional equipment.

In Korea, private investigation business had been called as Heungsineop but it changed to messenger center from 1970s. Foreign private investigation agencies have started to run business as crisis management agency, consulting agency after Korea joined OECD in 1996. foreign private investigation agencies are still growing illegally by using similar names to private investigation business and today, these are covered doing illegal acting like shadowing, phone-tapping, even contract through media sources. Today, according to statistical data by the National Police Agency late 2012, messenger agencies are around 1574 in domestic and 939 of those are in the metropolitan area. Illegal types are uncovered as investigating personal life 27(68%), personal information offering 7(18%), location tracing 5(12%), illegal claim collection 1(2%) plus, clients for these company are uncovered as housewife 196(34%), company employee 152(27%), independent businessman 78(14%), profession 35(6%). Correctly present situation and dispersion of domestic private investigation businesses like security company because private investigation system has not been enacted in domestic, until now. Thus, this study try to analyze demand of private investigation for a proposal in legislation process which is pending in 19th assembly like Yun Jae-Ok's 「All Amendments Private Security Act」 and Song Young-Geun's 「Private Invstigation Act」 so we expect to that private investigation system is introduced to Korea as soon as possible.

현대사회가 정치, 경제, 사회를 포함한 모든 분야에서 전문화되고 복잡해지면서 일반적인 공권력으로는 범죄를 통제하기 어려운 상황에 이르렀다. 19세기 이후 요동치기 시작한 민간보안 산업은 그 범위를 넓혀 공권력이 필요한 다양한 분야에서 보조적인 역할을 수행하고 있다. 이러한 민간보안 활동 중에서 민간조사시스템은 오랫동안 개인의 인권보호와 범죄로부터 안전한 민간조사 서비스를 제공하는 데 이용되어 왔다. 이 연구에서는 선행연구 분석과 질적 내용분석을 통해 실종자 조사 시스템에 초점을 맞춘 영국과 한국의 민간조사 시스템을 비교분석 할 것이다. 질적 내용 분석의 결과는 영국의 민간조사시스템과 실종자 조사시스템이 어떻게 구현되는지에 대한 문헌 검토 및 심층면담 등의 방법을 통해 기술된다. 민간조사 분야에 대한 연구는 양국에서 매우 중요한 분야이지만 한국의 시각에서 볼 때 그 연구가 매우 제한적이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 민간조사 시스템의 성공적인 합법화를 위한 논의를 촉진할 뿐만 아니라 향후 연구의 기초자료가 될 것으로 기대된다. 민간조사 시스템의 연구는 앞으로도 지속적으로 이루어져야 한다. 또한 한국에 민간조사제도를 도입하기 위해서는 본 연구에서 언급한 민간조사제도와 관련된 문제점을 발견하여 민간, 학계, 관련 기관의 의견을 수렴해 민간조사시스템을 개발해야 한다. 민간조사제도의 도입은 민간, 학계 및 관련 기관의 노력을 통해 이익을 극대화시킬 것으로 사료된다.

As modern society has become specialised and complex in all areas of politics, economy and society, it has reached a point where it is difficult to control crime with the general public power. Private security, which began to fluctuate after the 19th century, has expanded its scope to subsidise public power in various areas, sometimes beyond public power. Among these private security activities, the private investigate system has long been used to provide private investigate services that are safe from personal human rights protection and crimes. This study investigate the private investigation system in the United Kingdom and South Korea focusing on the missing person investigation system by using the qualitative content analysis of research methods. First, the results of the qualitative content analysis are described through methods such as literature reviews and interviews on how the British private investigation system and the missing persons search system are implemented. Next, the results of the content analysis are presented through the methods of literature reviews and questionnaires on how the implementation of the civilian survey in Korea and the search for missing people is proceeding. It is a very important field in both countries, and there is a very limited study, especially from a Korean perspective. Therefore, it is expected that this study will not only facilitate discussions for the successful legalisation of the private research system, but also provides a basic foundation for future research. The study of the private research system should be ongoing and periodic, not temporary. In addition, in order to introduce Korea's private survey system, the private investigation system should be developed by discovering the problems of the Private Investigation Law mentioned in this study and collecting opinions from citizens, academics and related institutions. The introduction of the private investigation system requires the connection of the efforts and interests of citizens, academia and related institutions.

선진 강국 미국의 국방 법집행기관 경찰제도는 우리나라에게 크게 시사 하는 바가 크다고 생각한다. 국제화와 다문화로 분권화된 위치을 확보한 미국은 지역시민들의 요망을 자치경찰제 도 속에 그대로 시행되고 있다는 것을 볼 수 있다. 다시 주장하자면 미국은 가장 유용한 자치경찰 제도를 실시하고 있는 나라로 높이 주목된다. 우리나라 경찰은 국가경찰제도를 시행해 오면서 자치경찰제의 영입이 빈번하게 않게 토론될 때마다 미국의 자치경찰제에 대한 선행 발표 논문이 많이 연구되곤 했다. 한국정부는 유럽 지역에서 시행하고 있는 소위 유럽형 자치경찰제를 2006 년부터 시행할 것이라고 발표하고 지속적 연구 중에 있고 2018년 정부의 법령 재개정 2019년부 터 5개도시 시범적운영 2020년부터 확대실시 방침이다. 자치경찰제는 미국형과 유럽형의 두 분류에서 큰 상이점은 유럽형은 국가경찰은 원래대로 시행하며 그 밖에 지방자치단체에서 자치 경찰관을 직접 모집해 시행하는 방식에서 크게 다른 점이다. 경찰관의 계급장 등급에 대한 실태 를 파악해보아도 군인의 계급장을 이용하는 지역이 있으며 어느 지역은 보안관이 경찰의 관리업 무를 하는 관 제도를 활용하는 등 매우 다양한 차별성을 볼 수가 있다. 특히 미법집행 기관인 경찰의 연방기관, 주경찰, 지방경찰기관에서는 상하 지시명령의 관계가 통하지 않는 독자적 행 정력 기소권 형태이다. 그리고 거의 모두가 치안질서유지는 지방경찰이 하고 있다. 미국의 자치 경찰의 특별성은 첫째가 다양성이라는 것이다, 미국의 자치경찰은 경우에 따라 읍,면,시,군에 현지에 따라 특별자치단체 형식으로 다양하게 시행되고 있다. 위같이 미국은 가장 유효한 자치 경찰제도를 시행하는 국가이다.

It is thought that the system of police and the law enforcement agencies of DOD in US – the most powerful country in the world – suggests a lot to those of Korea. In US where a decentralized status has been secured thanks to globalization and multi-cultures, demands of locals can be considered to have been reflected to local municipal policing. That is, US stands high as a nation enforcing the most proper local police system. Whenever the local police system is introduced to the state police system of Korea, a number of dissertations have been issued. The Korean government announced that it would implement so-called European Local Police System employed by some European nations from 2006. It is still being reviewed for Revision by Government in 2018, Pilot Execution in 5 Major Cities from 2019 and Extended Enforcement in 2020. The big difference between the local police system of America and that of Europe is that the latter exists intactly as it has been with local governments hiring their local police-officers themselves while there are various characteristics in US police system such as the adoption of military ranks for its policeofficers and sheriffs hired for the administration service of the police in some regions. In particular, US federal police, state police and other local police have independent right of accusation, where the obedience to orders is not very common. In addition, the overall security maintenance is in charge of local police agencies. The most characteristic in US local police system is diversity. It is independently operated as special local agencies according to the conditions of village, town, county and city. As seen, US is a nation where the optimized local police system is being enforced.

선진 강국 미국의 국방 법집행기관 경찰제도는 우리나라에게 크게 시사 하는 바가 크다고 생각한다. 국제화와 다문화로 분권화된 위치를 확보한 미국은 지역시민들의 요망을 자치경찰 제도 속에 그대로 시행되고 있다는 것을 볼 수 있다. 다시 주장하자면 미국은 가장 유용한 자 치경찰제도를 실시하고 있는 나라로 높이 주목된다. 우리나라 경찰은 국가경찰제도를 시행 해 오면서 자치경찰제의 영입이 빈번하게 않게 토론될 때마다 미국의 자치경찰제에 대한 선 행 발표 논문이 많이 연구되곤 했다. 한국정부는 유럽 지역에서 시행하고 있는 소위 유럽형 자치경찰제를 2006년부터 시행할 것이라고 발표하고 지속적 연구 중에 있고 2018년 정부의 법령 재개정 2019년부터 5개도시 시범적 운영 2020년부터 확대실시 방침이다. 자치경찰제는 미국형과 유럽형의 두 분류에서 큰 상이점은 유럽형은 국가경찰은 원래대로 시행하며 그 밖 에 지방자치단체에서 자치경찰관을 직접 모집해 시행하는 방식에서 크게 다른 점이다. 경찰 관의 계급장 등급에 대한 실태를 파악해보아도 군인의 계급장을 이용하는 지역이 있으며 어 느 지역은 보안관이 경찰의 관리업무를 하는 관 제도를 활용하는 등 매우 다양한 차별성을 볼 수가 있다. 특히 미법집행 기관인 경찰의 연방기관, 주경찰, 지방경찰기관에서는 상하 지시명 령의 관계가 통하지 않는 독자적 행정력 기소권 형태이다. 그리고 거의 모두가 치안질서유지 는 지방경찰이 하고 있다. 미국의 자치경찰의 특별성은 첫째가 다양성이라는 것이다, 미국 의 자치경찰은 경우에 따라 읍,면,시,군에 현지에 따라 특별자치단체 형식으로 다양하게 시행 되고 있다. 위같이 미국은 가장 유효한 자치경찰제도를 시행하는 국가이다.

It is thought that the system of police and the law enforcement agencies of DOD in US – the most powerful country in the world – suggests a lot to those of Korea. In US where a decentralized status has been secured thanks to globalization and multi-cultures, demands of locals can be considered to have been reflected to local municipal policing. That is, US stands high as a nation enforcing the most proper local police system. Whenever the local police system is introduced to the state police system of Korea, a number of dissertations have been issued. The Korean government announced that it would implement so-called European Local Police System employed by some European nations from 2006. It is still being reviewed for Revision by Government in 2018, Pilot Execution in 5 Major Cities from 2019 and Extended Enforcement in 2020. The big difference between the local police system of America and that of Europe is that the latter exists intactly as it has been with local governments hiring their local police-officers themselves while there are various characteristics in US police system such as the adoption of military ranks for its policeofficers and sheriffs hired for the administration service of the police in some regions. In particular, US federal police, state police and other local police have independent right of accusation, where the obedience to orders is not very common. In addition, the overall security maintenance is in charge of local police agencies. The most characteristic in US local police system is diversity. It is independently operated as special local agencies according to the conditions of village, town, county and city. As seen, US is a nation where the optimized local police system is being enforced.

As crimes have increased to an extent that the police cannot cope with, there have been continuous discussions for the introduction of Private Investigation (hereafter PI) in Korea. However, attempts to legislate for the introduction of PI have failed every time PI bills for the introduction of PI were proposed. This was fundamentally because arguments both for and against the introduction of PI were sharply divided depending on the priorities. However, regardless of those clash of views, an apparent need for the legislation of PI service has arisen. As Korea opens its service market to other countries through GATS and FTAs, currently existing domestic PI law has been found to be inconsistent with international agreements such as GATS and KOREA-US(KORUS) FTA. This paper found that the Act on Usage and Protection of Credit Information which regulates PI service is inconsistent with the Article 12.4(a)(i) and (iii) of KORUS FTA and the Article 7.11 and the Article 7.13 of KOREA-EU FTA. If Korea does not modify the existing laws and establish new laws in relation to PI, such inconsistencies could lead to international trade disputes which could amount to billions of dollars. In this regard, the passage of the PI bill is necessary.

This study is developed in the following order. 1 Through the significance and theory of territorial clauses in the Korean Constitution, the academic community's discussion and attitude of precedents regarding the special nature of North Korea, the nationality of North Koreans, etc., analyzes the necessity and possibility of the police authority's invocation in future inter-Korean cooperation projects, considering the legal reality of inter-Korean relations and changes in the situation in East Asia, such as the unification of the Korean Peninsula in the future. 2 Based on the specificity of the North Korean region, the South Korean people's right to safety, public safety, order, and danger in North Korea are reviewed and the possibility is analyzed. 3 For disputes arising from inter-Korean cooperation zones, the resumption of the South-Bubu Military Commission based on the Basic Agreement between the two Koreas, among other things, the permanentization of the committee and the formation of committees in related fields are necessary. In particular, if it is the role of South Korea and civil servants to prevent and guarantee public safety, order, and physical and life risks to the Korean people in the inter-Korean cooperation area, the police authority in the inter-Korean cooperation area should be guaranteed by law and institution through cooperation with the military police through the dispatch of officials from the relevant ministries such as the National Police Agency, the National Intelligence Service, the Ministry, the Ministry of Justice, the Foreign Affairs and the relevant ministries. Furthermore, the paper concludes with the proposal of a plan on whether to invoke the investigative authority judicial matters in the inter-Korean cooperation area and the investigation cooperation relationship, and a plan for the inter-Korean police and investigation cooperation system to protect and guarantee the basic rights of South Korean citizens, businesses and organizations participating in the current inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation.

This study is developed in the following order. 1 Through the significance and theory of territorial clauses in the Korean Constitution, the academic community's discussion and attitude of precedents regarding the special nature of North Korea, the nationality of North Koreans, etc., analyzes the necessity and possibility of the police authority's invocation in future inter-Korean cooperation projects, considering the legal reality of inter-Korean relations and changes in the situation in East Asia, such as the unification of the Korean Peninsula in the future. 2 Based on the specificity of the North Korean region, the South Korean people's right to safety, public safety, order, and danger in North Korea are reviewed and the possibility is analyzed. 3 For disputes arising from inter-Korean cooperation zones, the resumption of the South-Bubu Military Commission based on the Basic Agreement between the two Koreas, among other things, the permanentization of the committee and the formation of committees in related fields are necessary. In particular, if it is the role of South Korea and civil servants to prevent and guarantee public safety, order, and physical and life risks to the Korean people in the inter-Korean cooperation area, the police authority in the inter-Korean cooperation area should be guaranteed by law and institution through cooperation with the military police through the dispatch of officials from the relevant ministries such as the National Police Agency, the National Intelligence Service, the Ministry, the Ministry of Justice, the Foreign Affairs and the relevant ministries. Furthermore, the paper concludes with the proposal of a plan on whether to invoke the investigative authority judicial matters in the inter-Korean cooperation area and the investigation cooperation relationship, and a plan for the inter-Korean police and investigation cooperation system to protect and guarantee the basic rights of South Korean citizens, businesses and organizations participating in the current inter-Korean exchanges and cooperation.

This test is for checking investigation about quality control of general X-ray system in clinic and hospital. We compared general X-ray system of clinic and hospital which are selected freely in the metropolitan area using PMX-III and carried out quality control. Carried out Kilovoltage test, mR/mAs output test, Light filed/Beam alignment test, Half value layer test. Most of test result are appeared that failure rates of clinic is higher than hospital one. Therefore, we should lower failure rates through regular quality control and make environment which can get high quality image.

최근, 국내 전력계통에서 정전사고가 증가되고 있다. 이에 따라 전력을 사용하는 산업과 주거에 경제적 손실과 불편이 초래되고 있다. 국내 전력계통의 정전은 순간전압강하와 설비 문제로서 상업용 시설과 도심지의 정 전과 이에 따른 설비 노후화, 전문 인력수급, 그리고 분리된 기관의 단일화 등의 사회적 이슈가 되고 있다. 순간전 압강하에 의해 수도권에 있는 놀이시설이 멈춰서고, 변전소 개폐기 설비운영의 미숙으로 인해 최대산단이 밀집되 어 있는 도심의 일부가 일정시간 동안 전력공급이 원활이 되지 않은 경우가 발생하였다. 이러한 이유로는 첫째, 변전소, 송배전망의 관리 투자의 소홀로 인한 전력설비의 노후화이다. 둘째, 전력망 건설 및 유지보수를 위한 인력 의 문제이다. 마지막으로, 전력망을 관리하는 한전의 분리로 인한 전력신뢰도 관리 및 경제성 관리에 의해 사고의 증가요인이 된다. 이는 국내 전력계통 정전사고가 앞으로도 계속해서 진행될 것이라 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 국 내 전력계통의 정전사고의 원인과 그 대책방법을 논의하도록 한다.

Recently, power outages have been increasing in the Korean power grid, causing economic losses and inconveniences to industries and residences. These outages have become significant social issues, especially those occurring in commercial facilities and downtown areas. The problems stem from momentary voltage drops and facility issues, including aging infrastructure, a lack of specialized personnel, and the fragmentation of management organizations. For example, momentary voltage drops have led to the shutdown of amusement facilities in metropolitan areas. Additionally, certain downtown areas, home to some of the largest industrial complexes, have experienced periodic disruptions in electricity supply due to immature substation switchgear operations. Several factors contribute to these issues. First, the aging of power facilities is due to insufficient investment in the management of substations and transmission and distribution networks. Second, there is a manpower shortage for the construction and maintenance of the power grid. Lastly, the separation of KEPCO, which manages the power grid, has led to increased accidents due to challenges in balancing power reliability and economic efficiency. It is anticipated that power outage incidents in the Korean power system will continue to occur in the future. This study will discuss the causes of these power outage incidents and propose countermeasures.

Microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells are fabricated with laser-assisted plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (LAPECVD) system at low temperature. An LAPECVD system is a unique combination of such developments that utilizes both laser and plasma to assist the relevant chemical reactions. To optimize the performance of the silicon thin film solar cell, microcrystalline intrinsic thin film was inserted as absorption of the solar cell. Therefore, the performance efficiency was upgraded from 6.04 mA/cm2 to 7.01 mA/cm2, which says that solar cells fabricated with LAPECVD have higher efficiency and better for the environment with less use of solar power making more usable energy.

A time-lapse monitoring system has predictive value for selecting good-quality embryos with the highest implantation potential. Using this new tool, we investigated the developmental potential and developmental kinetics of bovine parthenogenetic (PA) and two types of somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. Bovine non-transgenic ear cells (bECs) or transgenic cells (bTGCs) were used as donor cells. The cleavage and blastocyst development rates did not significantly differ among the PA, NT-bEC, and NT-bTGC groups, and first cleavage occurred an average of 19.3 h (n=70), 21.6 h (n=60), and 21.3 h (n=62) after activation, respectively (20.4 h (n=192) for all embryos). When embryos were classified into early cleaving (≤ 20 h) and late cleaving (> 20 h) groups, the blastocyst formation rate was much higher in the early cleaving groups (PA, 46%; NT-bEC, 50%; NT-bTGC, 39%) than in the late cleaving groups (PA, 18%; NT-bEC, 23%; NT-bTGC, 28%), while the percentage of embryos whose development was blocked between the 2- and 8-cell stages was increased in the late cleaving groups. The percentage of embryos classified as early cleaving with a normal morphology was 2-fold higher in the PA group (20.0%, n=14) than in the NT-bTGC group (9.7%, n=6). The timing of each developmental stage varied widely; the timing of first cleavage varied from 7.6 h in the PA group to 34.5 h in the NT-bEC group and the timing of expanded/hatching blastocyst appearance varied from 141.6 h in the PA group to 196.3 h in the NT-bTGC group, differences of 26.9 and 54.7 h, respectively (PA>NT-bEC>NT-bTGC). These results demonstrate that time-lapse monitoring provides novel data regarding individual embryo developmental kinetics and helps to predict developmental potential for improved bovine NT embryo selection based on early cleavage (< 20 h) and normal morphology.

본 연구는 범죄수사에서 제3자 정보 요청에 관한 입법적 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 인터넷 발달로 제3자 정보가 중요한 수사단서가 되면서 프라이버시 침해에 대한 우려가 커지고 있다. 우리나라의 형사소송법과 개별법 대부분은 수사기관이 제3자 정보를 요청할 경우 ‘법관의 영장’에 의하도록 규정하고 있지만, 이러한 영장제도는 정보통신으로 인한 수사변화를 충분히 반영하지 못해 위법수사에 대한 논란이 계속되고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 법관의 영장 대신 법원의 허가제도 도입을 골자로 한 제3자 정보 요청에 관한 기본법 제정을 제안하고자 한다. 나아가 정보주체와 제3자의 권리를 보장하기 위해 통지제도를 정비하고, 정보제공사실에 대한 열람청구권과 제3자 이의신청 제도를 입법화하여야 한다. 또한 수사의 효율성 확보를 위해 긴급집행 절차와 긴급보존 명령제도를 신설하고, 비대면⋅사본집행 도입과 신원확인 절차의 의무화도 필요할 것이다.

As the importance of the third party information as an investigative lead increases, there has been a growing concern about privacy violation. Although the criminal procedure law and other related laws in Korea require a warrant issued by a judge to obtain the third party information, this warrant requirement does not properly reflect a changing investigative environment based on the ICT mechanism. This has also raised controversy over the legality of the current practices of law enforcement agencies with respect to requesting the third party information. Therefore, this paper proposes to establish a “basic law of third party information request” which requires a court’s permission in lieu of warrant; systemizes a notification structure to guarantee the rights of data subjects and third parties, and establishes procedures for information disclosure and third party objection. In terms of the effectiveness of crime investigation, this law needs to set out the procedures for urgent request of information and the system of emergency protection order and provide a non-facing/copy execution of a warrant and mandatory identification of an investigator.

산업기술보호법 제15조가 2019년도 8월에 개정되었다. 그 결과 과거의 ‘조치’를넘어 ‘조사와 조치’를 할 수 있는 법적 근거가 추가되었다. 즉, 산업기술침해 행위의 우려가 있거나 침해행위가 발생한 경우 산업통산부장관과 정보수사기관의 장은행정조사를 실시해야한다. 산업기술보호법은 기존의 제17조에 의한 실태조사는 물론 제15조에 의해 산업기술침해 신고에 대해 조사를 하도록 개정하였다. 본고에서는 산업기술보호법 제15조의 개정으로 도입된 행정조사제도를 실시하는데 필요한 실무적 절차연구에 주된 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 비교법의 대상으로미국의 행정조사법제를 검토하고자 한다. 그런데 미국은 한국의 행정조사기본법과같은 기본법은 없다. 미국의 행정조사는 독점금지법 등과 같은 개별법령에 의해 실시된다. 본고에서는 산업기술보호법의 행정조사제도와 관련하여, 미국의 독점금지법상의 행정조사제도를 주된 연구대상으로 하고자 한다. 행정조사에 대하여 미국 행정절차법은 보고서의 제출요구, 출입검사, 기타의 조사활동과 요구는 법률의 근거가 없는 한 명령하거나 실시하는 것을 허용되지 않는다고 규정하고 있다. 즉, 미국의 행정절차법은 강제조사에 대하여 법률상의 근거의필요성을 명시하고 있다. 그러므로 행정조사는 첫째, 주택이나 사업소 등에 출입하여 장부, 기록, 가택을 조사할 수 있는 권한 둘째, 증인을 소환하고, 서류제출을 명할 수 있는 권한 셋째, 기록과 보고서를 요구할 수 있는 권한으로 행해지고 있다. 미국의 행정절차법에서는 행정처분을 하는 정식의 절차와 구별되는 비공식의 행위가 있다. 그범주안에다양한행정활동이있고행정조사도그중 하나이다. 행정절차법의 대상이 되는 행위들은 정식의 절차를 거치도록 되어 있지만 행정조사와같이 비공식의 행위는 규제가 다르다. 그러므로 미국에서 행정조사와 관련하여 일반적으로 실시되는 행정조사에 대해 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 현재 미국에서는 행정조사에 대해서는 개별법령의 규정에 의해 실시되고 있다. 개별법령에 정해진 미국의행정조사는 출입검사, 소환장발부, 보고서 요구권 등이다. 본고에서는 미국 연방거래위원회(FTC)가 실시하고 있는 구체적인 조사 절차를주된 연구대상으로 하고 있다. 이러한 검토와 연구를 통해 산업기술보호법의 개정에 따라 실시해야 할 행정조사에 필요한 구체적이고 실무적인 절차와 방법 등에대한 시사점을 얻고자 한다. 그리고 향후 보완해야 할 산업기술보호법상의 제도적개정방향에 대해서도 그 시사점을 얻고자 한다.

Article 15 of the Industrial Technology Protection Act was amended in August 2019. In other words, in the event of a possible violation of industrial technology or an act of infringement, the Minister of Industry and Trade and the Head of an Intelligence investigation agency shall conduct an administrative investigation. The Industrial Technology Protection Act was amended to investigate reported violations of industrial technologies by Article 15 as well as to investigate the actual conditions under Article 17 of the Act on the Protection of Industrial Technology. The main purpose of this study is to study the practical procedures necessary to implement the administrative investigation system introduced by the amendment to Article 15 of the Industrial Technology Protection Act. To this end, we would like to review the U.S. administrative investigation legislation as a target of the comparative law. However, the U.S. does not have the same basic law as the Korea Basic Law on Administrative Investigation. Administrative investigations in the United States are conducted by individual statutes, such as antitrust laws. In this study, the research system under the U.S. Antitrust Act is the main subject of study. The U.S. Administrative Procedures Act does not permit submission of reports, access surveys, and investigation activities unless there is a provision in the Act. The Administrative Procedures Act of the United States sets forth the legal basis for compulsory investigation. Administrative investigation is entering homes or businesses, survey of house arrest, witnesses, documents submitted, reporting requirements, will be. Under the U.S. Administrative Procedures Act, there is a non-official act that distinguishes it from a formal proceeding of administrative action. In the United States, administrative investigations are conducted under the provisions of individual statutes. U.S. administrative investigations set up in individual statutes include access inspections, summons issuance and the right to request reports. In this study, specific research procedures being undertaken by the US Federal Trade Commission(FTC) are the primary research targets. Through such review and research, we seek to obtain suggestions on specific and practical procedures and methods required for administrative investigations to be conducted under the revision of the Industrial Technology Protection Act. In addition, the government intends to draw on the direction of institutional revision of the Industrial Technology Protection Act, which should be supplemented in the future.

본 연구는 산업기술 유출 범죄 수사 경험을 가진 경찰 수사관들을 대상으로 현재 산업기술 유 출 수사 체계의 개선과 대응방안을 구체적으로 탐구하고자 한다. 선행연구의 시사점을 바탕으로 인터뷰 질문지 항목을 수사 체계, 경찰의 전문성, 예산, 홍보 및 연구 등 4개 영역으로 구분한 후, 수도권에 있는 경찰청 안보수사과의 수사관 12명을 대상으로 일대일 심층 인터뷰 조사 및 작 성된 질문지 답안을 활용하여 개방적인 의견을 도출하였다. 분석 결과 첫 번째, 수사 체계 측면에서 각 기관의 협업을 위한 컨트롤 타워 설치의 필요와 대 안으로서의 민간조사제도 활용 및 민관합동협의체를 활용한 협조체제 구축, 국제 공조를 위한 국제협력 네트워크 구축이 필요하다. 두 번째, 경찰의 전문성 강화를 위해 주요 산업기술의 트렌 드, 실무에서 바로 활용할 수 있는 교육, 전문적인 분석 프로그램 교육이 이루어질 수 있도록 교 육과정을 개선해야 한다. 또한 공인된 자격증 보유와 경채, 특채를 활용할 수 있는 적절한 교육 과 배치가 이루어져야 한다. 세 번째, 수사의 필수적인 요소인 인력 충원과 기술 발전에 따른 수 사 장비 예산의 증원이 필요하다. 나아가 수사 결과가 공신력을 확보할 수 있도록 자격 등 취득 을 위한 교육 예산과 관련 연구, 국제적인 네트워킹 추진에 충분한 예산이 필요하다는 것을 확인 하였다. 네 번째, 산업기술 유출 범죄에 대한 경찰의 홍보, 산업기술 유출이 국부 유출이라는 국 민적 인식 제고와 함께 법 제도적과 디지털 포렌식 프로그램 개발에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 한 다. 본 연구는 선행 연구들과 달리 현재 본청과 수도권 경찰청에서 근무하고 있는 산업기술 범죄 수사관들을 대상으로 개방적 의견을 직접 조사하여 깊이 있는 정보를 수집한 질적 연구라는 점 에서 차별성과 의의를 갖는다.

This study aims to specifically explore the improvement and countermeasures of the current industrial technology leakage investigation system for police investigators with experience in investigating industrial technology leakage crimes. Based on the implications of previous studies, the interview questionnaire items were divided into four areas: investigation system, police expertise, budget, public relations, and research, and open opinions were drawn using one-on-one in-depth interviews and answers. As a result, first, in terms of the investigation system, it is necessary to establish a control tower for cooperation of each institution, use a private investigation system as an alternative options, set up a cooperative system using a public-private joint consultative body, and establish an international cooperation network for international cooperation. Second, in order to enhance the expertise of the police, the curriculum should be improved so that trends of major industrial technologies, education that can be immediately applied in the field, and professional analysis program education can be conducted. In addition, appropriate education and placement should be made to take advantage of the possession of accredited certificates, and special bonds. Third, it is necessary to increase the budget for investigative equipment due to the recruitment of manpower and technological development, which are essential elements of investigation. Furthermore, it was confirmed that a sufficient budget is essential for education budget, related research, and international networking to acquire qualifications so that the results of the investigation can ensure the credibility of public confidence. Fourth, research on legal and institutional and digital forensics programs should be conducted, along with the police’s promotion of industrial technology leakage crimes, raising public awareness that industrial technology leakage is a national leakage. Unlike previous studies, this study is distinctive and significant as a qualitative study that collects in-depth information by directly investigating open opinions of industrial technology crime investigators currently working at the main office and the metropolitan police office.

우리나라에서 민간조사는 그동안의 정치, 사회적 변화의 과정을 거쳐 오면서 긍정적인 기능은 발전시키지 못한 채, 국가 사법기관의 업무부담 증가와 치안서비스의 미흡, 탐정업의 국제경쟁력 저하 및 편법적 정보획득 등 부정 적 악순환을 계속적으로 유발하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 다음과 같은 제안을 하고자 한다. 첫째, ‘탐정’이라는 용 어를 사용할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 이 제도의 타당성을 검증하기 위해서는 먼저 사적 영역부터 도입한 후에 점진적으로 그 필요성에 따라 공적 영역으로 업무범위를 확대하는 것이 바람직하다. 셋째, 민간조사 종사자 들에게 국가자격증을 갖게 하여 국가에서 직접 관리함이 이상적일 것이다. 넷째, 전문성 있는 교수진과 시설을 갖춘 기관에 위탁교육기관으로 지정과 교육기관을 특화하는 방안도 모색해야 할 것이다. 다섯째, 경찰청이 민간조사 업을 관리·감독해야 할 것이다. 여섯째, 입법형태는 현행 경비업법을 개정하여 민간경비업의 종류로서 민간조사업 을 추가하여 도입해야 할 것이다. 따라서 이와 같은 연구의 한계를 보완하기 위해서는 추가적이고 후속적인 연구가 수행되어져야 할 것이다.

In this study, Private investigation in South Korea, while gone through so far of politics, the process of social change, a positive feature, without evolve, insufficient growth and security services of the business burden of national judicial institutions, detective industry international of the negative vicious circle, such as the acquisition of drop and expedient information of competitiveness is continuously induced it is a reality. It is, therefore, to the proposal, such as the following. First, it must be able to use the term "detective". Secondly, in order to verify the validity of this system, after introducing the first private sphere, in accordance with the stepwise its necessity, it is desirable to extend the operational range of the public area. Third, to have a country of qualification to private research workers, will be managed directly from the country is ideal. Fourth, we must also seek plan to specialize the designated educational institution as a commissioned education institution to institution with a faculty and facilities that are specialized. Fifth, the National Police Agency must manage and supervise the private investigation business. Sixth, the legislative form to amend the current security law, as a kind of private security, must be introduced by adding a private trillion business. Therefore, in order to complement the limitation of such studies, additional subsequent research has if it is not carried out.

2000년대 이후 범죄가 증가함에 따라 시민들이 체감하는 범죄에 대한 두려움이 증가하게 되어 안전한 삶을 살고 싶은 치안서비스에 대한 욕구가 증가하게 되었다. 이러한 치안서비스에 대한 욕구는 경찰이 채워야 함에도 불구하고 제한된 자원으로 인하여 민간경비로 많이 이양된 상황이다. 민간경비업은 1950년대 이후부터 부족한 치안서비스를 보충하기 위하여 발달하기 시작했는데, 1986년 아시안게임, 1988년 서울올림픽 개최이후 성장하는 속도가 증가함과 동시에 양적ㆍ질적으로 발전하게 되었다. 우리나라의 민간경비는 경비업법을 통하여 다양한 형태의 민간경비가 치안서비스를 제공하고 있는데, 일반적으로 우리나라의 민간경비는 예방적인 차원의 업무가 규정되어 있다. 그러나, 범죄 수사에 대한 불만족, 미아 찾기, 피해자의 권리구제 등과 같은 문제로 인하여 민간경비 영역의 확장을 요구하는 이들이 증가하게 되었다. 특히, 선진국의 경우 조사 서비스업이 민간보안산업(Private Security Industry)으로 활성화되어 있어 피해회복 및 권리구제를 위하여 활용되고 있음에도 불구하고, 경비업법에는 민간조사가 허락되지 않아 민간조사업이 발전하지 못하고 있다. 특히, 치안서비스를 요구하는 자들의 잘못된 욕구로 사실조사, 증거수집 등을 위하여 불법적인 형태의 영세 심부름업체에 의뢰하고 있어 국민의 권익보호 차원에서도 선진국의 민간조사업 제도를 도입할 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 이러한 민간조사는 단순히 일반인을 대상으로 조사업무를 수행할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 최근 들어 급증하고 있는 산업스파이, 민간기업 내 배임행위, 민간기업 직원의 비위행위 등과 같은 문제들에 대하여 대응할 수 있다. 특히, 민간기업에서는 부정한 행위를 할 것으로 의심이 되는 직원을 대상으로 조사를 하는 것이 불가능하기 때문에, 기업의 존폐를 위하여 본 연구에서는 민간조사업을 활용한 민간기업의 내부 조사ㆍ감찰제도를 제안하였다. 기존에 제안되었던 민간조사업법에 대하여 살펴보고 업무영역을 민간기업의 내부 조사ㆍ감찰을 대행하는 영역까지 확장하여 민간조사업법을 발전시키고, 민간기업에서 발생하는 문제에 대하여 대처하고자 한다.

Since 2000, according to the sense of community has been expanded to also increase the demand for police service and police service as an alternative to the lack of the development of Guard and Other Protective Services were private. The Private Guard and Other Protective Services with a focus on the development of crime prevention and public safety services. Not getting the area of civil service has expanded. The private investigation business security services, the lack of money available to pay will receive. Private Investigation business, including the rights of and remedies have been used for a variety of purposes. In the case of developed countries, research services is enabled by the private security industry and the right to recover damages remedies have been used to. However, in the case of our country to be able to provide a security service private investigation do not have enacted laws, the formation and development of the private investigation business. Due to these problems, including the fact that the investigation of illegal companies referred to in the form of small chores and sleep in, so in order to protect the interests of the people in developed countries need to introduce a system of private investigation business has been increasing. In particular, the recent surge in industrial espionage, breach of trust in the act of private companies, private companies, such as employees' disagreeable behavior problems do have a serious impact on corporate image, and in the conclusion to the life and death of businesses affected. For the prevention and management of these problems, and supervision is required. In this study these problems for the private sector to prevent corruption and disagreeable behavior by the private investigator and an internal investigation was to present inspection methods.