Earticle

The purpose of this longitudinal case study is to shed light on the reliability problems of IS performance evaluation by analyzing the discrepancy between ex ante evaluation in 2011 and ex post evaluation in 2012. Through an information system development project of a public enterprise, the gap between ex ante and ex post evaluation was ascertained and the causes as to why such gap occurs and the success factors that can solve the problems were derived. The ex ante evaluation of IS performance was performed based on both IS success model and BSC model and the ex post evaluation was carried out at the time after the target system has been built up by applying the evaluation measures and process that are similar to the ex ante evaluation. In the ex ante evaluation the business performance improved by the target system was estimated to 18.2%. On the other hand, it was seen as being low at 15.2% in the ex post evaluation and the differences were found to be statistically significant in 6 out of 10 measures. The reasons as to why such gap occurs were diagnosed as being of 2 types : (1) changes in the evaluation psychology according to the differences in the evaluation objectives; and (2) excessive expectation levels of the target system that is formed at the time of the ex ante evaluation. In other words, the users who have excessive expectations tend to overestimate in the ex ante evaluation and, in the ex post evaluation, tend to underestimate lower than the actual performance mainly due to disappointment on the results that do not meet the early expectations. As solutions to overcome the reliability problem of ex ante evaluation, 3 factors were derived : (1) the temperance of excessive expectation levels of the users; (2) a clear definition of the scope and functionality of the target system; and (3) actual commitments for the evaluations of IT performance.

인공지능(AI)은 점점 더 인간이 수행하던 직무에 통합되고 있지만, 평가적 맥락에서 AI에 대한 인식에 대한 연구는 제한적이다. 본 연구는 AI 기반 평가 시스템에 대한 개인의 태도를 조사하며, 특히 의사결정자와 의사결정 대상자의 관점을 비교한다. 일반적으로 관리직(예: 은행 관리자)에 있는 사람들이 지원자보다 AI 평가를 더 선호할 것이라는 가정과 달리, 연구 결과는 역할에 관계없이 AI보다 인간 평가자를 일관되게 선호하는 경향을 보여준다. 이러한 선호는 AI의 효율성보다 인간 의사결정자가 더 높은 공정성을 제공할 것이라는 인식에 의해 결정된다. 본 연구는 AI 기반 평가 시스템의 예상보다 낮은 채택률을 설명하며, 비즈니스 의사결정에서 인간의 판단이 지속적으로 중요한 가치를 지닌다는 점을 시사한다.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being integrated into workplace roles traditionally performed by humans. However, limited research explores how people perceive AI in evaluative contexts. This study investigates individuals' attitudes toward AI-powered evaluation systems, particularly the perspectives of decision makers and decision targets. Despite the widespread assumption that those in management roles (e.g., bank managers) would favor AI in evaluations more than applicants, our findings reveal a consistent preference for human evaluators over AI, regardless of role. This preference is driven by the perception that human decision makers provide greater fairness, outweighing the efficiency benefits associated with AI. These results offer insight into the lower-than-expected adoption of AI-powered evaluation systems, highlighting the persistent value placed on human judgment in business decision-making.

본 연구는 신용장거래에서 서류심사를 통하여 대금지급을 하는 서류심사의 본질적인 특성을 고려하여 심사기준에 관한 해석가이드라인을 제시할 목적으로 서류심사기준의 해석에 관한 동향을 분석하였다. 신용장거래에서 서류심사를 통해 대금을 지급하는 메커니즘은 수입업자를 보호하는 효과와 함께 발행은행의 성실성을 측정하는 효과도 있다. 서류심사기준으로서 엄밀 일치의 원칙을 적용하여 신용장조건의 준수여부를 판단하여 왔으나, 이 원칙을 실무적으로 적용하는데 있어서는 서류심사자에 따라 차이가 발생하고 있어 이 기준의 해석문제는 논쟁의 중심에 있어 왔다. 특히 “사소한 불일치”에 해당될 수 있는 정도의 불일치가 존재하는 경우와 “불명확한 신용장조건”으로 인해 불일치로 인정받을 수 있는 경우에 해석상의 다툼이 있을 수 있다. 사소한 불일치에 해당하는 것으로 인정할 수 있는 경우는 실제로는 신용장조건을 준수하였으나 형식상 또는 서류작성상에 있어서 오류로 인하여 표면적으로는 신용장조건 불일치로 보이는 경우이다. 후자의 경우는 신용장조건이 불명확하게 표시되어 있었으나, 수익자는 그 불명확한 신용장조건을 합리적으로 해석한 후에 신용장조건을 준수하여 서류를 제출하였으나, 서류심사자의 입장에서는 신용장조건 불일치로 해석한 경우이다. 이러한 문제는 불일치로 인정받은 데이터의 특성에 따라, 즉, 불일치한 데이터가 상업적 요소에 해당하는 것인지 비상업적인 요소에 해당하는 것인지를 분석하고, 제출된 서류의 기능과 특성을 종합적으로 고려하여 심사하는 자세를 가지면 어느 정도 해결될 수 있을 것이다.

This paper is aimed to present operational trends through analyzing interpretation of an examination standard under documentary credit transactions. The documents required in the documentary credit are played as evidence documents under a sale contract. The documents generally reflect the terms and conditions of the sale contract agreed between a seller and a buyer. Generally, when bank examiner reviews the tendered document, presumably they would examine data in the document based on each document presented. The judicial interpretation standard has been developed so as to distinguish between true discrepancies and simple (minor) errors. However, the criteria applied by the court to distinguish the kind of discrepancies would depend on the case in question. A reasonable operation in determining the complying presentation could be worked out through an appreciation of the significance and practical role of the documents requested in the documentary credit and terms undue the ISBP, and the significance of data with respect to other data in that and other documents. Some courts have shown willingness to make a payment when the discrepancy in a set of documents could be admitted as trivial or minor. It is not an easy matter to unify the different interpretations and to arrive at the reasonable solution concerning the construction standard.

설교학에 과한 수업에서 유진 라우리를 만난 것이 얼추 12년 전이다. 설교 전반에 대한 라우리의 강의와 특별히 그의 내러티브 설교는 오늘날 어떻게 하나님의 말씀을 생생하게 전할 수 있을까에 대해서 많은 학생들에게 영감을 주었고 도전을 주었다. 설교학 분야에 대한 유진 라우리의 공언은 이야기라는 주제를 보다 방법론적으로 설교학에 적용시켰고 확장시켰다는 것이다. 라우리는 그의 설교 방법론적 접근에 대해서 스스로 설명하는데, 라우리에 의하면 설교는 교리 강좌가 아니다. 설교는 시간 안에서 일어나는 사건이며, 단순히 책 이상의 연극이나 소설에 다 가까운 내러티브 예술의 형태이다. 그러므로 설교자는 공학을 다루는 과학자가 아니라 오히려 전문적인 기능을 가진 내러티브 아티스트이다. 설교에 대한 이러한 내러티브에 대한 관점을 가지고, 라우리는 설교를 하나의 설교학적 플롯, 하나의 내러티브 예술 형태, 하나의 거룩한 이야기로 간주하며 설교할 것을 제안한다. 라우리의 내러티브 설교는 다섯 단계로 구성되어 있다. 이 논문은 라우리의 다섯 단계 중 단계1,2에 초점을 두고 있다. 라우리의 내러티브 설교를 시도하고자 했던 많은 설교자들이 도중에 어려움을 느끼고 곤란함을 느끼곤 한다. 그리고 그러한 어려움과 곤란함의 중심에는 대부분 첫 번째와 두 번째 단계가 자리 잡고 있다. 내러티브 설교의 첫 번째와 두 번째 단계는 ‘평형’을 무너뜨리고 ‘모순’ 생산해 내는 ‘왜?’라는 물음과 아주 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 이러한 단계를 구성하는데 있어 많은 설교자들이 라우리의 내러티브 설교를 특별한 재능을 가진 사람들만이 사용할 수 있는 방법론으로 간주하며 중간에 시도하기를 포기하곤 한다. 이 논문은 설교자들이 라우리의 내러티브 설교를 보다 쉽게 적용하기 위해 그의 방법론을 좀 더 확장시키고 발전적인 면에서 다루고 있다. 또한 내러티브 설교가 단지 재능이 필요한 설교 방법론이 아니라, 구조화된 설교 준비의 과정이 만들이 내는 결과로써 제시되도록 적용하고자 하는 열망을 가지고 있다.

It is almost twelve years since I first met Lowry in a preaching class. Lowry’s teaching and his narrative sermon challenged many students in terms of delivering a sermon lively today. Eugene Lowry’s contribution to the field of homiletics is to expand the subject of narrative more methodologically. Lowry explains his methodological approach with following words. “A sermon is not a doctrinal lecture. It is an event-in-time, a narrative art form more akin to a play or novel in shape than to a book. Hence we are not engineering scientists; we are narrative artists by professional function...I propose that we begin by regarding the sermon as homiletical plot, a narrative art form, a sacred story.”(Homiletical Plot, p.xx-xxi) Lowry’s narrative preaching consists of five stages. This article focuses on the first and second stages. Many preachers who try Lowry’s narrative preaching at their pulpits used to find the narrative preaching hard. And the center of their difficulty is usually placed on the first and second stages. The first and second stages of Lowry’s narrative preaching are closely related to “asking ‘Why?’” which create “Upsetting the Equilibrium” and “Discrepancy.” Many preachers tend to give up Lowry’s narrative preaching, regarding it as a special homiletical method which a talented preacher only can use. This article tries to expand and develop Lowry’s narrative preaching in order to make preachers more easily uses it. In addition, it sincerely desires to apply Lowry’s narrative preaching practically not as a method which needs a sermonic talent but as a result of constructive approach to sermonic preparation.

This paper analyzes the effect of product market competition on controlling family’s voting rights and cash flow rights for member firms in business groups. Empirically, we confirm that member firms in competitive market have lower discrepancy, lower ownership of affiliates, and higher controlling family’s direct ownership than those in non-competitive market. This result means that product market competition disciplines controlling family on arranging the optimal ownership structure to maximize the shareholder value. On the other hand, such disciplinary effects of product market competition is mainly observed in member firms with lower market share in their own industry, in member firms of older business years, and in non-listed member firms.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leg length discrepancy on kinematic changes of the pelvis and hip during gait. Methods: A total of ten healthy women with no history of neurological, musculoskeletal surgery or injuries, or pain in the lower limbs were recruited. They were assigned to two groups; the experimental group (LLD) consisting of five subjects leg length discrepancy of 10mm to 18mm and the control group (CON) consisting of five subjects leg length discrepancy of<10 mm. All participants were instructed to perform three walking trials for further analysis by using the Cortex 3.0 software program. Independent T-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to examine the effects of mild LLD on kinematic changes of the pelvis and hip during gait. Results: Angles of hip flexion, hip abduction, pelvic obliquity, and pelvic tilt in the experimental group were not significantly different compared to those of the control group. Conclusion: Mild leg length discrepancy induces kinematic changes in the lower limbs, including decreased hip flexion, increased hip abduction, and increased pelvic obliquity in the shorter limb, and increased hip adduction and increased pelvic obliquity in the longer limb. However, those changes were not significant.

Purpose: Leg length discrepancy causes the posture deformation, gait asymmetry, and lower back pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation among functional leg length discrepancy (FLLD), muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during simple lifting task. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects participated in this study. FLLD was measured from the umbilicus to medial malleolus of left and right leg using a tape. The subjects performed to lift a 10 kg box from the floor to chest. The muscle activity and muscle contraction onset time of rectus abdominis, erector spinae and rectus femoris was measured using EMG system and vGRF was measured by two force plate. Pearson correlation was used to fine out the correlation among FDDL, muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vGRF during simple lifting task. Results: Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle activity of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle contraction onset time of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. And correlation between FLLD and difference of vGRF of short-long side was high (r>0.7) during simple lifting task. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is high correlation between FLLD and muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time, and ground reaction force during simple lifting task. Therefore, FLLD could negatively affect the postural balance.

Background: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) leads to many musculoskeletal disorders and affects daily activities such as walking. In the majority of the population, mild LLD is a common condition. Nevertheless, it is still controversy among researchers and clinicians on the effects of mild LLD during gait, and available studies have largely overlooked this issue. Objects: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of mild LLD on the gait parameters and trunk acceleration. Methods: A total of 15 female and male participants with no evidence of LLD of >.5 ㎝ participated in the present study. All participants walked under the following two conditions: (1) The non-LLD condition, where the participants walked in shoes of the same heel height; (2) A mild LLD condition induced by wearing a 1.5 ㎝ higher heel on the right shoe. The GAITRite system and tri-axial accelerometer were used to measure gait parameters and trunk acceleration. To compare the variation of each variable, a paired t-test was performed. Results: Compared to the non-LLD condition, step time and swing phase were significantly increased in the mild LLD condition, while stance phase, single support phase, and double support phase significantly decreased in the short limb (p<.05). In the long limb of the mild LLD condition, single support phase significantly increased, while swing phase significantly decreased (p<.05). Furthermore, significant decrease in the gait velocity and cadence in the mild LLD condition were observed (p<.05). In the comparison between both limbs in the mild LLD condition, the step time and swing phase of the short limb significantly increased compared with the long limb, while step length, stance phase, and single support phase of the long limb significantly increased compared with the short limb (p<.05). Additionally, trunk acceleration of all directions (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, vertical) significantly increased in the mild LLD condition (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that mild LLD causes altered and asymmetrical gait patterns and affects the trunk, resulting in inefficient gait. Therefore, mild LLD should not be overlooked and requires adequate treatment.

Background: Clinical interventions using insole orthotics for leg length discrepancy (LLD) correction have been reported extensively. Insole orthosis intervention is known to be easy and simple to apply, and clinical side effects from the intervention are rare. However, few studies have verified the influences of customized insole orthosis fabricated using a 3D-printed equipment for LLD correction during gait. Purpose: To investigate the kinematic characteristics of 3D pelvic motion through a 3D motion analysis system among three different insole orthosis conditions during free walking. Study design: A repeated measures and cross-sectional study design. Methods: A 3D motion analysis system was used to investigate the pelvic kinematics during gait. The 3D pelvic kinematic variables during free walking were obtained from twenty-two participants with LLD under each insole orthosis condition. A total of 8 successful walking trials were used in the final analysis in each experimental condition. Results: The maximal elevation (F(2,42)=6.357, p=0.006), maximal depression (F(2,42)=8.467, p=0.002), and total maximal pelvic motion in the frontal plane (F(2,42)=7.033, p=0.004) of the pelvic segment differed significantly according to shoe insole orthosis conditions. As a result of post-hoc comparisons of maximal pelvic motions, the pelvic maximal elevation and total range in frontal pelvic motion were significantly decreased in the customized 3D-printed insole condition than in the general shoe insole and the thickness adjustment insole conditions (p<0.05). Conclusions: The customized insole orthosis fabricated based on 3D scanning system and 3D printing technology for individuals with LLD reduced pelvic motion during gait and contributed to preventing instability of the pelvic segment during gait.

Background Few studies have been performed to investigate the correction of leg length discrepancy (LLD) on the kinetic characteristics of the knee joint using a shoe insole during gait among those who must stand while working. Purpose To verify three-dimensional (3D) knee joint moments using a 3D motion capture system and force platforms with and without insoles during gait in standing workers with LLD. Study design This was a repeated-measures design. Methods Twenty-seven standing workers with LLD participated in this study. Kinetic data of the knee joint were collected using a motion analysis system and two force platforms. The participants were asked to walk freely along a 6-m walkway wearing a standard pair of shoes or standard shoes with an LLD-corrected insole. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the knee joint moments according to shoe conditions and limb sides. Results There were significant differences in most moment variables related to the knee joint in participants with LLD-corrected insoles worn on the short limb except for the knee moments of adduction, abduction, and internal rotation (p<0.05). Significant differences were shown in the maximal moment of knee adduction, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation between the long and short legs when the participants wore standard shoes only during gait (p<0.05). Conclusions The results demonstrated a significant association between the imbalance of the knee moments and LLD among retail staff who must stand while working. Therefore, the results of this study will be useful in explaining the incidence and biomechanical characteristics of knee osteoarthritis in standing workers with LLD

본 연구는 초등학생이 팀 구성에서 겪은 차별 경험은 어떤 것이며, 이러한 경험은 어떤 의미를 갖고 있는지 다양한 이야기를 통해 어떤 과정을 거쳐 새로운 삶을 살아가는가에 대해 탐색해보고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 초등학교 6학년 1명의 연구 참여자와 3명의 연구정보원으로부터 얻은 정보를 바탕으로 연구 참여자의 팀 구성 경험과정을 시공간, 관계 속에서 기술하는 이야기하기, 그 삶의 의미를 해석하는 다시 이야기를 통해 Clandinin과 Connelly(2000)의 삼차원적 공간 분석으로 연구결과를 도출하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 팀 구성에서의 차별 경험 이야기(실제적인 자기)는 팀 구성에 대한 경험(티볼 이야기), 채워지지 않은 주전자(자신 내면의 이야기), 학교생활 속에 젖어든 팀 구성의 차별(학교 생활 속 이야기)로 나타났다. 둘째, 팀 구성에서의 경험을 통해 자신 알아가기 과정은 이상적인 자아와 공감 문화를 확인하게 되었다. 마지막으로 다시 살아가기에서 가능한 자아를 발견하게 됨으로서 삶에 희망을 제시해주는 계기가 되었다. 본 연구는 초등학생의 경험을 이야기하는 과정 속에서 팀 구성에서의 차별을 극복하고 자기 가치를 찾아가는 계기가 되었다는 점에서 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to apply narrative inquiry to examine the experiences and its meanings what elementary school student experienced through the team formation. For this purpose, it conducted through the three-dimensional narrative inquiry spaces of Clandinin and Connelly(2000) after it was divided into the team formation days of the participant, the space time that he signed up for the teeball club and how he built up relationships in the club by a elementary school student and three informants (1 physical educator, 2 peers) as study participants. Firstly, it explored the experience of team formation(teeball narrative), unfilled the kettle(intric narrative) and transferences of discrimination of team activity(school life narrative). Second, he conformed a ideal self and sympathize cultures through knowing by self. Lastly, he revealed a possible self in reliving. And then, he was hopeful in his life. Therefore, this study means that it is for the elementary school student to obtain a self-discrepancy through the process of telling and retelling of his experience.

People can differently act online than in real-life. Their virtual identities may allow them to express themselves more freely. In this perspective, there is a self-discrepancy between virtual- and real-life. Due to the anonymity, people can feel free to express who actually they are online without considering social pressure. Especially, for those people who live in a repressed society, virtual-selves can play a significant role to achieve their well-being. For this reason, a self-discrepancy between actual- and virtual-self related to well-being was studied. With 183 survey responses, political freedom, extraversion and neuroticism are identified as significant influencers of subjective well-being (SWB). In addition, an increase in self-discrepancy between virtual- and real-life for ‘unhappy’ people leads to an increased online well-being, which is contradictory to Higgins’ self-discrepancy theory.

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the prevalence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, with a growing number of enterprises assuming this practice. However, many enterprises show inconsistent CSR behaviours with distinctions between internal and external stakeholders. Some scholars have investigated the antecedents of a firm’s CSR inconsistency behaviours from the perspectives of organisational features, external pressures and CEO characteristics. However, few studies have considered the influence of negative attainment discrepancy. Based on the behavioural theory of the firm, a firm’s previous performance influences its future strategy. If an enterprise’s performance falls below its expectation, does this phenomenon encourage the enterprise’s CSR inconsistency behaviour? Based on data from Chinese listed companies, this paper draws the following conclusions: First, negative attainment discrepancy will increase a firm’s CSR inconsistency behaviour, which means that when a firm’s performance falls below expectations, its behaviour is frequently marked by a propensity for high-risk endeavours and the pursuit of increased resources. Consequently, the firm will invest more in external social responsibility than in internal social responsibility in such a situation. Second, the impact of negative attainment discrepancy on CSR inconsistency is moderated by senior executives’ party membership identity. The sense of fairness and rules embedded inside the party members will mitigate the positive impact of negative attainment discrepancy on CSR inconsistency. Third, the impact of the negative attainment discrepancy on CSR inconsistency is moderated by the nature of the firm’s ownership. Specifically, the positive impact of negative attainment discrepancy on CSR inconsistency is weaker for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), mainly because their unique social goals and political background reduce their motivation for risky behaviours and their demands for scarce resources. This paper explores a firm’s corporate social responsibility strategy under negative attainment discrepancy from the perspective of internal and external inconsistencies. It not only contributes to the development of the behavioural theory of the firm, but also broadens research perspectives of a firm’s non-market strategy in the corporate social responsibility field.

현재의 기업 경영환경은 그 변화 속도가 매우 급격할 뿐만 아니라 변화의 폭 역시 세계화 된 기업경영활동만큼이나 다변화 되고 있다. 이러한 경영환경 하에서의 기업의 생존과 성장은 경쟁력 있는 인적자원의 효과적 개발과 보유에 기반할 때에 가능하다. 개인-조직간 적합성에 대한 현재까지의 문헌에 따르면, 효과적 인적자원의 개발과 보유는 구성원들의 경력관련 필요/욕구가 조직의 이해/목표에 반영되고 충족될 때 가능하다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 경력닻 개념으로 측정된 개인 경력지향성의 현저성과 충족도 간의 차이가 조직유효성에 미치는 영향을 이문화간에 비교 분석함으로써 개인-조직 적합성에 관한 그 동안의 연구를 확장하는데 있다. 보다 구체적으로, 본 논문은 개인의 경력 닻의 현저성과 그 충족도 간의 차이가 조직몰입, 직무만족, 그리고 이직의도에 미치는 영향을 209명의 한국 관리자와 221명의 미국 관리자로부터 수집된 데이터를 다항회귀분석 (Polynomial Regression Analysis)과 반응표면분석 (Response Surface Methodology)을 통해 분석하고, 그 결과를 통해 국제기업에서의 인사관리활동과 관련된 시사점을 도출하였다.

As business environment becomes highly dynamic and global, the chance that an organization can survive gets diminished without developing a competitive pool of human resource. And, the development of a competitive pool of human resource may not be possible if people’s career-related values are not taken into account appropriately throughout managerial activities. The goal of this study is to extend the study of P-O fit by examining the effect of the discrepancy of the prominence of individuals’ career-orientation and organizational fulfillment of the orientation on organizational effectiveness. By employing the concept of career anchor, it was hypothesized that the effect of the discrepancy between the prominence and the fulfillment of career anchor would have negative effects on work attitudes, such as organization commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention, and that the effect would vary across different cultures. By analyzing cross-cultural data collected from 209 Korean managers and 221 American managers with polynomial regression analysis and response surface methodology, this study attempts to reveal the cross-cultural nature of career-orientation and draw some practical implications for managers.

연구는 유아교육기관의 창의적 역량에 대한 유아교사의 인식과 실행 간의 차이 및 유아교사의 배경변인에 따른 차이를 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상은 대구 경북 지역에 소재한 유치원에 근무하는 유아교사 144명이며, 유아교육기관의 창의적 역량의 영역별 하위내용 인식 및 실행에 관한 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을 사용하여 대응표본 t-검증, 일원변량분석, Scheffe 사후검증을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 유아교육기관의 창의적 역량의 영역별 내용에 대한 유아교사의 인식과 실행 간 차이는 다양성, 자율성, 리더십 영역의 모든 하위내용에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 유아교사의 배경변인에 따른 인식과 실행 간의 차이는 유아교사의 직급별 자율성 영역의 하위내용, 학력별 리더십 영역의 하위내용, 경력별 다양성 영역의 하위내용, 그리고 연령에 따른 다양성 영역과 리더십 영역의 하위내용에서 각각 유의한 차이가 나타났다.

This research studies the discrepancy between the perception and reality of the early childhood educators regarding the creative competency of the early childhood education institutions, and the differences stemming from the background characteristics of the educators. Subjects were 114 early childhood educators drawn from kindergartens in Daegu and Gyeongbuk province. 180 questionnaires were delivered through physical visit or mail to the institutions. The collected data were analyzed using t-tests, one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe post hoc test, and the result is as thus. Firstly, the discrepancy between the perception and the reality of the educators was significantly different in all sub-domains. Secondly, The discrepancy between the perception and reality, according to the background characteristics, showed significantly different in the following domains: according to the position of the educators, in some sub-domains of autonomy; according to the academic background, in some sub-domains of the leadership; according to the career of the educators, in some sub-domains of diversity; and according to the age of the educators, in some sub-domains of diversity and leadership.

Since the introductionof modern therapies, more children with cancer have survived their illness. As a result, an interest in the degree of adjustment achieved by cancer survivors has increased. In this study, quality of life and behavior problemsof child and adolescent cancer survivors were compared with those of healthy controls. Also, the patternsof the discrepancy between parent-report and self-report were compared. Childhood cancer survivors aged 8-18 and their mothers were participated in the study. Parent and self report versions of PedQL were administered to assess the quality of life. K-CBCL and K-YSR were further completed to assess internalizing and externalizing behavior problem. Results suggested that cancer survivors generally showed lower quality of life in physical and social domains and more internalizing behavior problem than healthy control group. However, the results were affected by the domain, age group, and informant. The pattern of discrepancy between parent and self report was similar. All parents reported higher levelsof quality of life and lower levels of behavior problems compared to the self reports of their siblings. In assessing internalizing problem behaviors, cancer survivor group showed greater discrepancy than the healthy control group.The implications, limitations, and directions for future research were also discussed.

본 연구에서는 부부간의 결혼가치관의 차이, 배우자의 결혼가치관 오해와 부부갈등에서 부부의 세 가지 의사소통(건설적, 손상적, 요구철회) 사용정도가 어떤 역할을 하는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 결혼기간 10년 이내의 부부 176쌍을 대상으로 연구하였다. 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부부의 건설적 의사소통은 부부간의 결혼가치관 차이와 부부갈등간의 관계에서 조절효과가 있었다. 특히 남편이 사용하는 건설적 의사소통이 부부의 결혼가치관 차이로 인한 부부갈등에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 부부간 건설적 의사소통은 결혼가치관 차이로 인해 아내가 경험하는 부부갈등을 조절해 주고 있었다. 둘째, 배우자의 결혼가치관 오해로 인한 부부갈등에서도 건설적 의사소통이 조절역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 경우도 건설적 의사소통은 배우자의 결혼가치관의 오해로 인한 아내의 부부갈등 완화에 도움이 주는 것으로 나타났다. 예상과 달리 손상적 및 요구철회 의사소통의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다.

The present research aims to investigate the extent to which three types of communication (constructive, destructive, demand-withdraw) married couples have used played a role in the conflict caused by the discrepancy in couple's marital ideals and misunderstanding of spouse's ideals. One hundred and seventy six married couples whose marriage have lasted less than 10 years evaluated on their marital conflicts, marital ideals, and using three types of communications. Findings are as follows: First, the constructive communication alleviated the marital conflict caused by the discrepancy in the marital ideals. Specifically, husband‘s constructive communication moderated the relationship between discrepancy and marital conflict. The mutual constructive communications also turned out to play a critical role in the wife's conflict. Second, it seemed that marital conflict caused by misunderstanding of spouse's marital ideals become alleviated when there was the more constructive communication between married couples. Additionally, husband's constructive communication played an important role in the wife's marital conflict.

본 연구는 편집증의 하위 유형에 대한 Chadwick의 가설에 따라 편집증을 피해편집증과 처벌편집증으로 나누어 자기 불일치, 우울, 내면화된 수치심에서 어떤 공통점과 차이점이 있는지 살펴보았다. 대학생 및 대학원생 580명을 대상으로 설문지를 실시하였으며, 편집척도 점수를 통해 상위 20%는 편집성향 집단, 하위 10%는 통제 집단으로 선발하였다. 편집성향 집단 중 자기개념 척도 점수를 통해 전체 평균 보다 높은 집단은 피해편집성향 집단, 전체 평균 보다 낮은 집단은 처벌편집성향 집단으로 분류하였다. 연구 결과 처벌편집성향 집단이 피해편집성향 집단 보다 실제 자기와 이상적 자기 간의 자기 불일치가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 처벌편집성향 집단과 피해편집성향 집단은 실제자기와 타인이 보는 자기 간 불일치가 통제집단 보다 더 높았으나, 편집증의 하위 유형 집단 간 유의미한 차이는 없었다. 또한 처벌편집성향 집단이 피해편집성향 집단 보다 우울, 내면화된 수치심이 더 높다는 점을 확인하였다.

The study investigated the similarities and differences between persecutory paranoia and punishment paranoia groups based on the variables of self-discrepancy, depression, and internalized share. A total of 580 students completed the paranoia score questionnaire, and the top 20% were selected as a Paranoid Tendency group; those in the bottom 10% were selected as a Control group. People in the Paranoid Tendency group were higher on the score of a discrepancy between actual self and perception of others about the self than those in the control group. Members in the Paranoid Tendency group were further divided into Persecutory Paranoid Tendency versus Punishment Paranoid Tendency group based on their level of self-concept. The results indicated that those in the Paranoid Tendency group were higher on the score of self-discrepancy than those in Persecutory Paranoid Tendency group, while those in Punishment Paranoid Tendency group were higher on the score of depression and internalized shame than those in Persecutory Tendency group.