Earticle

본 논문은 Adrian and Franzoni(2005)가 개발한 학습 자본자산가격결정모형(learning CAPM)을 재고찰한다. Adrian and Franzoni(2005)의 모형은 변수오차(errors-in- variable), 생략변수(omitted-variable) 문제로 인한 모형의 내생성을 무시하였는데, 본 논문에서는 설명변수와 오차항 사이에 상관관계가 존재할 경우에 적용할 수 있는 Kim (2006)의 방법론을 대안으로 제시하여 모형 설명력의 개선 여부를 고찰한다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과는 아래와 같다. 첫째, Hausman(1978)의 내성성 테스트에서 시장초과수익률과 오차항 사이에 뚜렷한 상관관계가 존재하므로 Kim(2006)의 방법론을 정당화한다. 둘째, 제시된 모형에서 소형-가치주는 1.62, 대형-성장주는 0.94로 시장베타의 평균이 각각 추정되어 소형-가치주에 대해 체감하는 위험이 대형-성장주에 비해 상대적으로 높았으며 이는 소형-가치주의 높은 기대수익률을 정당화한다. 셋째, 제시된 모형의 설명력이 Adrian and Franzoni(2005)의 모형에 비해 전반적으로 개선되었으며, 특히 가중가격오차(CPE)가 약 49% 감소하였다.

This paper analyzes the role of controlling shareholders in corporate wage decisions. Even though existing theories have argued for the positive role of controlling shareholders who own substantial portions of voting shares, there have not been many theoretical or empirical papers that specifically identify or confirm their roles in corporate management. If any, existing papers analyze the relationship between managerial ownership and firm value or firm performance. However, the causal relationship is not easily testable, and the results are indeterminate. This is partly due to the endogeneity problem between ownership and firm value in addition to the mixed effects of managerial ownership on firm value. In theory, larger managerial ownership positively affects firm value by aligning the incentives of managers with those of outside shareholders, but managers would also hold larger numbers of shares if they find the shares of their companies are undervalued. Such an endogeneity issue makes it extremely difficult to test empirically the effect of managerial ownership on firm value. In addition, a larger size of managerial ownership entrenches managers, which has a negative effect on the firm value, leading to indeterminate conclusions on the issue. In this paper, we identify wage bargaining as a corporate decision process in which managers or controlling shareholders can get involved. We set up a theoretical model to predict the relationship between managerial ownership and wage decision, and empirically test the hypotheses based on the model. We use a cooperative bargaining model in which a controlling shareholder or a manager who represents the share holder bargains with employees to decide on employees’ wage. Unlike other production factors such as financial capital or intermediate materials to be out- sourced from competitive factor markets, wage provides a good candidate for confirming the role of controlling shareholders in corporate management since wage is negotiable in the bargaining process between the firm and its employees. We derive theoretical predictions on the effect of controlling ownership and the personal benefits controlling share holders gain from controlling the wage of the firm’s employees. As a result, we could empirically confirm the disciplinary role of controlling ownership in wage decision in firms. The theoretical model predicts that controlling ownership is negatively correlated with the wage of employees as long as the profitability of the firm is not too high or employees’ stock ownership is large enough. This is because the relative importance of cash flow rights of a controlling shareholder increases with his stock ownerships while the relative importance of his private benefit of control decreases. Our intuition dictates that the more shares the controlling shareholder owns, the higher wage will be incurring more cost to his share value, providing an incentive for him to lower the wage. Thus, the condition of low profitability is needed since the controlling shareholder may concede too much in a wage bargaining if he has too much to lose when the profitability of the firm is very high and the bargaining fails. The condition for the reasonable level of employees’ ownership also implies that employees also need to have something to lose if the bargaining fails. Empirical analyses confirm the theoretical predictions and show that there is a negative relationship between the two variables. We also show in the theoretical model that the size of the private benefit of control is positively correlated with employees’ wage. We conjecture that controlling shareholders concede to the employees in the wage bargaining since the private benefit can be lost if the bargaining fails. The data used in this paper for empirical analyses is obtained from the TS-2000 of KLCA, and covers the listed companies on the Korea Stock Exchange during the years from 1999 to 2002. The empirical analyses confirm the theoretical predictions and show that there is a negative relationship between controlling ownership and wage level. When we include an interaction variable between low profitability dummy variable and controlling ownership, the coefficient is negative and significant at the 1% significance level. The result confirms our conjecture that the monitoring role of controlling shareholders will be stronger when the firm does not perform well. When we divide the sample firms based on their employees’ ownerships and profitability, we again confirm our theoretical results that the monitoring role of controlling shareholders would be stronger in those companies with higher employees’ ownership and lower profitability. The over all results suggest that a professional manager with lower stock ownership would collude with his employees and allow them higher wages in order to secure his control over his firm. The paper also shows that the disciplinary role of a controlling shareholder is more prominent when the performance of the company is poorer. On the other hand, any increase in the ownership by employees or their participation in a labor union tends to have an increasing effect on their wage level. The theoretical and empirical results of the paper enhance our understanding of the role of a controlling shareholder as a monitor of corporate management.

본 연구는 최근 긴요한 위기관리 대상으로써 국경관리의 중요성이 커지는 가운데, 향후 급변사태 등으로 인한 북한이탈주민의 대량발생시 현재와 같이 입국과 동시에 자국민으로 간주하여 전격적으로 수용과 지원을 하고 있는 제도의 지속가능성에 의문을 가지고 분단기 서독의 동독이탈주민 수용사례에 대한 검토를 통해 시사점을 찾고자 하는 목적으로 수행되었다. 선행연구 검토를 바탕으로 이주결정의 배출/흡입(push/pull)모델을 중심으로 수용대상과 수용역량 양 측면에서 수용의 영향요인을 살펴보고자 하였는데 이 때 수용대상 측면은 동독이탈주민의 이주구조(수와 방식)와 속성(이주동기, 정서)으로, 수용역량 측면은 서독사회의 수용능력이 전제되므로 정치⋅경제적 영향을 고려해 분석하였다. 연구결과 서독의 수용원칙 설정과 활용은 다양한 수용영향요인에 따라 유연하게 이루어졌음을 파악할 수 있어 우리의 일률적인 탈북자 수용정책과는 상이한 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 즉 수용 여부를 나누는 기준 설정과 수용시 혜택, 그리고 수용하지 않을 경우 인도주의적 측면에서 송환은 하지 않더라도 지원혜택을 현실화하는 방안에서 주요한 시사점을 도출하였다.

Border control becomes more important as a target of critical crisis management. In this study we examine the sustainability of the current border control system that allows North Korean defectors full acceptance in case of sudden changes in the near future. The objective of this study is to investigate what kinds of acceptance principles were implemented in the case of West and East Germany and to find out implications for Korea. To find out influencing factors of acceptance, it focuses on the push-pull factor model of migration decision: reception target group(structure: number and mode, attribute: motivation and emotion) and reception capacity(influence by political and economic conditions). The results indicate that West Germany's acceptance principles were flexible and adaptable to various acceptance factors. The main implications from this study include the setting of the criteria for acceptability, benefits for acceptance and the realization of some benefits in case of rejection such as no repatriation to origin country in humanitarian terms.

시장경제에 있어서는 경쟁과 지식재산권이 창작이나 기술개발 또는 혁신을 통한 경제성장과 복지증진의 원동력이 되고 있기 때문에, 독점규제법은 자유롭고 공정한 경쟁을 촉진하기 위하여 노력하고 있으며, 지식재산권법은 창작이나 기술개발 또는 혁신에 참여한 자의 인센티브를 보장하기 위하여 노력하고 있다. 그런데 지식재산권의 행사가 제 3자의 공정한 이용을 방해 또는 배제하거나 자유로운 경쟁이나 공정한 거래를 제한 또는 저해함으로써 지속적인 후속혁신을 어렵게 하는 등 그 권리가 남용될 경우에는 이를 제한할 필요가 있다. 그리고 그 방법으로는 통상 지식재산권법에 의한 남용통제와 독점규제법에 의한 통제가 널리 사용되고 있는데, 미국과 유럽에서는 양자가 모두 적극적으로 활용되고 있는데 반하여, 우리나라에서는 독점규제법에 의한 남용통제는 비교적 활발하게 이루어지고 있으나, 지식재산권법에 의한 남용통제는 적극적으로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그런데 이러한 방법으로는 지식재산권을 둘러싼 분쟁에 있어서 사적인 당사자들 간의 권리주장을 통하여 공공정책에 위반한 지식재산권의 행사가 제한될 수 있는 가능성은 매우 낮을 수밖에 없다. 따라서 우리나라에서 지식재산권의 남용에 대한 통제의 효율성을 제고하기 위해서는 독점규제법에 의한 남용통제 뿐만 아니라, 지식재산권법에 의한 남용통제도 적극적으로 활용할 필요가 있으며, 양자가 상호보완적인 관계를 유지하면서 지식재산권의 남용을 억제함으로써 지속적인 후속혁신의 촉진을 도모하고, 나아가 사회복지의 증진에 이바지하도록 노력할 필요가 있을 것이다.

Competition policy and intellectual property rights(IPRs) have evolved historically as two separate systems of law. Each has its own legislative goals and methods of achieving these goals. There are a considerable overlaps in the goals of the two systems of law because both are aimed at promoting innovation and economic growth. Yet there are also potential conflicts owing to the means used by each system to promote those goals. These conflicts have often arisen in the process of abuse control of intellectual property rights. In recent decades, competition authorities and courts have prohibited conduct by intellectual property owner which was otherwise lawful under intellectual property legislation, because it contravened the rules of competition law. This has occurred in four main spheres of activity of IP owners. First, cases have been brought by the competition authorities to place limits on the anti-competitive commercial conduct of individual owners of IPRs where they protect a market standard or de facto monopoly. The competition issue presented in these cases has generally been the IP owner’s exclusionary conduct towards innovators and potential competitors on markets which are secondary to and dependent upon an IPR protected industrial standard or de facto monopoly. The anti-competitive conduct has tended to take the form of a ‘refusal to deal’, a tie-in, or illegal ‘bundling’. Secondly, the competition authorities have created a detailed framework of regulation for certain terms of bilateral IPR licensing agreements, whether by means of official guidelines or legislation. Thirdly, the practices of collecting societies, R&D agreements and patent and technology pools have raised the issue of the appropriate treatment of cooperation between competitors in IP related fields under the competition rules. Finally, in the field of mergers and acquisitions, the owners of IPRs have found that competition authorities have intevened on occasion to limit IPR owners from acquiring competing technologies as well as to require compulsory licences of IPRs to third parties as a condition of merger approval. In many jurisdictions, the abuse of intellectual property rights have been controlled by two ways. The one is by private lawsuits between interested parties in court based on the intellectual property law, the other is by competition authorities based on competition law. However, in Korea, the abuse of intellectual property rights has been mainly controlled by competition law, for example, Samsung Electronics v. Apple case and Qualcomm case, as the abuse control by private lawsuit has not been so active as in other jurisdictions. In result, the abusive conduct of intellectual property owners has not been effectively controlled in Korea. In order to enhance the efficiency of abuse control of intellectual property rights in Korea, it is highly recommended to encourage the abuse control of intellectual property rights by private lawsuit, and to elaborate the public abuse control by competition authorities through the active execution of private abuse control.

대한민국 헌법은 대통령으로 하여금 전시ㆍ사변 또는 이에 준하는 국가비상사태 에 있어서 병력으로써 군사상의 필요에 응하거나 공공의 안녕질서를 유지할 필요 가 있을 때에는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 계엄을 선포할 수 있도록 규정하고 있 다. 그러나 과거 계엄선포에 따른 비상시국에 주어진 권한을 남용하는 등 문제가 있었음에도 불구하고 계엄법상 군내 뿐만 아니라 민간 수사기관과 법원조직까지도 계엄사령부 지휘감독 아래 있다 보니 견제가 제한되고 권한의 남용에 따른 기본권 침해 행위에 대하여서도 감독이 어려운 측면이 있다. 더구나 과거와 같이 국회, 대 통령 등이 제 역할이나 기능이 발휘되지 못할 경우 계엄사령관 등의 권한 남용행 위를 견제한다는 것이 법체계상으로 어렵다는 점에서 향후 동일 위법 사례가 재발하지 않도록 이에 대응하는 독립 수사, 조사기관 및 이들이 견제기능이 제대로 발 휘되기 위한 관련 법령개정 소요에 대하여 검토하기로 한다. 본 논문은 ① 헌법상 대통령의 계엄선포권의 법적 의미와 한계에 대해서 살펴보고, ②｢계엄법｣상 비상 계엄시 통제대상인 행정, 사법기관 범위, ③ 고위공직자범죄수사처 및 국가인권위 원회의 계엄사령부 견제 기능 보장 검토에 대한 학설과 이론 및 헌법재판소 결정 및 판례를 살펴본 후 관련 법령개정의 필요성을 제시하는 것을 논문의 목적으로 한다.

The Constitution of the Republic of Korea allows the President to declare martial law as prescribed by law when it is necessary to respond to military needs or maintain public well-being as a force in wartime, events, or similar national emergencies. However, despite problems such as abuse of the authority given to emergency situations following the declaration of martial law in the past, not only in the military but also private investigative agencies and court organizations are under the command and supervision of the martial law command, making it difficult to check and supervise basic rights violations caused by abuse of authority. Moreover, given that it is difficult in the legal system to check the abuse of authority by martial law commanders if the National Assembly and the President do not play their role or function properly as in the past, independent investigative agencies, and they cannot function properly to prevent the recurrence of the same illegal case in the future. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates that the President may declare martial law as required by law when it is necessary to meet military needs or maintain public order as a force in the event of war, affairs or similar national emergencies. However, despite the problems such as abusing the authority given to the emergency state in accordance with the declaration of martial law in the past, not only the martial law but also the civilian investigation agency and the court organization are under the command and supervision of the martial law command, There is a difficult aspect to supervise. Moreover, it is difficult in the legal system to check the abuse of authority of the martial law commander if the role or function of the National Assembly, the President, etc. can not be exercised as in the past. In order to prevent the recurrence of the same illegal case in the future, And the related laws and regulations to ensure that the check function is exercised properly.

국경에서 민간인 통제와 관련된 문제는 기본적으로 국가안보와 인권 보호 간의 균형을 모색 하는 것이다. 본고는 국제인권법상 허용되는 일탈과 그 한계를 살펴보고 이를 서해 5도 주민들 이 처한 상황에 적용하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 서해 5도는 북방한계선과의 인접성과 남북간의 군사적 긴장으로 어업활동이 일정 부분 제한되고 있다. 어선의 안전한 조업에 관한 법률(이하, “어선안전조업법”)은 어선의 안전한 조업과 항해를 보장하고 인명, 신체 및 재산을 보호하기 위 해 2019년 제정되었다. 어선안전조업법에 따라 서해 5도 내에서 어업제한수역, 특정 수역, 어업 제한수역 및 어업금지수역이 지정되었다. 일 인해 어선의 조업과 항행이 제한되고 서해 5도 주민들은 지정된 시간 내에 지정된 수역에서만 조업이 가능하다. 동 법은 서해 5도에서의 활동 의 정당성 결여, 미흡한 의견 수렴 절차 및 과도한 처벌 규정 등으로 인해 문제가 제기되었다. 대한민국 헌법은 국민의 자유와 권리가 국가안보 또는 공공복리를 위해 필요한 경우에 제한할 수 있지만 본질적인 권리가 침해되어서는 아니된다고 규정하고 있다. 국제인권법의 일명 일탈조 항은 제한된 기간 내에 법치주의에 근거해야 한다는 측면에서 헌법과 일맥상통하기도 한다. 이에 서해 5도 주민이 기본권 제한을 최소화 하면서 국제인권기준에 부합하도록 어선안전조업 법 개정에 대해 논의할 필요가 있다.

The issues related to control of civilians at the border fundamentally seek to balance between national security and protection of human rights. The purpose of this paper is to examine the permissible derogation and limits under international human rights law and apply such findings to the situations faced by the residents of the Five Islands in the West Sea. Fishing activities within the Five Islands have been restricted due to its proximity to the Northern Limit Line and military tension between South and North Korea. The Act on Safe Fishing of Fishing Vessels Safety Act (“Safe Fishing Act”) was enacted in 2019 to guarantee the safe fishing and navigation of fishing vessels as well as to protect the life, body and property of people. In accordance with the Safe Fishing Act, a fishing limit zone, specific waters, fishing restraint, fishing restraint waters are designated within the Five Islands in the West Sea. Consequently, fishing and navigation of fishing vessels are restrained and the residents of the Five Islands are allowed to fish within the designated zone during permitted times. The Safe Fishing Act is criticized for its lack of legitimacy of restricting activities on the Five Islands in the West Sea, lack of public comment as well as its provisions on excessive penalties. While the Korean Constitution permits restriction of freedoms and the rights of citizens only when necessary for national security, the maintenance of law and order or for public welfare, the essential aspects of the right can never be violated. International human right is in line with the Constitution as the so-called derogatory clauses in international human rights must be based on the rule of law within a limited period. It is therefore necessary to engage in a discussion of amending the Safe Fishing Act to minimize the restrictions of the fundamental rights of the residents of the Five Islands to meet international human rights standards.

본 연구의 목적은 기업체의 임직원이나 협력사 직원들이 스마트폰 카메라를 이용해 기업의 제품 도면이나 기밀유지가 보장되어야 하는 제품 개발 시 진행되었던 업무 내용이 저장된 문서 등을 스마트폰 카메라로 촬영하여 외부로 유출하는 것을 사전에 차단하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 허가된 사용자에 대한 사진 촬영과 기업체 내부에서만 촬영된 데이터를 공유할 수 있게 하는 인원 출입 권한과 연계한 스마트폰 카메라 제어시스템을 제안한다. 이를 위해 기업체에 상주하는 임직원, 협력사 직원들과 방문객들의 스마트폰 제어 프로그램(MCS : Mobile Camera Control System) 대한 설치현황을 개발하여 출입이 허가된 지역에서 설치된 스마트폰 제어 프로그램 작동여부를 실험 및 분석한다. 또한, 방문객들이 기업체 방문 시 스마트폰 카메라를 통한 사진 촬영의 방지효과와 스마트폰 카메라 렌즈부분에 부착하는 봉인 스티커 비용의 절감효과가 나타났다.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the smart phone camera on the company's employees or employees of partner companies, we want to block things in advance. In this paper, we propose a smart phone camera control system which is connected with the personnel access right which enables to share the photographed image of the authorized user and the data shot only within the enterprise. To this end, we have developed the installation status of smart phone control program (MCS: Mobile Camera Control System) of employees, employees and visitors of company, and experimented and analyzed whether the smart phone control program installed in the authorized area. In addition, when visitors visited the company, the effect of prevention of photograph shooting through smart phone camera and the cost of seal sticker attached to the smart phone camera lens part were reduced.

오늘날 국제 인권법의 발달은 내외국민의 차별을 극소화시켰고 인권 개념의 확산은 과거 외국인이라는 사실 만으로 차별이 정당화 되었던 것을 차별의 합리적 이유를 요구하는 것으로까지 발전시켰다. 이러한 이유에는 사법과 납세 등에서 이들이 일정 부분의 의무를 내국인과 같이 행하고 있다는 점도 작용 했을 것이다. 그렇기 때문에 우리나라도 이제는 이들의 보호문제에 관심을 가져야 한다. 외국인의 신체와 재산상의 보호뿐만 아니라 다양한 차별의 문제까지 언급되어야 한다. 현재 우리나라 불법체류 외국인들은 이들의 고용 및 직업과 관련된 차별에서 뿐만 아니라 단속과 보호시설 입소와 관련된 기본권 측면에서도 심각한 인권침해를 받고 있다. 특히 신체의 자유는 인간의 권리 중 가장 본질적인 것이라 할 수 있으며 따라서 이를 제한하기 위해서는 적법성의 통제를 받아야 하고 자의적이거나 인간의 존엄성을 훼손하는 방법에 의한 구금이 일어나서는 안된다. 그렇지만 현재 우리나라에 체류하고 있는 외국인 근로자, 좀더 자세히 말하자면 불법체류자들에 대한 인권보호는 미흡한 것이 사실이기에 본 논문에서는 불법체류의 원인과 실태에 대하여 언급하고자 하며, 이들에 대한 단속 절차인 수사와 보호 문제에 대해서도 논의해 보고자 한다. 그리고 보편적인 가치로서의 인권에 대해 논의해 봄으로써 정말 이들의 행위가 ‘불법’ 이며 이들의 ‘체류’가 무작정 지탄받아야만 되는지, 또한 국가의 성급한 판단은 없었는지, 대응방법이 단순화되지는 않았는지 등의 다양한 내용에 대해서도 아울러 생각해 보고자 한다. 적합하지 않은 방법으로 거주 및 생활하고 있는 이들을 무조건 옹호하고자 하는 것은 아니지만 이들의 기본권 및 인권도 내국인들과 동일하고 이를 제한하기 위해서는 법률을 비롯한 사회적 공감대를 필요로 한다는 점을 이야기 하고 싶다. 그리고 이러한 법률에 대한 해석 및 적용과 관련해서는 확대는 아니더라도 적어도 보편성이 확보되었으면 좋겠고, 국제적 규정의 준수, 관련 정책에 대한 적극적 연구 등도 계속되었으면 한다. 그리고 나서도 이들의 체류 행위가 비난만 받아야 하는 것이라면 그때는 인권의 가치를 알릴 수 있는 교육에 호소할 수 밖에 없을 것 같다.

Illegal foreign residents in Korea are suffering not only from the discrimination with respect to employment and occupation but also in serious interference on their human rights with respect to the basic rights related to their control and protective facility management. In particular, the bodily freedom is one of the most intrinsic rights of human, and accordingly, in order to restrict any of restraint, there has to be the control under the legitimacy without any imprisonment by ways of deviating from the human respect or unauthorized practice. However, the human rights protection on foreign workers staying in Korea, in more detailed term, the illegal foreign residents, is still insufficient that this article is attempted to state the cause and status of illegal staying as well as the investigation and protection issues with respect to these illegal residents. And, by discussing the human rights as the general value, it is the goal to contemplate various issues hereto; whether their actions are truly 'illegal', and whether their 'stay' has to be criticized without second-thoughts, and whether there is any haste decision by the government made, or response method is too simplified, and others.

본 연구는 경찰관의 공감, 자기통제력, 자아존중감이 인권의식에 미치는 직접적인 영향과 이들의 인구사회학적 및 인권교육 경험 특성과 인권의식 간의 관계에서 세 요 인(공감, 자기통제력, 자아존중감)의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 연구대상자의 공감능력이 높을수록, 자기통제력이 높을수록, 자아존중감이 높을수록 경찰활동과 관 련된 인권의식이 높아지는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 경찰관의 인구사회학적(학력)·인 권교육 경험(교육 횟수, 교육 내용 충분성 인식) 특성과 인권의식 간의 관계에서 공감, 자기통제력, 자아존중감의 부분매개효과 및 완전매개효과를 확인하였다. 경찰관의 인 권의식 증진을 위한 정책 개선 및 교육적 개입 방안에 대해 논의하였다.

This study aims to identify the direct effects of empathy, self-control, and self-esteem on perceptions of human rights among police officers. Specifically, this study seeks to test the mediating effects of empathy, self-control, and self-esteem in the relationships between police officers’ demographic characteristics/educational experiences related to human rights and their perceptions of human rights. Results indicate that police officers with higher levels of empathy, self-control, and self-esteem exhibit more strongly positive perceptions about human rights. The findings also show that empathy, self-control, and self-esteem mediate the effects of demographic characteristics (higher education level)/educational experiences(taking a greater number of human rights programs and evaluating the sufficiency of human rights programs more positively) on perceptions of human rights. The educational implications aimed at improving perceptions of human rights, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

부패와 관련되는 한, 중앙아시아는 특히 포스트 소비에트 국가들의 체제전환을 연구하는 많은 학자들에게 매력적인 연구대상이 되고 있다. 왜냐하면 종교 및 문화적으로 느슨한 이슬람으로 통합되어 있는 중앙아시아 지역은 개별국가들의 특수성과 더불어 보편성을 가지고 있고, 소비에트 체제의 유산과 체제전환과정이라는 역사적 공통점과 중앙아시아를 하나의 집합으로 보면 지역적 문화적 정치적 경험과 체제의 유사성으로 인해 탈 소비에트 공간의 다른 지역, 예를 들면 중동부 유럽, 발트 3개국과는 대비되는 특수성을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 본 논문은 체제전환 중인 중앙아시아 5개국의 서로 다른 사유화 경로가 이들 국가들의 부패의 발생에 어떻게 영향을 미쳤는지 분석해 볼 것이다. 법적 시스템의 미비와 문화적 역사적 요인에 의한 통제 시스템의 약점을 감안할 때, 중앙아시아 5개국의 체제전환 과정에서의 부패는 경제적 활동에 대한 통제권을 장악한 정치인과 관료의 손에 달려있었다고 볼 수 있다. 민영화과정에서 자산과 소유권에 대한 권리가 정치인 및 관료의 통제권 행사를 통해 간섭받을 경우, 뇌물 수수와 같은 부패의 기회가 발생한다. 이러한 정치인과 관료에 의한 통제권 행사가 중앙아시아 5개국이 직면한 전례 없는 체제전환기에 민영화와 부패 사이의 연관성을 설명해준다. 먼저 중앙아시아 5개국의 서로 다른 민영화 전략이 정치인과 관료의 사유화 거래에 대한 통제권에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가를 살펴볼 것이다. 정치인과 관료의 사유화 거래에 대한 통제권이 바로 중앙아시아 5개국의 부패의 직접적 원인이었다. 민영화/사유화 과정에서 다음과 같은 요인들이 중앙아시아 5개국의 부패에 영향을 미쳤다. 민영화의 속도, 적용된 행정재량의 수준, 투명성 및 정보에 대한 접근성, 그리고 해당 자산을 소유하고 있던 정부 기관이 민영화를 추진하느냐 아니면 다른 정부 기관에서 추진하느냐 등이 그것이다. 결국 이런 요소들을 중앙아시아 5개국의 가장 일반적인 사유화 방법인 바우처 기반 대량 사유화와 경매 및 직접거래에 적용하면 이들 국가들의 부패상황이 도출된다. 결국, 사유화 거래에 대한 통제권이 부패의 직접적 원인이라고 볼 때, 바우처를 기반으로 하는 대규모 사유화가 중앙아시아에서 가장 적게 부패를 야기하는 사유화 방법이었다고 말할 수 있다.

As far as corruption is concerned, Central Asia has become an attractive subject for many scholars, especially those studying the transition of post-Soviet countries. The Central Asia religiously and culturally integrated into loose Islam Area, has similarities along with the peculiarities of the individual countries. It also has common historical background from the legacy of the Soviet system to the transformation process and the regional cultural and political experiences. It also has similarities and peculiarities compared with the rest of the Soviet space, such as Central and Eastern Europe, Baltic States, and Kazakhstan. This paper analyzes how different privatization paths of 5 countries of Central Asia had affected the incidence of corruption. Given the loopholes in the legal system and weaknesses in the control system due to cultural and historical factors, it can be posited that, during the transition, corruption may be related to the scope of control rights over economic activity in the hands of politicians and bureaucrats. When the rights to cash flows from privatized assets could be impaired through the exercise of control rights in the hands of politicians and bureaucrats, the opportunity for extracting rents through the collection of bribes arises. This kind of control rights in the hands of Nomenklatura can explain the link between privatization and corruption during the unprecedented system-transition that these 5 countries had faced. First it will be reviewed what impact different privatization strategies had on control rights of politicians and bureaucrats over privatization transactions. It is the control rights over privatization transactions that may be a direct source of corruption. From this framework, a number of specific factors as causes of corruption in 5 countries of Central Asia emerge in each of these privatization paths: speed, the level of administrative discretion employed, transparency and access to information, and whether or not the program is administered by a government agency differing from the one which previously owned the assets in question. Applying these factors to the most common methods of privatization, such as Voucher-based Mass Privatization, Tenders and Trade Sales, Management-Employee Buy-Out (MEBO), Spontaneous Privatization reveal the the general situation of corruptions in Central Asia. It can be said, as a result, that if the control rights over privatization transactions is a direct source of corruption, then voucher-based mass privatization could be the least corruption-prone implementation methods in 5 countries of Central Asia.

One of the main features of information flow control is to ensure the enforcement of privacy and regulated accessibility. However, most information flow control models that have been proposed do not provide substantial assurance to enforce end-to-end confidentiality policies or they are too restrictive, overprotected, and inflexible. We present a model for discretionary access controls that is in harmony with the object oriented paradigm. The model uses access rights applied to object attributes and methods, thus allowing considerable flexibility without compromising system security by leaking sensitive information. Models based on message filtering intercept every message exchanged among objects to control the flow of information. We present an algorithm which enforces message filtering based on the defined access rights.

디지털 콘텐츠의 저작권 보호를 위해 다양한 종류의 콘텐츠 보호기술들이 개발되어 사용되고 있으며, 방송산업계에서도 CAS, DRM 등 다양한 콘텐츠 보호기술들의 도입이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 최근 강력한 멀티미디어 기능을 내장한 다양한 가전기기들이 디지털 홈 네트워크 기술의 발전으로 상호간 콘텐츠의 공유가 가능해짐에 따라 콘텐츠 보호기술간 상호호환성 요구도 크게 증가되고 있다. 본 논문은 MPEG-21 REL을 이용하여 방송콘텐츠의 다양한 저작권 보호기술간 권리제어정보의 매핑 관계를 살펴봄으로써 권리제어정보의 호환성을 보장하기 위한 새로운 접근방식을 소개하였다

Abstract Various types of protection technologies have been developed for protecting copyrights of digital content and such technologies for protecting the digital broadcasting content as CAS, DRM have been introduced to the broadcasting industry. However, current rapid development of digital home network systems lets customers share digital content among home appliances, leading to the increasing needs for achieving interoperability among content protection technologies. This paper investigates previous research on interoperability among heterogeneous rights control informations by using MPEG-21 REL and then introduces a new approach to guarantee interoperability of rights control information.

본 연구는 네트워크 시대, 자기 결정권에 관한 기술과 제도에 대하여 살펴본다. 이를 위해 사이버공간의 3대 구성 요소를 근간으로 기술과 제도에 대한 통합적 분석을 시도한다. 그리고 가상공간의 기술과 제도를 중심으로 프라이버시, 개인정보, 자기결정권에 관한 선행 연구와 사례를 탐구한다. 자기결정권을 보호하기 위해 요소 기술, 플랫폼 서비스 기술, 개별 기술 별로 취약점을 분석한다. 특히, 웹 2.0 환경에서 관계맥락으로 활용될 개인정보의 위험과 보안 대책을 자기결정권 측면에서 기술한다. 연구결과는 향후 자기결정권 연구에 방법론적으로 그리고 기술과 사회의 상호작용을 파악하는데 거대 이론 연구에 도움을 줄 것으로 예상된다.

This research examines technologies and systems regarding right to control information in the network era. For this purpose, It attempts an integrated analysis of technologies and systems on the basis of the tree components of cyberspace. And it examines the prior researches and cases on privacy, personal information, and right to control information with emphasis on technologies and systems of the cyberspace. To protect privacy information, it analyses vulnerability of element technology, platform service technology, and individual technology. In particular, it describes, from the perspective of right to control information, the risk and security measures for personal information to be used as relation-context in the Web 2.0 environment. The research result will assist the methodology of future researches for grand theory on privacy information and help understanding the interaction between technology and society.

본 연구는 간호대학생이 지각하는 아동학대 전문가적 지각된 행위 통제, 아동권리인식 및 아동학대 신고 의도 정도를 파악하고, 아동학대 신고 의도에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 자료수집은 2023년 4월 28일 부터 5월 15일 까지 D광역시 및 C시에 소재하는 2개 대학교에서 간호대학생 150명을 대상으로 설문지를 통하여 수 집하였다. 수집한 자료는 SPSS statistics 29.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 간호대학생이 지각하는 아동학대 신 고 의도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 아동권리인식으로 나타났다. 아동학대 신고 의도에 대한 설명력은 전체 13.6%로 나 타났다. 간호대학생이 지각하는 아동학대 신고 의도는 지각된 행위 통제와 아동권리인식과 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구 결과를 종합해 보았을 때 간호대학생의 아동학대 신고 의도를 증가 시키기 위해서는 아 동권리인식을 증가시키기 위한 교육 프로그램 및 환경을 위한 방안 연구가 필요하다.

This study was conducted to identify nursing students' perceived professional responsibility for child abuse, perceived behavior control, children's rights awareness, and degree of intention to report child abuse, and to identify influencing factors on the intention to report child abuse. Data collection was collected through a questionnaire among 150 nursing students from University C and University D in Province C from April 28 to May 15, 2023. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistics 29.0 program. The factor influencing nursing students' perceived intention to report child abuse was the perception of children's rights. The explanatory power of intent to report child abuse was 13.6% overall. Nursing students' perceived intention to report child abuse was positively correlated with perceived behavioral control and perception of children's rights. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to study educational programs and environments to increase awareness of children's rights in order to increase the willingness of nursing students to report child abuse.

Previous research indicates a non-monotonic effect of managerial shareholding on various issues, such as firm value, earnings quality, and debt costs. These studies tend to explain non-linearity in terms of convergence of interests and managerial entrenchment, and use non-linear specifications of managerial shareholding, such as piecewise variables, to capture the countervailing effects. However, such research has been criticized for its arbitrary construction of piecewise variables. This study examines the link between managerial shareholding and misreporting by disentangling shareholding into monetary incentives and control rights, captured using CEO stock delta and voting premium, respectively. Consistent with alignment of interests and managerial entrenchment, it provides consistent evidence that CEOs’ monetary incentives regarding shareholding are negatively associated, whereas CEOs’ voting rights are positively associated with a propensity to misreport. Further analysis indicates that managerial entrenchment arises because owner-CEOs create more favorable conditions for misreporting via the board selection process. Overall, the findings confirm the well-known non-monotonic effect of managerial shareholding with new evidence and additional insights. In particular, the results provide greater assurance of non-linearity in managerial shareholding by revealing its underlying mechanisms without using conventional piecewise variables.

본 논문에서는 블록체인 환경에서 상호간 데이터를 안전하게 공유하기 위한 NFT 기반의 접근 제어 방안을 제안한다. 기존의 블록체인에 기록되는 모든 데이터는 기술 특성상 누구나 접근할 수 있기 때문에 민감한 데이터를 공유하는 경우에는 인가받은 사람 외에는 접근을 제어할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서 제안하는 방안에서는 각 데이터를 NFT로 발행하고, 컨트랙트를 통해 데이터에 대한 접근을 제어한다. 또, 기존의 NFT가 가지는 단일 소유권의 한계를 극복하기 위해 소유권과 사용권으로 개념을 분리하여 사용자간 데이터를 안전하게 공유할 수 있도록 한다. 소유권은 원본 NFT로 발행하고, 사용권은 사본 NFT로 발행하여 관리하며, NFT로 발행되는 모든 데이터는 암호화된 후 업로드가 진행되기 때문에 반드시 접근 제어가 이루어지는 스마트 컨트랙트를 통해서만 데이터의 공유가 가능하다. 이러한 접근 방안을 검증하기 위해 BIM(Building Information Modeling) 데이터 거래라는 가상의 시나리오를 설정하고, 접근 제어가 필요한 32가지 함수 호출 시나리오를 만족하는 스마트 컨트랙트를 구성하였다. 또한, 무차별 대입을 통한 복호화 공격 가능성을 고려하여 이에 대한 안정성을 평가하였다. 이를 통해 블록체인 환경에서 안전하게 개인 간 데이터를 공유할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In this paper, we propose an NFT(Non-Fungible Token)-based access control method for safely sharing data between users in blockchain environment. Since all data stored in the blockchain can be accessed by anyone due to the nature of the technology, it is necessary to control access except for authorized users when sharing sensitive data. For that, we generate each data as NFT and controls access to the data through the smart contract. In addition, in order to overcome the limitations of single ownership of the existing NFT, we separated the NFT into ownership and use rights, so that data can be safely shared between users. Ownership is represented as an original NFT, use rights is represented as a copied NFT, and all data generated as NFT is encrypted and uploaded, so data can be shared only through the smart contract with access control. To verify this approach, we set up a hypothetical scenario called Building Information Modeling (BIM) data trade, and deployed a smart contract that satisfies 32 function call scenarios that require access control. Also, we evaluated the stability in consideration of the possibility of decryption through brute-force attack. Through our approach, we confirmed that the data can be safely shared between users in blockchain environment.

This paper offers an update - from the European perspective - to the debate on property rights in personal data. It argues that recent developments in the data processing technology and practices, specifically, the AI-driven Big Data Analytics, have rendered personal data a difficult object of enforceable individual property rights. There are two main reasons for this. First, data processing resulting from a decision of one person will inevitably have spill-over effects on others, e.g. as a result of profiling, or as a result of the same piece of data relating to a group of people, e.g. genetic data. This phenomenon is also called ‘network effect’. Therefore, true individual control over personal data and also the effective enforcement of the individual property rights in personal data are difficult if not impossible to achieve. Second, creating and managing property rights that are transparent in terms of the object of property and establishing the rights-holders is also challenging. This is due to the dynamic approach to the definition of personal data adopted in Europe: the same piece of data, depending on a particular context, can be personal and non-personal, more or less likely to relate to an identifiable natural person, and with a stronger or weaker link to that person. While it is debatable if this necessarily constitutes a problem for the purposes of applying the data protection law, and if the broadest definition of personal data can achieve the goals of complete and effective protection, enforcing property rights in personal data is difficult. The difficulty lies, first, in determining at which point the level of relation to an individual is sufficient to establish property rights, and second, in tracing the presence of such a relation to a person, the ‘data owner’.

The goal of Korea’s prosecutorial reform effort is considered to be political neutrality and fairness of investigation and prosecution, and more substantive protection of human rights and civil liberties in all phases of criminal justice administration. A more complicated challenge concerns the concept itself and the institutionalization of democratic control in such prosecutorial reform. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea, which was revised in 1987 and came into effect in 1988, has normalized the relationship between the President and National Assembly by limiting the presidential powers that had often usurped the authority of the National Assembly in lawmaking and government control, with the independence of the judiciary as the bulwark of constitutional governance and rule of law. The establishment of the Constitutional Court under the 1988 Constitution has also greatly contributed to constitutionalism, rule of law, and democratization by enabling civil rights protection and challenge to the unjustifiable exercise of governmental powers in the form of constitutional adjudication. The civil sector has assumed its role most saliently by citizen lawmaking and cause-lawyering. In the long-term trajectory of democratization, Korea now seeks to fine-tune the power allocation vested in different institutions within the government vis-a-vis citizens. The specific tasks in this vein include how to better adjust the investigatory authorities of the police and the prosecution in criminal investigation and in the criminal justice administration as a whole, and how to harmonize the constitutional mandates of political neutrality and fairness of investigation on one hand and the democratic control on the other. The core issues of prosecutorial reform discussion and effort in Korea pertain to the legal, institutional, and practical measures to reform (a) the organization and decision-making process of the prosecution, (b) the fairness and political neutrality in personnel decisions, (c) the investigation practice for protecting civil liberties, importantly including the right to assistance of state-appointed counsel at the interrogation phase, (d) the protocol and standard for communication between the investigatory authority and press encompassing press releases for criminal matters by the investigatory authority prior to charge, (e) the relationship between police and prosecution in initiating, conducting, and closing investigations and also in requesting warrants to be issued by the court, and (f) the mechanism to check the investigatory and prosecutorial function of the prosecutors’ office by establishing a separate institution of the Corruption Investigation Office for High-Ranking Officials (CIO) for the investigation and charge of certain high-ranking public officials including prosecutors and judges. The appropriate purview of the authority vested in the Minister of Justice to direct the Attorney General under the Prosecutors’ Office Act is also at issue, posing a normative constitutional challenge as well as an issue of permissible statutory interpretation of the meaning of democratic control vis-a-vis political neutrality and fairness of criminal investigation and prosecution. This paper focuses on the authority to request a warrant to be issued by the judicial court as one of the core issues of prosecutorial reform discussion and effort. Currently, the authority to request the issuance of a warrant by the court is exclusively vested by the Constitution in the prosecutors’ office, vis-a-vis the police. There is a historical account for such constitutional provision that began in the colonial period, and the revision history of the relevant constitutional and statutory provisions indicates the legislative intent of the current constitutional provision and ensuing institutions. There have been arguments for and against constitutional revision to remove such constitutional limits so that this issue will be s...

본 연구는 기업의 지배구조가 투자와 미래주식수익률 간의 음(-)의 관계에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 투자와 미래주식수익률간의 음(-)의 관계에 대하여 선행연구에서는 두 가지 견해를 제시하였다. 첫 번째는 투자에 대한 시장의 과대평가로 인한 차기의 주가조정현상으로 보는 견해(가격이상현상)이다. 향후 투자로 인한 실적 변동이 시장의 기대에 못 미치면 주식가격이 하락하는 가격조정이 이루어지기 때문이다. 두 번째는 투자수익률과 투자선호기업 간의 체계적인 관계에 의해 나타난 결과로 보는 견해(-이론)이다. 본 연구는 두 가지 견해 중 가격이상현상에 초점을 맞추어 지분율 괴리도가 투자와 미래주식수익률간의 음(-)의 관계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지배주주의 사적이익을 위한 비효율적인 의사결정으로 비효율적인 투자가 존재하는 지를 분석하였다. 투자수준에 영향을 미치는 기업특성을 통제하였음에도 불구하고 지분율 괴리도는 비효율적인 투자와의 유의한 양(+)의 상관관계가 있다는 것을 발견하였다. 둘째, 투자와 미래주식수익률간의 음(-)의 관계가 비효율적인 투자로 인해 더 강하게 나타나는지 분석한 결과, 지배주주의 사적이익추구행위가 일어날 가능성이 높은 지분율 괴리도가 높은 기업에서는 비효율적인 투자와 미래주식수익률 간의 음(-)의 관계가 강하게 나타났으며 이러한 관계는 투자 후 3년간 지속되는 것을 발견하였다. 즉 지분율 괴리도가 높은 기업의 비효율적인 투자는 장기간 기업 가치를 낮추는 요인임을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 투자와 미래주식수익률의 관계를 지배구조와 투자의 관계를 통해서 규명하고자 하였다. 또한 지배구조가 약할수록 비효율적인 투자가 이루어질 가능성이 높음을 제시하고, 이러한 비효율적인 투자는 기업의 미래가치를 낮추는 요인임을 제시하였다는 점에 공헌점을 둔다.

This paper investigates the impacts of corporate governance on the negative relation between corporate investment and future stock returns. Prior research provides two explanations on the negative relation between investments and future stock returns, which is labeled as the growth anomaly. First explanation is the mispricing originated from the investors’ over-valuation of investments. The stock price can decline when the actual performance after investments fail to meet the market’s expectation on the future performance. Second explanation is based on the q-theory. Firms with lower systematic risks will have larger investments, resulting in the negative association between future stock returns and investments. This paper focuses on the mispricing explanation and examines the effect of corporate governance on the negative association between investments and future returns using the divergence between voting rights and control rights, henceforth wedge, as the proxy for corporate governance. Previous studies document that the wedge is positively related with the major shareholders’ expropriation of other shareholders. Therefore, firms with a large value of wedge are more likely to engage in investments which can increase the private benefits of control for major shareholders while having no or negative effect on other shareholders’ wealth. Our sample includes the firms listed in the Korean stock exchanges from 2000 to 2011 with available data of the divergence between voting rights and cash flow rights. We obtain the wedge data from Fair Trade Commission. We use the total amount of investment (the sum of capital expenditure and research and development expenses) and the asset growth as proxies of investments. To better understand the effect of inefficient investment on future returns, we also consider the abnormal level of investment. Normal level of investments is measured by the predicted value from the regression of investments on firm characteristics. Before the regression analysis, we construct the hedge portfolio to test the effect of wedge on the relation between investment and future stock returns. The hedge portfolio test results show that the wedge is positively related with abnormal investments. They also provide that the negative relation between investments and future stock returns is stronger for firms with a larger divergence between voting rights and control rights. The regression results are as follows. First, after controlling for firm characteristics related with the level of investments, we find that there is the positive relation between the divergence between voting rights and control rights and inefficient investments. This indicates that the private benefits of control from a large divergence between voting rights and control rights result in inefficient investments decisions. Second, we find that the negative association between investments and future returns is stronger for firms with a larger divergence between voting rights and control rights. We find that the investments of firms with a large divergence between voting rights and control rights have negative effects on future returns at least for three years. This can be explained in two folds: (1) consistent with q-theory, firms with lower systematic risks can invest more than those with higher systematic risks because they have lower required rate of returns, resulting in the negative relation between investments and future stock returns, and (2) investors fail to recognize the inefficient investments and adjust their mispricing to the investments of firms with a large divergence between voting rights and cash flow rights, resulting the negative stock returns. To understand whether our findings can be explained by the mispricing, we perform a battery of robustness tests. We find that investments of firms with a large wedge is negatively related with future operating cash flows. This supports our first finding that investments of...

최근의 소유구조에 관한 연구에서는 소유권의 분산이 전 세계적으로 규범이 아니며, 특히 많은 기업들에서 최대주주의 현금흐름권(cash flow rights)과 지배권(control rights)의 괴리 즉, 지배-소유 괴리도가 발생한다고 제시하고 있다. 특히, 기업가치평가와 자본구조가 기업재무의 중요한 영역이므로 지배-소유 괴리도가 자본구조에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석도 필요하다. 그러나 IMF금융위기 이후 소유구조와 자본구조에 대한 많은 개선안들이 발표되고 시행된 이후, 한국적 지배구조의 가장 큰 특징으로 알려지고 있는 지배-소유 괴리도가 자본구조에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 한국의 제조업체를 대상으로 하여 지배-소유 괴리도가 기업의 자본구조에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 본 연구의 주요 목적은 소유집중과 지배-소유괴리도가 기업의 자본구조에 영향을 미치는가를 분석하는 것이다. OLS 추정과 기업의 이질성에 기인한 내생성을 통제하는 고정효과모형을 이용하여 분석을 실시한 결과는 소유집중도가 증가함에 따라 레버리지는 감소하다가 증가함을 보여주었다. 이것은 소유집중도가 낮을 때에는 부채가 소유집중도의 대체적 역할을 하나, 소유집중도가 높을 때에는 부채와 소유집중도가 서로 보완적인 역할을 암시한다. 또한 지배-소유괴리도가 레버리지에 미치는 영향에 관한 분석 결과에서는 추정방법의 선택에 따라 결과가 달라짐을 보여주었다. 즉, OLS 추정에서는 지배-소유괴리도가 레버리지에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다는 결과를 확인하였으나, 고정효과모형을 사용하여 모형을 추정한 결과에서는 지배-소유 괴리도가 레버리지에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 못함을 발견하였다.

We examine the impact of the disparity of control rights and cash rights on the capital structure of the firm. We pay particular attention to how the divergence of control rights from cash flow rights affects corporate leverage. Korea provide an especially good platform for us to study this issue as the seperation of cash flow rights and control rights is a prevailing phenomenon. We hypothesize two potential effects of this ownership structure on corporate leverage, that is, the non-dilution entrenchment effect, and the fear of-financial-distress entrecnhment effect. Our evidence mainly support to the leverage-increasing non-dilution entrenchment effect on corporate leverage of the discrepancy of cash flow rights and control rights. When we use fixed effect model, which controls the heterogeneity, the siginficant positive relation between these two variables is disappeared. It suggest that proper selection of estimation method is important in explaining our results.

Construction industry, which is a composite industry being performed by organic combination of various tasks, gives birth to a various of information in the stages of planning, designing, and maintenance management. In particular, the drawing information is broad in the scope of use because it contains all information about buildings as wall as bid, materials, contracts. Therefore, the management of drawing information security is one of the most important factors, which determines the success of failure of business. The major findings and result of this study are as follows to control the distributed drawing information in the collaboration environment. 1) Analysis for function and practical use of DRM in the construction industry. 2) Proposal for applications of DRM that can secure IFC model-based drawing information in the collaboration environment. 3) Extraction from additional IFC entities to apply DRM to part 21 physical files 4) Analysis for functions which are necessary in DRM application prototype system and development of the system. 5) Development IFC model-based DRM prototype system.