Earticle

최근의 컴퓨터의 응용영역은 클라우드 컴퓨팅, 사물인터넷, 인메모리 컴퓨팅, 빅데이터 등으로 변화하고 있으며, 이에 따라 컴퓨터가 필요로 하는 메모리의 양은 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 또한 고성능 컴퓨팅, 수퍼컴퓨팅 등공유 메모리를 필요로 하는 응용영역 역시 확대되고 있는 추세이다. 기존의 중앙처리장치(CPU)에서는 칩 면적의한계로 인하여 더 이상 메모리를 증설할 수 있는 공간이 존재하지 않으므로 메모리의 확장이 어렵고, 기존방식에서처럼 I/O를 이용한 분산공유메모리는 억세스하기에 필요한 지연시간이 매우 길기 때문에 최근의 복잡한 계산과 데이터의 이동성을 중요시하는 응용영역에서는 적합하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 인터커넥션의 개수를 최소화함으로써중앙처리장치의 칩 면적을 많이 차지하지 않으면서도 성능면에서는 I/O를 이용한 방식보다 낮은 지연시간의 효과를가져올 수 있는 직렬 메모리 접속기술을 소개하며, 이를 위한 메모리 컨트롤러 구조를 제시하고, 또한 실제 임베디드 프로세서를 이용한 시스템에 이를 적용한 결과를 보인다. 또한 본 논문에서 제시하는 직렬 메모리 접속기술을 이용하여 공유메모리를 구성하는 방법을 제안한다.

Recently the computer's application areas are changing to new realm such as cloud computing, internet of things, in-memory computing, big data and etc. and thus the amount of memory that computer needs is increased exponentially. In addition, there is a trend that the application areas that need shared memory is expanding, for example, high-performance computing, supercomputing, and so on. Since in a conventional Central Processing Unit (CPU), due to limitations of chip area, it does not have any more space to install more memory. So it is difficult to expand the memory and distributed shared memory using the I/O as in the conventional method. And it is not appropriate in the application areas that have importance at recent complex calculation and data mobility because the delay time is too long. This paper introduces the serial memory access technique that can bring the effect of the lower delay than using I/O, not taking up too much chip area of the CPU by minimizing the number of interconnections, propose the structure of the memory controller for it, and show the result of applying it to the system using actual embedded processor system. In addition, we propose a method for configuring share memory by using the serial memory access technique presented in this paper.

현재 우리 사회는 다양한 기술요소들이 혼합되어 하나의 또 다른 산업 및 기술을 창출하는 융, 복합 사회라 할 수 있다. 이러한 융, 복합현상들은 이미 경제, 사회, 문화등 사회의 전 부문에서 가시화되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 컨버전스의 대표적 사례이면서도 차세대 모바일 대표 시장의 가능성이 매우 큰 웨어러블 컴퓨터와 관련된 내용을 기술하였다. 웨어러블 컴퓨터는 착용 가능한 컴퓨터로서 미국의 MIT가 최근 기술 동향을 통해 2013년 10대 기술로 스마트 워치를 선정할 만큼 스마트 폰을 대체할 대표적인 차세대 모바일 기술로 꼽히고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 웨어러블 컴퓨터에 필요한 필수적인 기술들에 대해 기술하고 관련 시장 및 미래, 이슈 등에 대해 기술하였다.

In information society, Convergence means a service or new product which appeared throughfusion of unit technologies in information and communication regions. The effects of convergencetechnologies and social phenomenons are visualized in overall regions of society such as economy, society,culture, etc. In this paper, we described a wearable computer which was leading case in digitalconvergence. Wearable computer is unit that you can literally wear on your body to enhance recognitionabilities and problem-solving abilities by processing various types of integrated information. Therefore, westudied the issues, market and outlookof wearable computer in this paper.

현대인은 정보화 시대를 살아가고 있다. 정보화 시대에 있어 컴퓨터를 전제로 한 생활환경은 시간이 갈수록 그 비중이 높아지고 있다. 컴퓨터는 직장에서는 업무용으로 가정에서는 인터넷과 정보 활용의 도구로 이용되고 있다. 이제는 공공장소 어디서나 컴퓨터를 만날 수 있게 되었다. 우리는 컴퓨터를 사용함에 있어 컴퓨터를 처음 켜는 순간부터 모니터가 꺼지는 순간까지 컴퓨터의 배경화면을 보게 된다. 한번 설정된 컴퓨터 배경화면은 랜덤으로 돌아가는 화면일 수도 있고, 또는 컴퓨터 운영체제(OS)에서 제공되는 하나의 이미지일 수도 있지만 모두가 사용자의 기호(嗜好)에 의해 선택되어진다. 사용자의 선택이나 임의로 설정된 배경화면은 사용자가 임의로 바꾸지 않는 한 동일한 화면을 오랫동안 유지하게 된다. 이렇게 설정된 배경화면은 의식적이든 무의식적이든 계속 바라보게 된다. 컴퓨터 배경화면은 컴퓨터 사용 환경에 있어 많은 시간을 사용자에게 시각적으로 노출 되는 중요한 이미지이다. 본 연구자는 이와 같은 점에 주목하였다. 많은 시간을 시각적으로 보게 되는 컴퓨터 배경화면이 주는 의미의 본질을 그레마스 기호학을 통해 파악하여 사용자는 무엇을 원하고 보게 되는지 조명해 보고자 한다. 그럼으로써 장시간 컴퓨터 생활환경에 노출된 현대인들의 심상에 심리적인 안정과 업무적인 효율을 높이고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 컴퓨터 배경화면은 가고 싶은 장소, 갖고 싶은 대상, 가상 또는 미지의 세계를 보여 주고, 컴퓨터 환경이나 장식무늬의 역할을 한다. 이렇게 볼 때 심상을 담는 공간으로서 새로운 시도와 연구는 더욱 확대될 것이다.

A modern is living in the information age. In the information age, the weight of computer is increasing in a living environment. The computer is used for business at work site and as a tool for internet and information literacy at home. Now we are able to find a computer anywhere in public places. We will see the computer background image from the moment the computer is turned on until the monitor is turned off when we are using it. The background image of computer which is set can be randomly selected or can be one image provided by computer operating system (OS), but it is selected by the users' preference. The computer background image which was set by the user's selection or random will keep one image for a long time unless the user change the setting arbitrarily, and the user will look at the computer background image which is set once continually whether consciously or unconsciously. So the background image of the computer is important image which is exposed visually to user for a long time. This study paid attention to this point. This study aims to comprehend the essence of the significance of the background image of the computer which is seen visually for a long time so aims to shed light on the fact through Greimas semiotics what the user hope to see and will see. Therefore, it aims to increase mental stability and business efficiency of a modern who is exposed to the computer life environment for a long time. Computer background images you want to go places, and want to keep the target, the virtual, or image to show the world, the computer plays the role of environmental and decoration. In this sense, the space containing the image as a new attempt, and research will be expanded further.

목적 : 본 연구는 상위흉수손상군, 하위흉수손상군, 정상군을 대상으로 체간과 상지의 컴퓨터 사용과 관련된 여덟 가지 근육의 활성도를 측정하여 흉수손상자에게 적절한 키보드의 위치를 제시하고자 실시되었다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 미국 척수 손상 협회(American Spinal Injury Association; ASIA) A 또는 B의 흉수손상자 중 상위흉수손상자(T2-T8) 9명, 하위흉수손상자(T9-T12) 11명, 그리고 정상인 9명이었다. 적절한 키보드의 위치를 알아 보고자 두 가지 위치 즉, 팔꿈치 굽힘 100°위치와 팔꿈치 굽힘 70°위치에서 근활성도를 측정하였다. 모든 대상자는 2분간 메트로놈의 박자에 맞춰 키보드 중간열의 키를 1초에 4타의 속도로 타이핑하였으며 이때 표면근전도기를 이용하여 목과 어깨의 목세움근, 위등세모근, 앞어깨세모근, 뒤세모근, 중간등세모근과 손목폄근군, 그리고 척수손상자의 체간유지 보조근육인 넓은 등근과 큰가슴근의 근활성도(%RVC)를 측정하였다. 결과 : 상·하위흉수손상군의 측정치는 정상인과 동일하게 팔꿈치 굽힘 100°의 자세에 비해 팔꿈치 굽힘 70°인 위치에서 위등세모근, 손목폄근군, 앞어깨세모근의 활성도가 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 또한 하위흉수손상군의 경우 정상인과 다르게 팔꿈치 굽힘 100°높이에서 목세움근과 넓은등근의 활성도가 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론 : 흉수손상자의 체간과 상지의 근긴장도를 감소시키기 위해 적절한 키보드 위치는 팔꿈치 굽힘 70°정도의 높이였다. 차후 연구에서는 보다 많은 척수손상자를 대상으로 장시간의 포괄적 컴퓨터 작업을 적용하여 장애특성에 적합한 VDT 환경을 파악하는 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Objective : This study intended to provide research materials for the proper positioning of the keyboard for computer work by individuals with a thoracic SCI based on the experimental data on the EMG activity of eight muscles related to computer work. Methods : The subjects used were 9 and 11 patients with a complete high (T2-T8) or low (T9-T12) thoracic SCI (T2-T8) of A or B as categorized by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), respectively, along with 9 able-bodied individuals. All participants were given the task of typing on the middle line of the keyboard at a speed of 4 characters per second at a rhythm from a metronome for 2 minutes at 2 keyboard heights (elbow flexion of more than 100°, elbow flexion of 70°) During the experiment, the EMG activity (%RVC) of the muscles of the neck and shoulder, such as the cervical erector spinae, upper trapezius, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, and middle trapezius, the wrist extension muscle group and the minor muscles maintaining the body core of the individuals with an SCI, such as the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major, were measured using a surface EMG. Results : The EMG activity of the patients with high and low thoracic SCI was low for the keyboard positioning at an elbow flexion of 70°, which is similar for the anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and wrist extensor muscle group of the able-bodied individuals. Also, for the low thoracic SCI patients, the positions where the elbow flexion angle increased to more than 100°showed high EMG activities of the cervical erector spinae and latissimus dorsi, which was different from the other groups. Conclusion : It was identified that an elbow flexion of 70°is an appropriate work posture for individuals with an SCI. It is thought that further study with a longer research time span and more test subjects should be conducted to explore an appropriate VDT environment for individuals with an SCI under comprehensive computer work conditions.

Urban forests provide multiple services including ecological, social, and economic benefits. Several evaluation programs for urban forest services have been developed in the US and applied to urban forest policy. However, there is no comprehensive program in Korea to evaluate the multiple services. This study developed a computer evaluation model for the multiple services suitable for structural characteristics of urban forests in Korea. Development of the model used the Python-based Django and the Plotly for statistical analysis. The multiple services for evaluation included carbon sequestration, abatement of various air pollutants, O2 production, microclimate amelioration, building energy saving, rainfall interception, erosion control, bird diversity enhancement, psychological welfare, and property value. This evaluation model can be applied to estimate urban forest services at the per tree level and at the per unit level through input parameters such as tree sizes and weather conditions. The model is also capable of spatial analysis and mapping as required for urban forest planning to enhance the multiple services. This new model is expected to be practical in easily quantifying urban forest services and in establishing guidelines of urban forest design and management.

현대사회는 다중매체 시대로 인간의 삶은 매체와 밀접한 연관을 맺고 있 다. 그런데 인간과 매체와의 소통이 점점 늘어남에 따라 인간과 인간과의 소통이 소홀해지고 있다. 특히 휴대폰과 인터넷 등의 첨단매체와 친숙하게 지내는 청소년들에 대해 어른들은 청소년들의 대인관계에 대해 걱정하기에 이르렀다. 한편, 최근 독서계도 인쇄 매체 중심에서 디지털 매체화로의 급 격한 변화를 겪고 있다. 이제는 독서의 지평이 인쇄물에서 영상, 인터넷 등 의 미디어로 확대되고 있으며 매체 독서가 독서계의 새 화두가 되고 있는 것이다. 이처럼 청소년들을 둘러싼 매체 환경과 독서의 새로운 현상과 패러다임 을 주목하여 중학생을 대상으로 다양한 매체를 통한 소통 지향의 독서활동 을 구안해 보았다. 즉. 중학생들의 언어 순화, 폭력 감소, 남에 대한 배려와 대인관계의 향상을 지향하는 치료적 독서활동을 통해 친구와 가족, 사회에 의 소통 확장을 추구하였다. 독서 자료는 문학 작품과 영상, 만화, 인터넷 자료, 신문기사를 선정하였으며, 이 프로그램은 중학교의 창의적 재량활동 시간이나 토요 스쿨, 동아리 활동 시간에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 본다.

Modern society is the multimedia age; thus, the human life has forged a close relationship with the media. However, the communication between humans has become neglected as the communication between humans and media has been growing increasingly. In particular, adults have come to worry about the interpersonal relationship of youths who spend much of their time with advanced media such as mobile phones and Internet. On the other hand, the reading public has experienced a radical change from the printing media to the digital media. Now, the horizon of reading is expanding from printed materials to media such as video, Internet, etc. and the media reading is becoming a new topic of the reading public. Thus, a communication-oriented reading activity through a variety of media for junior high school students has been devised as paying attention to the media environment surrounding youths and new phenomenon and paradigm of reading. In other words, it sought to extend the communication with friends, family and society through the therapeutic reading activity that strived for language purification, reduction of violence, improvement of caring for others and interpersonal relationship of junior high school students. As for the reading materials, literature works, videos, cartoons, Internet materials and newspaper articles were selected. It is believed that this program can be applied to creative discretion activities or Saturday school and extracurricular activity hours in junior high schools.

본 연구는 컴퓨터기반 평가(CBA)의 효율적 사용 제고와 수업설계를 위하여 학생들의 CBA 인지유형과 학업성취도, 성격 5대 유형, 컴퓨터 효능감과의 관련성을 알아보았다. 이를 위해 온라인학습기반 시스템(LMS)을 바탕으로 CBA를 도입 하고 있는 한 대학에서 CBA 수업을 50%이상 수강한 4학년 학생 50명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, CBA 인지유형별로 학업성취도 (4년 평균학점)와 5대 성격 유형 간에는 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, CBA 적응추 구 유형의 학업성취도(GPA)가 가장 높았고 CBA 불만형/지필선호형의 평균평점이 가장 낮았다. 이와 비슷하게 성격 측면에 서 CBA 적응추구형이 CBA 불만형보다 성실성 점수가 유의미하게 높았다. 또, 성실성, 친화성, 신경성이 높을수록 평균학점 이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 CBA인지유형과 학업성취도, 성격 등의 연관성에 관한 최초의 시도라는 연구 의미가 있다.

The purposes of the present study were finding out educational implications and enhancing the efficient use of computer-based assessments (CBA) in class designes. This paper examined associations of CBA perceptional typology, academic achievement, personality, and computer efficacy. Participants were fifty senior students who took more than 50% of CBA classes in a university that introduces online learning-based system (LMS) with CBA. As a result, there were significant differences between CBA types and GPA and between CBA types and personality. In other words, the CBA adjustment type showed the highest GPA score and CBA dissatisfaction/paper test preference type showed the lowest GPA. Similarly, in terms of personality, CBA adjustment typology was significantly higher conscientiousness than other types. CBA dissatisfaction type had the lowest score of conscientiousness. In addition, the higher the level of conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism, the higher the GPA score. This study is meaningful in that it is the first attempt to seek links CBA type with academic achievement and personality.

This study analyzes the effect of Computer Aided Innovation (CAI) to improve R&D Capabilities empirically. Survey was distributed by e-mail and Google Docs, targeting CTO of 235 SMEs. 142 surveys were returned back (rate of return 60.4%) from companies. Survey results from 119 companies (83.8%) which are effective samples except no-response, insincere response, estimated value, etc. were used for statistics analysis. Companies with less than 50billion KRW sales of entire researched companies occupy 76.5% in terms of sample traits. Companies with less than 300 employees occupy 83.2%. In terms of the type of company business Partners (called 'partners with big companies' hereunder) who work with big companies for business occupy 68.1%. SMEs based on their own business (called 'independent small companies') appear to occupy 31.9%. The present status of holding IT system according to traits of company business was classified into partners with big companies versus independent SMEs. The present status of ERP is 18.5% to 34.5%. QMS is 11.8% to 9.2%. And PLM (Product Life-cycle Management) is 6.7% to 2.5%. The holding of 3D CAD is 47.1% to 21%. IT system-holding and its application of independent SMEs seemed very vulnerable, compared with partner companies of big companies. This study is comprised of IT infra and IT Utilization as CAI capacity factors which are independent variables. factors of R&D capabilities which are independent variables are organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability. The highest average value of variables was 4.24 in organization capability 2. The lowest average value was 3.01 in IT infra which makes users access to data and information in other areas and use them with ease when required during new product development. It seems that the inferior environment of IT infra of general SMEs is reflected in CAI itself. In order to review the validity used to measure variables, Factors have been analyzed. 7 factors which have over 1.0 pure value of their dependent and independent variables were extracted. These factors appear to explain 71.167% in total of total variances. From the result of factor analysis about measurable variables in this study, reliability of each item was checked by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. All measurable factors at least over 0.611 seemed to acquire reliability. Next, correlation has been done to explain certain phenomenon by correlation analysis between variables. As R&D capabilities factors which are arranged as dependent variables, organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability turned out that they acquire significant correlation at 99% reliability level in all variables of IT infra and IT Utilization which are independent variables. In addition, correlation coefficient between each factor is less than 0.8, which proves that the validity of this study judgement has been acquired. The pair with the highest coefficient had 0.628 for IT utilization and technology-accumulating capability. Regression model which can estimate independent variables was used in this study under the hypothesis that there is linear relation between independent variables and dependent variables so as to identify CAI capability's impact factors on R&D. The total explanations of IT infra among CAI capability for independent variables such as organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability are 10.3%, 7%, 11.9%, 30.9%, and 10.5% respectively. IT Utilization exposes comprehensively low explanatory capability with 12.4%, 5.9%, 11.1%, 38.9%, and 13.4% for organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability respectively. However, both factors of independent variables expose very high explanatory capability relatively for technology-accumulating capability among independent variable. Regression formula which is comprised of independent variables and dependent variables are all significant (P < 0.005). The suitability of regression model seems high. When the results of test for dependent variables and independent variables are estimated, the hypothesis of 10 different factors appeared all significant in regression analysis model coefficient (P < 0.01) which is estimated to affect in the hypothesis. As a result of liner regression analysis between two independent variables drawn by influence factor analysis for R&D capability and R&D capability. IT infra and IT Utilization which are CAI capability factors has positive correlation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability with inside and outside which are dependent variables,, R&D capability factors. It was identified as a significant factor which affects R&D capability. However, considering adjustable variables, a big gap is found, compared to entire company. First of all, in case of partner companies with big companies, in IT infra as CAI capability, organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and technology capability out of R&D capacities seems to have positive correlation. However, collaboration capability appeared insignificance. IT utilization which is a CAI capability factor seemed to have positive relation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and internal/external collaboration capability just as those of entire companies. Next, by analyzing independent types of SMEs as an adjustable variable, very different results were found from those of entire companies or partner companies with big companies. First of all, all factors in IT infra except technology-accumulating capability were rejected. IT utilization was rejected except technology-accumulating capability and collaboration capability. Comprehending the above adjustable variables, the following results were drawn in this study. First, in case of big companies or partner companies with big companies, IT infra and IT utilization affect improving R&D Capabilities positively. It was because most of big companies encourage innovation by using IT utilization and IT infra building over certain level to their partner companies. Second, in all companies, IT infra and IT utilization as CAI capability affect improving technology-accumulating capability positively at least as R&D capability factor. The most of factor explanation is low at around 10%. However, technology-accumulating capability is rather high around 25.6% to 38.4%. It was found that CAI capability contributes to technology-accumulating capability highly. Companies shouldn't consider IT infra and IT utilization as a simple product developing tool in R&D section. However, they have to consider to use them as a management innovating strategy tool which proceeds entire-company management innovation centered in new product development. Not only the improvement of technology-accumulating capability in department of R&D . Centered in new product development, it has to be used as original management innovative strategy which proceeds entire company management innovation. It suggests that it can be a method to improve technology-accumulating capability in R&D section and Dynamic capability to acquire sustainable competitive advantage.

이 논문은 지금까지의 국제적인 CALL 연구 추세를 살펴보면서, 작은 요건들에 중점을 두기보다는, 전체적인 학습 환경을 관찰하는 것이 필요함을 제시한다. 많은 이전의 논문들을 볼 때, 이미 학습 환경의 중요성은 증명되었지만, 현 CALL연구들은 영어교실에서 일어나는 큰 그림을 보기보다는, 일부의 학습요건들을 보는데 만 치중되어있다. 그래서 진정한 CALL이 주는 언어학습의 모습을 연구하기위해서는 전체적인 학습 환경을 주시해야한다고 이 논문은 보여준다.

In order to maintain and evaluate the adequate humidity and temperature of a museum, the data of these should be periodically monitored and accumulated. For this purpose, We have designed the interpretation method of charts of the widely used thermo hydrorecorder at the museum, and developed the computer-based program (name of the program : HATH interpretation program). This method is as follows;The recording of thermo hydrorecorder(model ; Sato R-704) Input a through scanner (UMAX type), and was transformed into numerical value and was processed the statistics by HATH interpretation program. Output can be present the numerical value and the graph which are classified by a day, a month, and a year. By this method, the humidity and temperature data which were taken from 12points in the exhibition case, storage and outdoor of the Ho-Am art Museum in 1995 were processed. At the results, its ability for fast processing, management and analysis of the data was proved to be excellent.

전자정부 실현과 전자상거래의 활성화로 전자거래의 비중이 커지면서 전자거래를 둘러싼 법적 분쟁과 컴퓨터범죄도 날로 증가하고 있다. Computer Forensics는 이러한 법적 분쟁의 해결을 위하여 필수적인 디지털증거를 수집, 보전, 분석, 보고하기 위한 방법론으로 등장하였다. 본 논문에서는 Computer Forensics의 연구동향을 분석하고 이제 본격적인 연구에 들어간 국내 Computer Forensics의 발전방향을 제시하고자 한다. Computer Forensics의 과학적인 연구와 법제도의 정비, 국내 실정에 맞는 기술개발을 통하여 안전한 전자거래의 기반을 구축하는데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

The legal dispute of electronic commerce and computer crimes are increasing because the electronic services like e-government and e-commerce are now widely used. Computer Forensics becomes the method for recovery, preservation, analysis and report regarding digital evidence essential to resolve the legal dispute and computer crime. In this paper, the developmental process of Computer Forensics is discussed. It is intended to elicit constructive discussion regarding the domestic Computer Forensics. And this discussion will be of help to establish the secure e-business and e-government services in the field of the research, legal system and technical skill of domestic Computer Forensics.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate convolutional neural network models and computer vision techniques for the classification of swine posture with high accuracy and to use the derived result in the investigation of the effect of dietary fiber level on the behavioral characteristics of the pregnant sow under low and high ambient temperatures during the last stage of gestation. A total of 27 crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; average body weight, 192.2 ± 4.8 kg) were assigned to three treatments in a randomized complete block design during the last stage of gestation (days 90 to 114). The sows in group 1 were fed a 3% fiber diet under neutral ambient temperature; the sows in group 2 were fed a diet with 3% fiber under high ambient temperature (HT); the sows in group 3 were fed a 6% fiber diet under HT. Eight popular deep learning-based feature extraction frameworks (DenseNet121, DenseNet201, InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, MobileNet, VGG16, VGG19, and Xception) used for automatic swine posture classification were selected and compared using the swine posture image dataset that was constructed under real swine farm conditions. The neural network models showed excellent performance on previously unseen data (ability to generalize). The DenseNet121 feature extractor achieved the best performance with 99.83% accuracy, and both DenseNet201 and MobileNet showed an accuracy of 99.77% for the classification of the image dataset. The behavior of sows classified by the DenseNet121 feature extractor showed that the HT in our study reduced (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows and also has a tendency to increase (p = 0.082) lying behavior. High dietary fiber treatment tended to increase (p = 0.064) lying and decrease (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows, but there was no change in sitting under HT conditions.

본 연구는 비교사학습의 대표적인 방법 중 하나인 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 BCI(Brain-Computer Interface)에 적용 가능한 자율적 기계학습방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 상호작용 함수를 이용한 학습영역조정방법과 자율적 기계학습규칙을 제안하였다. 학습영역조정과 기계학습은 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 한 상호작용 함수에 의한 측면제어효과를 이용하였다. 승자 뉴런을 결정하고 난 후 학습 규칙에 따라 뉴런의 연결강도를 조정하 고 학습 횟수가 증가함에 따라 학습영역이 점차 감소하여 출력층 뉴런 가중치들의 입력을 향한 유동을 완화시켜 네 트워크가 평형 상태(equilibrium state)에 도달하여 학습을 마칠 수 있는 자율적 기계학습을 제안하였다.

This paper proposes an autonomous machine learning method applicable to the BCI(Brain-Computer Interface) is based on the self-organizing Kohonen method, one of the exemplary method of unsupervised learning. In addition we propose control method of learning region and self machine learning rule using an interactive function. The learning region control and machine learning was used to control the side effects caused by interaction function that is based on the self-organizing Kohonen method. After determining the winner neuron, we decided to adjust the connection weights based on the learning rules, and learning region is gradually decreased as the number of learning is increased by the learning. So we proposed the autonomous machine learning to reach to the network equilibrium state by reducing the flow toward the input to weights of output layer neurons.

The purpose of this research is to examination whether End-User Computing relative factors are ap-plied in Computer Assisted Reporting. Computer Assisted Reporting is closely related to End-User Computing, because IT and IS be used by reporting for data gathering and analysis. For the purpose. we've produced a survey. and then studied the effects of the use of Computer Assisted Reporting tools on the report's satisfaction and job performance. As a result, The degree of use of Computer Assisted Reporting significantly affects the degree of satisfaction and job performance. for this reason. this research can give an insight for the extension of End-User Computing relative research.

Objective: To examine the short-term and long-term effects of computer-based cognitive training on postural stability, locomotion, and cognitive performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients.Methods: Sixty-eight PD participated in this randomized-controlled trial, were randomly allocated into two groups; control group (GA) received a designed physiotherapy program for 60 minutes, and an experimental group (GB) got 30 minutes physiotherapy program as GA, along with 30 minutes of computerized cognitive training. Treatment sessions were three times/week for eight weeks. Primary outcomes were balance and spatiotemporal gait parameters; cognition was a secondary outcome. Primary and secondary measures were examined at baseline, immediately post-treatment, and three months post-treatment.Results: From baseline to post-treatment, GB showed greater reductions in postural sway compared to GA. The mean differences in stability indices were 1.461±1.240, 0.982±1.185, and 1.006±0.982 in GB, vs. 0.581±1.503, 0.426±1.459, and 0.374±1.072 in GA. For gait parameters (gait velocity, stride length, and cadence), GB demonstrated larger improvements, with mean differences of -0.361±0.245, -0.242±0.158, and -11.606±12.628, compared to -0.155±0.254, -0.191±0.248, and -4.516±10.773 in GA. PD-Cognitive Rating Scale improved more substantially in GB (-16.091±6.978) than in GA (-1.129±4.552). These gains in postural stability, gait, and cognition were statistically significant (p<0.001) and sustained at the 3-month follow-up.Conclusion: Computerized cognitive training as an add-on in the rehabilitation of PD is efficient in improving postural stability and locomotion, as well as the cognitive performance. The consistency of these findings for 3 months is an imperative point in the clinical course of PD patients.

Pig farming, a vital industry, necessitates proactive measures for early disease detection and crush symptom monitoring to ensure optimum pig health and safety. This review explores advanced thermal sensing technologies and computer vision-based thermal imaging techniques employed for pig disease and piglet crush symptom monitoring on pig farms. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive and efficient technology for measuring pig body temperature, providing advantages such as non-destructive, long-distance, and high-sensitivity measurements. Unlike traditional methods, IRT offers a quick and labor-saving approach to acquiring physiological data impacted by environmental temperature, crucial for understanding pig body physiology and metabolism. IRT aids in early disease detection, respiratory health monitoring, and evaluating vaccination effectiveness. Challenges include body surface emissivity variations affecting measurement accuracy. Thermal imaging and deep learning algorithms are used for pig behavior recognition, with the dorsal plane effective for stress detection. Remote health monitoring through thermal imaging, deep learning, and wearable devices facilitates non-invasive assessment of pig health, minimizing medication use. Integration of advanced sensors, thermal imaging, and deep learning shows potential for disease detection and improvement in pig farming, but challenges and ethical considerations must be addressed for successful implementation. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies used in the pig farming industry, including computer vision algorithms such as object detection, image segmentation, and deep learning techniques. It also discusses the benefits and limitations of IRT technology, providing an overview of the current research field. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and farmers regarding IRT application in pig production, highlighting notable approaches and the latest research findings in this field.

Recently, Smart Factory is rapidly being introduced with the aim of improving global manufacturing competitiveness thanks to government support. In the case of existing cloud-based smart factory significant insight information is produced through processing, storage, integration, and analysis processes within the cloud after data generated from production lines transferred to the cloud. The insight has been used to improve process, quality, and eliminate wastes in the factory. However, there has been some difficulties such as increased network delays and data transfer costs. Furthermore, the large impact of a single fault failure in the cloud on the entire system operation remains as unresolved risks. Above all, there has been a negative issue on spreading smart factories regarding the fact that sensitive information, such as device control and status generated during the manufacturing process, are all moved to the cloud which is outside the scope of the company's management. As a result, Edge Computer is attracting attention as one of its solutions. Edge Computer collects and pre-processes data generated in the manufacturing process in real time, quickly providing insight information on the spot through built-in Analytic function, without the help of the cloud. This overcomes the shortcomings of the cloud-based system and results in mutual benefits to cloud system and edge computer. In this paper, we present various types of topologies on how these Edge computers can be utilized within various smart factory system structures and consider its advantages and disadvantages and utility value.