Earticle

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the parity, milk yield and milking season on the total milk yield and milk compositions in dairy cattle. A total of 3,064 records, collected from dairy farms between January and December in 2015, were analyzed with the SAS/GLM procedure. The milk yield in the first parity was found to be the lowest level (p<0.05). Significant differences in yield of milk were noticed among the animals in different milk yield groups as well as in different seasons (p<0.05). The differences in milk fat percent was also significantly differed among all categories (p<0.05). Milk yield groups and seasons of production also showed significant differences in the milk protein percent (p<0.05). Milk solids significantly increased with parity in dairy cattle (p<0.05) as the parity progressed. The lowest somatic cell count was observed in the first parity and the significant increase of somatic cell count was found in later parities (p<0.05). We found the negative correlations between the milk yield and milk protein % (-0.534), and between milk yield and total milk solids (-0.370). In contrast, the positive correlations were observed between the milk fat and milk protein (0.600), and between milk fat and total milk solids (0.493). The relationship between % of milk protein and total milk solids was strongly positive (0.833). The model with milk yield and milk fat % showed a low coefficient of regression (R2=0.1426). However, the milk fat % and milk protein % (R2=0.3606), and milk protein % and total milk solids (R2=0.6942) showed relatively greater fits with their respective models. In conclusion, these findings suggest that dairy farmers might be required appropriate management of feeding for improvement of milk yield and milk quality including somatic cell affected by seasonal factors and milk performances.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of concentrate feed level on the weight change, intestinal microbiota, and blood profiles of Jeju cross-bred horses. Jeju cross-bred horses, which are from twenty-four months to thirty-six old, were allocated three groups and were investigated by feeding the concentrate feed at 1.5% (n=5), 2% (n=4), and 2.5% (n=5) of their body weight in spring and winter. In spring, the final body weights were 288.60, 324.50, 337.00 in 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% and its levels were significantly high in the treatment group (p<0.05), which were fed concentrate feed at 2.5% of body weight. In spring, endotoxin, which is known to be released in gram-negative bacteria cell wall in case of eating much concentrate feed, were 2.13, 1.50, and 0.57 in 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% treatment groups respectively and its levels were significantly low in the treatment group which were fed concentrate feed at 2% and 2.5% of body weight (p<0.05) in the third week. But since then, there were no significant differences. The faecal pH were 6.2, 5.8, 5.7 in 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% and its levels were significantly low in the treatment group in spring, which were fed concentrate feed at 2% and 2.5% of body weight. In the eighth week of winter, rectal temperature were 37.8, 37.9, and 38.4 in 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% treatment groups respectively and its levels were significantly high in the treatment group which were fed concentrate feed at 2.5% of body weight (p<0.05). The number of faecal microbiota, such as Fibrobacter involved in the decomposition of cellulose and carbohydrates, were 2.49%, 1.42%, 1.09% in 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. It shows significant decrease as the amount of concentrate feed increased. These results suggest that feeding concentrate at 2.5% of body weight might be utilized as a method of fatting in Jeju cross-bred horses.

This study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of five Bermudagrass cultivars (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.: Giant, Cheyene, Mohawk, Panchero Frio, Common), three Bahiagrass cultivars (Paspalum notatum: TifQuik, Tifton 9, Argentine), and one Teff grass cultivars (Eragrostis tef: Tiffany) by using broadcast and drill seeding method for each species in the experimental field (450 m altitude, Gyorae-ri Jochon-eup, Jeju) in order to cultivate warm season grasses as forage during summer season. Teff grass and Bermudagrass showed healthy germination and emergence after the seeding but Bahiagrass showed average germination and emergence in terms of growth after seeding. Broadcast seeding was more productive than drill seeding in all the species when the quantity was compared. The investigation on freeze damage of southern grasses during the winter revealed that, in case of Bermudagrass, Giant could not survive in winter in the experimental field that has altitude of 450 m but Cheyene, Mohawk, Panchero Frio and Common could survive in winter even though it had substantial cold-weather damage. In case of Bahiagrass, there were minimal freeze damage in TifQuik and Tifton 9 but it was severe in Argentine. The investigation on productivity of species after wintering revealed that TifQuik and Tifton 9, a species of Bahiagrass, had the highest productivity in comparison to all the other species. Therefore, an adequate species of grass should carefully be selected when cultivating warm season grasses as forage and grazing pasture for summer season.

This experiment was carried out in experiment field at Hoengseong from March to July 2015 to evaluate the seed productivity and feed value of oats (Avena sativa L.) according to the difference of seeding date. The experiment was arranged randomized complete design with three replications. The treatments were consisted of three seeding dates (12, 22 March and 2 April). The emergence and heading of oat showed a tendency to accelerate as the seeding date was delayed while the number of days taken for the flowering after the heading remained unchanged. The plant height, panicle length, number of culm, and number of panicle all tended to decrease with the delay of seeding date. The seed yield showed a significant difference with 3.55 ton/ha in 12 March and 2.38 ton/ha in 2 April (p<0.05). The dry matter yield also showed significantly different in 12 March and 2 April which were 6.57 ton/ha and 4.56 ton/ha, respectively (p<0.05). The feed value measured as CP (crude pretein), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber) and DMD (dry matter digestibility) showed no difference according to the seeding date. In the case of RFV (relative feed value), a decrease with the delay of seeding date was observed but only an insignificant difference (p>0.05). As the purpose of this study was not production of roughage but that of the seed, cultivation was in the full-ripe period, hence a relatively low feed value. In conclusion, it is considered that the appropriate seeding date for a spring cultivation of oats for the purpose of seed production in Hoengseong is in early March regarding growth characteristics, seed yield, and feed value.

This research was conducted to investigate awareness of feed safety management for total mixed ration (TMR) manufacturer and pollution level of harmful factor in feed. The questionnaire was distributed to 80 TMR manufacturing companies for 10 months and 50 questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire was consisted of 17 questions and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistic analysis, cross relation analysis and reliability. The main perception was imposing the feed safety management system should be followed after building institutional condition for the feed safety management. The most required condition was providing and sharing information on feed safety to establish feed safety management system. According to the research, the most weak point during managing feed safety and harmful factors was the mold toxin. The most hazard factors during feed manufacturing steps were foreign substances such as metal, fragment and soil. Upon investigation on pollution level of feed's hazard factor, cadmium, arsenic and selenium were exceeded standard of permission but ochratoxin, aflatoxin, melamine and Nonprotein nitrogen were not exceeded. Pesticide residual, fumonisin and salmonella were not detected. As the result of the analyses, to construct the feed safety management system of TMR manufacturing company, it is necessary to politically institutionalize the providing and haring information of feed safety. Moreover, reinforcing feed management to get rid of foreign substances and to prevent mold toxin among feed is advised. Lastly, establishing system of eliminating foreign substances at raw materials supplier should be mandatory.