Earticle

An ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) as a transducer, more precisely immunologically modified FET (immunoFET), was used to detect C-reactive protein (CRP). The investigated ISFET biosensor was fabricated by utilizing a standard CMOS process. Anti-CRP monoclonal antibody was attached on the gate surface using protein G as a linker protein for orientation-controlled immobilization. The response of CRP antibody to CRP was evaluated by measuring the electrical features of the ISFET device. As a result, a considerable decrease in drain current was clearly observed upon CRP binding to anti-CRP antibody on the gate, which can be explained by the charge effect that negatively charged CRP is responsible for the current drop. Collectively, our data convincingly indicated that FET-type biosensor is potentially applicable for the detection of CRP through the antigenantibody binding event on a gate surface.

Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) consisting of the repeating pentapeptide of specific amino acids (Val-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Gly, where the “guest residue” Xaa is any amino except Proline) are thermally response polypeptides that undergo a reversible phase transition. In this study, we have analyzed the thermal behavior of ELPs by investigating the change of the transition temperature (Tt) according to their physical properties such as the ELP length or the amino acid composition of ELP as well as the external stimuli such as pH or ionic strength. This work would contribute to the various applications of ELPs including protein purification which are referred as inverse transition cycling (ITC), biosensors for heavy metals removal, and drug carrier scaffolds for tissue engineering, etc.

Nanostructured materials such as nanodot can be utilized as nanobioplatform to construct nanobiochip such as cell chip. Owing to the low fabrication costs and simplicity of immobilizing the target material to the substrate, the fabrication of bioplatform has been a fundamental issue for the development of biochip. A biochip is defined as a collection of miniaturized spots composed of biomaterials arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput screenings. The fabrication of two-dimensional arrays of biomolecules on surfaces is an essential technology in the development of biochips. Particularly, two-dimensional arrays of peptides have great potential for biosensors, bioassaying and tissue engineering. In order to utilize nanobioplatform, we fabricated two-dimensional arrays of Au nanodots on ITO glass using thermal evaporation method through very thin nanoporous alumina masks with through-holes. And HeLa cells were attached on Au nanodot arrays coated with synthetic oligopeptide layer by self-assembly. The topography of Au nanodot arrays was investigated in tapping mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The morphology of HeLa cells immobilized on Au nanodot arrays coated with synthetic oligopeptide layer was observed by confocal Microscopy with spatial resolution. These results provide novel insight that Au nanodot arrays formed on solid substrate can be potentially applied as nanobioplatform to construct biochip such as cell chip. Acknowledgement: This research was supported by the Nano/Bio science & Technology Program (M10536090001-05N3609-00110) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST)(2006-05374), and by The Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (KRF-2008-359-D00003)

The ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) has been widely used for genetic and anthropological studies. It is known that the human bitter taste receptor hT2R38, in a small region on chromosome 7q, correlates with difference in bitterness recognition of PTC. Human bitter taste receptors have been identified as G-protein coupled receptor and are thought to be involved in first step of bitter taste recognition. The haplotypes of hT2R38 indicate that the gene determines PTC sensitivity. In this study, genomic DNAs from taster and non-taster were isolated after taste test with PTC and both types of hT2R38 genes were amplified by PCR. The taster (PAV) and nontaster (AVI) haplotypes of hT2R38 gene with rho-tag, in N-turminus, were cloned into mammalian cell expression vector and expressed in the membrane of HEK-293 cell. HEK-293 cell expressing PAV type of hT2R38 was responded to PTC without co-expression of G-proteins and AVI type did not. This result indicates that the taste cell mimics human taste system closely. Furthermore, the biological artificial tongue using either human taste receptors or cells expressing taste receptors as a primary transducer is expected to be developed.

It’s the most important to provide environment similar with in vivo, to obtain satisfactory results in vitro experiment. Thus the importance of 3-D cell culture is emphasized recently in vitro cell culturing experiment. Also, the scaffold architecture is very important and affects cell binding.To observe specific sites or cells are difficult in a normal cell culture system. The alternative to solve the problem in the normal cell culture is surface patterning. Surface patterning is routinely used to immobilize bioactive molecules such as proteins, oligonucleotides and small ligands, to localize surface reactions for bioassays and to provide desired cell and bacterial adhesion.In this study, we proposed a new 3-D cell culture and cell assay combined system. We mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) via electrospinning. Electrospinning generates loosely connected 3D porous mats with high porosity and high surface area. PEG hydrogel was patterned through photolithography on the electrospun fiber scaffold.Morphology of fabricated hydrogel patterned 3-D scaffold was observed using confocal and SEM microscopes. The fluorescence images of the shapes and mask effect of hydrogel patterns were observed via TRITC-dextran and FITC-BSA adsorption experiment.We were able to corroborate the interaction between cells and fabricated scaffolds through SEM, inverted microscope and viability of cells.So, we expect this new scaffold and cell culture system will be applied for biotechnological culture supports, implanted biosensors, neural interfaces, and other structural medical implants engineered with nanoscale features to reduce the likelihood of fibrous encapsulation and allow stronger interfacing with the host tissue for a longer period of time.

Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) is a common synthetic, hydrogel material that is frequently used as a biomaterial due to their high water content, non-toxicity and favorable tissue compatibility, which leads to many applications such as bio-compatible materials including soft contact lenses, kidney dialysis systems, drug-delivery systems and artificial lever support systems. Because of hydrophilic material`s poor interface cells, cell adhesion was weaker on pHEMA, as a significant fraction of the fibroblasts revealed a lack of spreading, with most cells remaining spherical. However, cell adhesion on pHEMA is needed for versatile bio-applications. In this work, GPTMS was used for surface modification of pHEMA to have epoxy groups exposed on the surface of the material. The coupling reaction was happened between methoxy groups of GPTMS and hydroxyl groups of pHEMA. The characteristic of epoxy group that helps cell adhesion on the surface of pHEMA could be suitable to measure of intensity depended on various concentration of protein. Therefore, it can be applied to detect protein as a bio-sensor.

There have been many attempts to develop sensitive and accurate techniques for the detection and diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria using nucleic acid-based technology. To achieve efficient simultaneous detection of seven selected pathogens, we introduced 16-pair electrode array containing two copies of 7 specific DNA probes as signal and two negative control as noise manufactured by GENEfluidics, Horseradish peroxidase(HRP) and 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) for pathogenic bacteria detection. The signals were obtained by amperometric voltammety and cyclic voltammetry. The signal-tonoise ratio was calculated as the signal with 16S rRNA divided by the noise without 16S rRNA. After condition optimization of mixed selfassembly monolayer(SAM), blocking, washing, we investigated the limit of detection (LOD) and signal amplification by Gold-shell Magnetites. This platform might have possibility of fast, precise, quantitative, non-labeling, potable, parallel detection system for pathogen.

Cell chip is becoming a popular tool for monitoring and detecting a drug or other effects. This system was used for monitoring the neurotransmitter chemicals (dopamine) released from a neural cell (PC12). Upon the cells grow on a chip, dopamine can be detected by three-electrode cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. A cyclic voltammogram of PC12 cells grown on collagen coated gold showed that current peaks were linearly increased with increase of the cell number. The anodic and cathodic peaks are the same potential range for both cellular and chemical dopamine, and it is confirmed that potassium and glucose have a stimulatory effect on dopamine production by the cell. Current peak increased with increase of potassium and glucose concentrations, and the increase was the greatest when potassium and glucose are used together. The sensitivity of detecting can be increased using potassium and glucose stimulation. These results indicate that CV is an effective method for monitoring of dopamine production from PC12 cells. Using other cell lines and evaluation of drug effect (toxic agent) on this cell chip is on going. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by The Nano/Bio Science & Technology Program (M10536090001-05N3609-00110) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea as "The Eco-technopia 21 project" and by Seoul R&BD Program (10816).

Cell microarrays could constitute new weapons of mass analysis in the arsenal of biologists and pharmacists. The advantage of cell microarrays is the opportunity to measure parameters on hundreds of individual cells and average them, instead of measuring the parameters of a whole cell population as well as the increased sensitivity as assay volume shrinks. “Shape encoded cell array” does not rely on x and y coordinates on an array to identify the cell type compared with ‘Positional cell array’, but on a ‘shape code.’ In this study, we fabricated various shapes of PEG hydrogel microparticles.. PEG hydrogel microparticles were photocrosslinked with a small amount of acrylic acid to provide functional groups that enables protein immobilization via EDC/NHS method in the PEGDA(poly(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate, Mw700) precursor. After that, NIH-3T3 cell, a species of fibroblast, or hepatocyte G2 were seeded on the surface of the hydrogel microparticles with different shapes and sizes. We obtained cell viability ratio with fluorescent live/dead assay, and monitored cell density on the surface of each hydrogel microparticle. The advantages of this technique are facile recognition of different type of cells by the shape of the hydrogel particles, and the process of substrate preparation that is fabricated by a single step of photopatterning.

Nanosurface consisting of nano structures was developed to enhance the surface density of capture protein on spot in protein chip array. Silica nano pillar was formed from nanoporous alumina template using sol-gel method. Silica nano pillars were transferred to PDMS layer prior to remove the alumina template. Silica nano structure was achieved with individual pillars by their aggregations because they have high aspect ratio (length: 1000 nm, diameter: 80 nm). Nano structure has 600 nm of height and 1000 nm of diameter. The rose’s petal effect was achieved with nanosurface because nanostructure contains individual nano pillars. Nanosurface consisting of nanostructures was investigated using AFM（Atomic Force Microscopy) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The amount of protein immobilized on nanosurface was compared with that on normal flat glass. Nanosurface developed in this study can be applied to nanoscaled biochip. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MOST) (No. M10755160002-07N5516-00210).

Aflatoxins are a group of metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parisiticus, which are found in a variety of agriculture products. Many sensitive methods for the analysis of Aflatoxins in food and feed, such as thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and so on, have developed. Whereas these methods are offering good detection limits, they are time consuming and need expensive instruments. Thus, the development of a rapid and convenient detection biosensor for Aflatoxin analysis is extremely desirable. In order to investigate the biosensor for the food safety, we performed optical resonance methods which are simple, rapid and sensitive methods on the multi-spot nanoparticle array chip surface. The multi-spot nanoparticle array chip was applied to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based optical biosensor for monitoring the protein antibodyantigen interaction. For the detection of Aflatoxin, we used the specific binding between antibody and antigen, and synthesized gold binding polypeptide-Protein G fusion protein having the specific binding affinities against the multi-spot nanoparticle array chip surface and immunoglobulin G, respectively. In this study, we successfully developed the label-free LSPR-based biosensor whose the detection limit of 100 pg/mL by using the anti-Aflatoxin B1 antibody.

Protein arrays are very useful tool for the functional and structural studies of the molecular interactions. To make protein arrays, purification of functional recombinant proteins is required, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Moreover, there is a high demand for the ultra-sensitive detection of important protein, which presents in a low concentration. Thus, we combinded dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), which widely used for nanoarray on a surface, and ribosome display technique for in vitro selection. After fabrication of acrylamide modified oligonucleotide immobilization on a thiol modified glass surface, the products of EGFP-mRNA fusion molecule of cell-free protein synthesis was hybridized with nanopatterned oligonucleotide for the immobilization of target proteins without purification. This new method, which combines eukaryotic cell-free systems and DPN, provide the easy fabrication of functional protein array at nanoscale without purification step.

We developed a simple method for fabrication of nanometer distance gap (nanogap). The size of the nanogap was controlled by adjusting the dimension of the window mask and finally the nanogap having a width less than 60 nm was obtained. Furthermore, we used the nanogap for electrical biosensing of biomolecular interaction without labeling. The current was proportionally increased to the concentrations of the charged molecules in the range from 100 fg/ml to 100 ng/ml at 1 V bias. It is expected that the nanogap developed here can be used as a biosensor platform for label-free detection of biomolecular interactions.

Detection of Staphylococcus aureus binding with immunoassay was conducted by surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor, and their kinetics were studied. Titanium isopropoxide was employed as a ligand between gold surface and antibody. The kinetic parameters for Staphylococcus aureus binding with the immunoassays were evaluated quantitatively. The lower limit of detection for the cell was also investigated in the The lower limit of detection for the cell was improved to 103 CFU/ml by application of the ligand. The association rate constants and affinities of the cell by the ligand application were above twice as large as those by the direct assay. The improvement of the lower limit of detection was derived from the enhancement of binding attraction between the ligand and antibody.

Electrochemical concentration and enumeration of bacteria using an amperometric sensor system were investigated. Electrochemical reduction and oxidation reaction of bacteria in the presence of an electrochemical mediator are basis of the sensor system. When a charged electrode (graphite felt, +0.68V) was incorporated in a bacterial culture broth with a mediator (MB 0.01 mM), about 20% decrease in bacterial number was observed. The bacteria attached electrode was then used as a working electrode for a three-electrode electrochemical system for the bacteria enumeration. In the system, the amperometric reoxidation current and its rate of increment were found to be dependent on the concentrations of bacteria and mediator. Linear correlations between initial rate currents and bacterial concentrations were established. Methylene Blue (MB) was selected as a most appropriate redox mediator, and the system was most sensitive and stable using a working electrode poised at 0.3 V (vs. the reference), pH 7.0, an MB concentration of 0.0001 M, a working electrode surface area of 550 mm2, and a temperature of 30 ℃.

Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder characterized by areas of depigmented skin white spots resulting from loss of epidermal melanocytes. The prevalence of this disease varies from 0.1% to 2% in various global populations. This disorder is one of the most psychologically devastating skin diseases and there is currently no known cure. Histologically, the predominant finding in the depigmented areas of vitiligo is an absence of epidermal melanocytes. The precise cause of the loss of these epidermal melanocytes is unknown. Autoimmune, neural, biochemical, oxidative stress, autocytotoxic, viral, and melanocyte detachment mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of vitiligo. An effective treatment regime has been proposed that stimulates the inactive melanoblasts in the hair follicle to divide, proliferate and migrate upward along the surface of outer root sheath to the nearby epidermis. In this work, the efficiency of different Chinese plant extracts to induce melanoblast differentiation, proliferation and migration are investigated. Screening of potential plant samples was carried out by evaluating the effect of plant extracts to induce differentiation of melanoblasts to active melanocytes by accessing melanin production (melanin assay) and proliferation (by MTT assay) in melanoblast cell lines (Melb-a).

Antartic krill, Euphausia superba, are crustaceans with large biomass in the Southern Ocean and a good source of astaxanthin, which has strong antioxidant activity. Astaxanthin is very susceptible to light and air because of high unsaturated solution. It used to be capsulated as liposome, which is prepared by film dispersion method. In this study, the supercritical fluid extraction technology was carried out to extract Astaxanthin from krill. The supercritical fluid was also used to for liposome formation with Astaxanthin extracted. Dried raw krill were used to extract Astaxanthin using supercritical carbon dioxide(SCO2) and with and without ethanol as a co-solvent at the range of temperatures and pressures, from 0 to 70℃ and 0 to 400 bar. Optimum conditions for supercritical liposome formation were studied with various concentrations of surfactants and supercritical conditions.

Major factors of hair loss are known as stress, heredity, and environmental factors, etc. Androgenic alopecia, the most general pattern to both men and women, appears because the follicles are influenced by androgen, is called male pattern hair loss, MPHL by male, and is called female pattern hair loss, FPHL by female. Hair loss is caused by the occasion of exposing to male hormone over the certain period of time. The male hormones of participant of hair growth and atrophy are testosterone and DHT(Dihydrotestosterone). DHT is the products from testosterone, a kind of androgen metabolized by 5α-reductase. Testosterone is reduced to active DHT by 5α-reductase, and the DHT inhibits the growth of hair by combining with androgen receptors which are in the dermal papill cell. Studies were made on the inhibitory effect of culture extract of a wild mountain ginseng to the activity of 5α-reductase in various ways.

Onion is a term used for many plants in the genus Allium. They are known by the common name "onion" but, it usually refers to Allium cepa (A. cepa). A. cepa is also known as the ‘garden onion’ or ‘bulb’ onion and ‘shallot’. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of A. cepa extracts on hair growth in an alopecia model of C57BL/6N mice. First, antioxidative activities of A. cepa extracts were examined with the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and the total polyphenol content. The amount of quercetin in A. cepa extracts was examined by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP/MS). For animal test, mice were randomized and separated into six experimental groups including 50% ethanol (negative control), minoxidill, Acorus calamus extract, fresh onion juice, ethanol extract of A. cepa and hot water extract of A. cepa. Quercetin was detected in A. cepa juice to be 47.49 ppm but not detected in other fractions. The hair-promoting activity appeared in the fraction without quercetin. This result suggested that the famous polyphenol quercetin showed no relation with hair growth so other compounds should be investigated afterwards.

Phytochemical researches on Glycyrrhiza uralensis root have revealed the existence of abundant polyphenol glycosides such as liquiritin and liquiritin apioside. On the basis of earlier reported researches, we could expect that Glycyrrhiza uralensis root is a medicinal herb useful for polyphenol preparation as well as its polyphenol glycosides will be converted to the corresponding aglycones, which have more active form in skin biology, by employing Nuruk fermentation. As expected, HPLC results revealed that the polyphenol glycosides obviously underwent deglycosidation reaction during Nuruk fermentation, thereby indicating that Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae, major fungi in Nuruk, are very effective in bioconverting vegetable polyphenol glycosides to alycones. As such results, increase of liquiritigenin peak was evidently observed together with simultaneous decrease of each two peak corresponding to liquritin and liquiritin apioside. The conversion rate was more than 95% and the chemical structure of liquiritigenin was confirmed by NMR analysis. These results indicated that Nuruk fermentation is a good method to prepare in high yield liquiritigenin, an estrogenic substrate. Koji acid, a direct tyrosinase deactivator, was also identified by HPLC analysis. Thus, the final Nuruk ferment will function skin whitening and wrinkle prevention. Like this, combining two or more agents via different active mechanisms in a raw material for cosmetics preparation will contribute to further improvement of skin beauty.

Skin color is determined by the amount of melanin and tyrosinase is a key enzyme of melanin synthesis. MITF(Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix-zip family of transcription factors and is the major regulator of tyrosinase and other related enzymes(TRPs). To screen depigmenting agents by HTS(highthroughput screening), a protein chip containing recombinant MITF protein was constructed. Based on the computer-simulated structure, 27 chemicals were selected and were investigated as MITF-DNA binding inhibitors. Among them, compound #18 was found to show the most potent inhibitory activity against MITF-DNA binding. To confirm its inhibitory activity against MITF-DNA binding, an Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) was performed. As a result, intensities of MITF-DNA bands were dose-dependently reduced by compound #18. In addition, nuclear extracts of fibroblasts and melanocytes were compared by EMSA for investigating the specific binding between the MITF-DNA of melanocytes and compound #18. Compound #18 did not show any effect on fibroblasts. Therefore, compound #18 could be used as a specific MITF-DNA binding inhibitor on melanocytes.

To discover an active skin depigmenting agent, we isolated a novel inhibitor of melanin biosynthesis from the methanol extract of Erigeron breviscapus using a bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified it as (2Z,8Z)-matricaria methyl ester by means of spectroscopic analysis. The compound showed strong whitening activity in melan-a cells. Compared with arbutin (IC50=740μM) as a positive control, the depigmentation IC50 value for (2Z,8Z)-matricaria methyl ester was 10.7μM. Moreover, its inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, the key enzyme of melanogenesis, was examined using in vivo and in vitro tyrosinase assay and Western blot. Western blot analysis revealed that expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinaserelated proteins 1 and 2 (TRP1 and TRP2) was decreased. The results indicate that (2Z,8Z)-matricaria methyl ester isolated from Erigeron breviscapus is a promising compound that could be useful for treating hyperpigmentation as skin-whitening agent.

Polygonum multiflorum is a perennial plant that lives in mountains and meadow. The root of Polygonum multiflorum has been used as medicinal herbs for traditional oriental medicine. It is effective at skin disease like scabies, eczema and eruption. Also it can be used for tonic medicine and the elixir of life.In this Study, bioactive compounds was prepared from Polygonum multiflorum via sub-critical water extraction. The effect of extract was measured antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging assay) and skin whiting activity (Tyrosinase inhibition assay). According to the results, sub-critical water extract was more active both tests comparing the conventional extraction methods. The higher activity was demonstrated in the HPLC analysis, sub-critical extract harbored elevated amounts of emodin and derivatives.

Antioxidant extracts containing various polyphenol compounds such as resveratrol were prepared from the grape’s twig to be used as a functional additive for cosmetics. Extraction was performed using 80% ethanol in ultrasonic extractor for 60 min. The crude extract was purified up to 99% after elution through silica gel open column chromatography. The stability of the purified resveratrol was as follows: a half life of 60 days at 40°C and 90 days at 25°C. A sensory test of the commercial grape juice with 1 to 10 ppm of purified resveratrol showed better preference than the grape juice without it. Color and smell test showed no difference between two samples. Using the extract, we have made a cosmetic product and performed sensory test. The grape twig can be used as a valuable resource for the extraction of resveratrol and the fraction with it.

Anti-microbial activities of Scutellariae Radix Extract was investigated by formulation, such as skin toner, skin lotion for 4 weeks. Control contained no preservative, test group contained 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% Scutellariae Radix extract and positive control contained parabens. To determine the antimicrobial activity of these extract, the 3 germs such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were used.The test groups(0.5% and 1.0% Scutellariae Radix extract) showed significant anti-microbial activities against the 3 germs compared with control. Antimicrobial activities of these extracts were similar to positive control. And the SOD-like activity incresed dose-dependently and was about 08% at 1,000ppm of scutellariae Radix extract. Considering that the Scutellariae Radix Extract has significant anti-microbial activities against 3 germs and the high SOD-like activity compared with other natural extract, it is possible to develop as natural preservative in cosmetics.

Titanium oxide (TiO2) is one of the most important white pigments used in the cosmetic industry. It is widely used because it efficiently scatters visible light and sun block function. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) is nontoxic, cheap, low surface intensity and high diffusity. SCCO2 was used to coat wax onto TiO2 particles. Various temperature, pressure and processing time were tested for surface modification. SCCO2 method and organic solvent method were compared by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), Thermal weight loss and particle size distribution was determined by a light scattering method, Surface area analysis was BET method (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)

In this study, in order to assess the feasibility of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava as an inhibitor of melanin formation, we evaluated its inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase and IBMX-induced melanin formation inhibitory effects in B16F10 melanoma cell. The ethanolic (EtOH) extract and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction obtained from E. cava evidenced a marked inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase at a concentration of 50 μg/ml. Repeated column chromatography of the active EtOAc fraction resulted in the isolation of three phlorotannins. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR) and characterized as phloroglucinol (1), dioxinodehydroeckol (2) and 7-phloroeckol (3), respectively. Among the compounds, 7- phloroeckol (3) evidenced more potent tyrosinase inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 0.85 μM than arbutin (IC50 = 243.16 μM) and kojic acid (IC50 = 40.28 μM), which were used as positive controls. Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest that 7-phloroeckol plays as a noncompetitive inhibitor against tyrosinase. Furthermore, these compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on IBMX-induced melanin formation in B16F10 melanoma cells. Treatment with 7-phloroeckol (6.25-100 μM) resulted in a significant inhibition of melanin production in the melanoma cells. In this study, we suggest that 7-phloroeckol might prove useful as a novel inhibitor of melanin formation in cosmetic applications.

We extracted by three ways and we was identified ROS scavenging activity in Aderium (complex plant extract: Euryale ferox, Hericium erinaceum, and Adenosphora triphylla).1; 2; 3) There are shaking using 70% ethanol, SCF (super critical fluid system), and fermentation using Lactobacillus helveticus KCTC 3545 in three ways of extraction. Fermented extract was most highly among the three in ROS scavenging activity. We know that if effective material is fermented, it is increased nutritive component and it is reduced particle size of component, therefore it is evaluated penetration of skin. On the base of above results, we tried safety test in vivo and in vitro, efficacy test measuring such as moisturizing, TEWL (transepidermal water loss) in vivo. It was applied 1 % of extract on cream base and there was no cytotoxicity in cell assay using fibroblast and patch test. Moisturizing and TEWL value was shown a reciprocal curve and we observed increase and decrease between fermented Aderium (treatment) and non-fermented Aderium (control) at 8 h. Treat part was superior 23 % of moisturizing value compare with control and TEWL value was lower than control (16 %). Hereby, we defined valuable activity in fermented Aderium. We will measure elasticity in vivo and will analyze main potential materials and then we will apply to commercial cosmetics product as new raw materials.

Prunus armeniaca is well known fruit with its anti-aging effect. The seed of Prunus armeniaca also contains many bio-active components that can be good candidates for cosmetic ingredients. In this study, we performed fractional extraction of bio-active compounds from Prunus armeniaca seeds with supercritical carbon dioxide. And we investigated anti-oxidant activity and inhibitory melanogenesis. Two different types of seeds, with and without seed coat, were used for supercritical fluid extraction. Fractional extraction revealed the time dependent kinetics of bio-active compounds as well as their efficacies.

Encapsulation of TiO2 sol or TiO2 nanoparticles with chitosan shell was conducted to enhance a sun protection for cosmetic preparations. Nanocapsules contained TiO2 were evaluated an UV absorption and UV blocking rate. To obtain the TiO2 sol (TS), titanium isopropoxide was diluted into anhydrous ethanol to obtain 10 wt% solution based on TiO2 in a dehumidified glove box, then the solution was stirred for a day at ambient temperature. The commercial TiO2 (Daegusa, P25) were employed. TS and P25 type were measured by XRD. The TS was composed of entirely an anatase type of TiO2. The particle size of TiO2 contained into TS was below 10 nm. It was considerably smaller than P25 TiO2 particles. The loading amount of titania was determined by TGA. In the nanocapsulation of TiO2 with chitosan, loading efficiencies of the TS and P25 were obtained as 45% and 18%, respectively. The encapsulated TiO2 particles were ranged in 30-100 nm. The TS nanocapsules exhibited a high blocking percent to UV-A up to 97% . The results indicated that this TS loaded chitosan nanocapsules had significantly higher UV protection effects.