Earticle

The ultimate goal of this paper is to investigate whether Korean caki ‘self’ is equivalent to English himself. A point to note is that Korean caki ‘self’ reveals subject-orientation, while English himself reveals both subject-orientation and object-orientation, which, in turn, suggests that the former does not pattern with the latter. A further point to note is that English himself is subject to TSC, while Korean caki ‘self’ is not subject to TSC, thus behaving differently. A major point of this paper is that Korean caki ‘self’ shares short-distance binding and long-distance binding with English himself and him. It is worthwhile observing that Korean caki ‘self’ easily yields a bound variable reading in the case of long-distance binding, whereas English himself does not permit long-distance binding, hence the unavailability of a bound variable reading. It is worth noting that Korean caki ‘self’ can behave as a free variable, depending on the speaker’s intention, while English himself cannot. Finally, it is important to note that ambiguous meanings induced by caki ‘self’ are captured correctly by Chomsky’s Merge and Transfer. From all of this, it is evident that Korean caki ‘self’ induces looser interpretations than English himself and thus it patterns with English he and he himself.

The purpose of this article is to describe the views that students and teachers are interested in the Korean teaching methods. For this purpose we investigated the aspects of appling teaching methods in Korean classroom by means of a survey on the scene of graduate students and teachers. In Korean education, traditional grammar-translation and audio-lingual method which have the teacher-centered and result-centered attitudes are put to practical use widely. And traditional pattern drill and input enhancement are used widely as a teaching technique of Korean classroom. Also the classroom activities are not applied to the face of awareness of the effectiveness and practical application. In conclusion, according to the survey analysis, the teaching methods are not applying variously, teachers’ ability of those falls below the average, and the conditions of applying methods are not prepared widely. These aspects reflect the problems of the linguistic nature of Korean and the curriculum of the institutions which is restricted by time and space. Korean is very complex language for foreign students because of agglutinative morphs, but a lot of linguistic items are treated by the monotonous teaching methods. Consequently, it is necessary to introduce and reconstruct the different teaching methods and yield a synergetic and meaningful result in Korean education. Therefore, we need the theoretical insight into the common language teaching methods, and the ability to apply them eclectically.

콰인은 존재론의 핵심 문제를 세계 속에 어떤 종류의 것들이 있는가를 밝히는 일이라고 보고, 이 문제에 대한 해명을 통하여 철학자는 과학자들보다 훨씬더 포괄적으로 세계를 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다고 믿는다. 그러나 분석철학의 전통 속에 있는 콰인은 철학자들이 과학자들처럼 존재하는 것들에 대해 직접 탐구한다든가, 종래의 형이상학들처럼 철학자 특유의 어떤 통찰이나 직관에 의해 세계와 실재의 본성을 밝히려 하는 전통적 접근 방식을 버리고 언어 수준에서 존재 문제를 다룬다. 이 글은 콰인이 현대 논리학을 동원하여 세계 속에 개별적 대상은 물론 추상적인 것과 보편적인 것 등 여러 유형의 것들이 존재한다고 독단적으로 주장하는 전통적 존재론들을 분석하고 비판한 내용을 중점적으로 다룬다. 콰인의 분석을 따라가다 보면 존재론의 핵심 문제나 존재론 탐구의 방법을 확인할 수 있을 것이다. 더 나아가 존재론을 탐구하는 철학자가 세계 이해의 한 부분을 어떤 식으로 감당할 것인지도 분명해질 것이다.

Quine, as an analytic philosopher and logican, would overcome the prevailing hostility to metaphysics that pervaded analytical philosophy during the period when it was dominated by logical positivism and establish metaphysics as a science. This is not to say that Quine would encourage a return to cultivating metaphysics of the sort the positivists condemned. Quine is just as hostile to the excesses of speculative and transcendent metaphysics as were the positivists. But his views may be taken as subscribing to the cautionary advice that one should not throw out the baby with the bath water. Quine takes a positive stance with respect to the importance and need to cultivate sound ontological views. Quine would revitalize and rehabilitate metaphysics as ontology. Quine approaches this problem by the method of semantic ascent. By this strategy questions about the world are replaced with questions about language, that is, clarifying ontological commitments of ordinary discourse, philosophical statements or scientific theories. This can be done by reconstructing the formulation of the questions with which ontology deals in accordance with the guiding principles of morden logic. We seek to determine the ontological commitments embedded in such discourses or theories, the first thing we must be prepared to do is rewrite the relevant statements to disclose their underlying logical patterns. We could then be clear about what can be profitably inquired into, where legitimate differences arise among competing ontologies, and how one might proceed to try to resolve these differences. Quine calls it the criterion of ontological commitment. To sum up, Quine's famous statement, “To be is to be the value of a variable” serves as a criterion of ontological commitment.

본고는 향가와 속요의 문면에서 서정성이 구현되는 양상을 시간의식과 인물형상을 중심으로 비교함으로써 이들 역사적 장르 사이의 관계를 조명하기 위해 이루어졌다. 이와 같은 비교는 향가와 속요 개별 작품의 어조 특히 ‘종결어미’를 중심으로 이들의 형식적 전변 양상을 검토하면서 시작했다. 여기서 ‘종결어미’는 문법적 직능보다 문맥을 통해 형성․구축되어가는 정서적 기능으로서의 성격이 더 크다. 종결어미에 대한 본고의 분석을 통해 향가와 속요의 시간의식․인물형상에 역사적 장르에 따른 대칭이 존재하는 한편, 한국 서정시의 원류로서 이들의 서정성에 융회의 측면도 儼存함을 드러내고자 한다.향가의 시간의식은 ‘소멸’의 양상을 통해 드러난다. 화자는 소멸의 시간을 통해 더 높은 존재방식에 이르리라 생각하고 있다. 특히 화랑의 인물 형상과 그에 대한 화자 자신의 심회를 비장하고 초절적인 것으로 묘사함으로써 ‘소멸’의 의미를 종교사상의 수준으로 격상시키고 있다. 향가가 현재를 부정하면서도 그것을 극복․초월해가는 과정을 통해 미래를 비장하고 아름다운 것으로 그려내고자 했다면, 속요는 과거의 아름다운 사랑을 회복하려는 욕망의 좌절을 통해 혼란스러운 격정에 이르고 있다. 향가의 ‘성자에 가까운 화랑’ 형상과 속요의 ‘이별하는 여인들’의 형상은 이렇게 해서 이루어졌다.향가에는 지상과 천상, 현실과 신비의 세계를 오가며 초월적 권능을 지닌 인물 형상이 나타나기도 하는데, 이를 ‘天師’ 형상으로 부르고자 한다. 본래는 종교집단의 역할을 맡았을 화랑에게는 현존 향가에서 이런 성격이 드러나지 않는다. 그 대신 ‘미녀’가 지닌 외면적 아름다움에 권능을 부여하는 문화사적 징후가 곳곳에서 보인다. 고려속요에서 여성은 초월자로서 시적 ‘대상’이었던 향가의 여성들과 달리 언술의 직접 ‘주체’로서 기능한다. 속요의 여성화자는 振幅이 크거나 단일하게 집약시키기 어려운 정서를 표현하는 데 유리하다. 고려속요의 창작 집단을 妓女로 보는 연구가 가능했던 것은 이러한 성향에 기인할 것이다. 속요의 여성은 향가에서 그러했듯 권능을 지닌 초월적 존재의 역할을 지속할 수는 없었지만, 시적 대상으로만 그치지 않고 작품의 화자로서 자신의 ‘목소리’를 내기 시작했다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the features of symmetry and amalgamate of two Lyricism between Hyangga and Sockyo by setting some principles forth as a premise. The principles are about the emotions of equality(平淡) in Hyangga and of bending(激情) in Sockyo. We can analyzise this emotions to reach the two lyricism, through the chains of two features : Time awareness and the Characters.The time awareness of Hyangga will be summarized as 'rebirth through death', the lyric persona's desire to the eternal future. On the other hand, that of Sockyo will be a fit of passion to the happy harmony in the past, repulse to the present dissociation between lovers.For the formation of this emotions, Some characters must be built. They are the 'apostles of the heaven(天師)' and the ‘beauty(美女)’. They have the transcendental powers under the infiuence of the awareness about the beautiful(美). They only can be an object in Hyangga, otherwise they can be a subject themselves in Sockyo. It may be due to the symmetry of the awareness about the beautiful. We can reach the two distinctions of the lyricism between Hyangga and Sockyo by the time awareness and the Characters.

The purpose of this paper is to explore a possibility to explain the (anti)-reconstruction effects in relative clauses. Relative clauses show reconstruction effects with respect to Binding Condition A, idiom chunks and quantificational binding. On the other hand, they display anti-reconstruction effects regarding Binding Conditoin C and quantifier scope. In an attempt to explain the reconstruction effects, quite a number of linguists (Kayne(1994), among many others) adopt the so-called promotion approach. Under the promotion approach the head nominal is base-generated inside the relative clause and moves out of it to be a head nominal. Under this approach the reconstruction effects can be easily explained, since the lower copy of the head noun may be interpreted at LE. In this paper, however, I point out that the promotion approach is problematic in view of the anti-reconstruction effects. Instead, I propose that the traditional standard analysis proposed in Chomsky (1986) can deal with both reconstruction effects and anti-reconstruction effects, if we assume that the semantic value of some type of variables is determined via copying, not via binding.

Recognition memory theories have focused on the distinction between single- and dual-process models that characterize episodic retrieval decisions. Dual-process models suggest that episodic decision is contingent on two independent processes: familiarity and recollection. One outstanding question is whether the recollection reflects a distinct categorical mnemonic decision variable or a stricter criterion operation on the graded strength-of-evidence decision axis. The present study examined whether the decision variable of recollective judgment (i.e., “Remember” response) is qualitatively different from familiarity-based response by employing an adaptive biased feedback procedure that was previously used to investigate the lability of decision criterion on the continuous memory trace. The data demonstrated prominent and gradual criterion shifts for Remember response suggesting a continuous characteristics of recollective decision variable but the pattern shows a qualitative difference compared to familiarity-based recognition decisions. A potential model is also discussed.

In this study, we describe a new coordination mechanism for non-atomic congestion games that leads to a (selfish) social cost which is arbitrarily close to the non-selfish optimal. This mechanism incurs no additional cost, in contrast to tolls that typically differ from the social cost as expressed in terms of delays.

본 논문에서는 가변 크기 블록 기반의 새로운 얼굴 특징 표현 방법을 제안한다. 기존 외형 기반의 얼굴 표정 인식 방법들 은 얼굴 특징을 표현하기 위해 얼굴 영상 전체를 균일한 블록으로 분할하는 uniform grid 방법을 사용하는데, 이는 다음 두 가지 문제를 가지고 있다. 얼굴 이외의 배경이 포함될 수 있어 표정을 구분하는 데 방해 요소로 작용하고, 각 블록에 포함된 얼굴의 특징은 입력영상 내 얼굴의 위치, 크기 및 방위에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 유의미한 표정변화가 가장 잘 나타내는 블록의 크기와 위치를 결정하는 가변 크기 블록 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 얼굴의 특정점을 추출하여 표정인식에 기여도가 높은 얼굴부위에 대하여 블록 설정을 위한 기준점을 결정하고 AdaBoost 방법을 이 용하여 각 얼굴부위에 대한 최적의 블록 크기를 결정하는 방법을 제시한다. 제안된 방법의 성능평가를 위해 LDTP를 이용하 여 표정특징벡터를 생성하고 SVM 기반의 표정 인식 시스템을 구성하였다. 실험 결과 제안된 방법이 기존의 uniform grid 기 반 방법보다 우수함을 확인하였다. 특히, 제안된 방법이 형태와 방위 등의 변화가 상대적으로 큰 MMI 데이터베이스에서 기존 의 방법보다 상대적으로 우수한 성능을 보여줌으로써 입력 환경의 변화에 보다 효과적으로 적응할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Most existing facial expression recognition methods use a uniform grid method that divides the entire facial image into uniform blocks when describing facial features. The problem of this method may include non-face backgrounds, which interferes with discrimination of facial expressions, and the feature of a face included in each block may vary depending on the position, size, and orientation of the face in the input image. In this paper, we propose a variable-size block method which determines the size and position of a block that best represents meaningful facial expression change. As a part of the effort, we propose the way to determine the optimal number, position and size of each block based on the facial feature points. For the evaluation of the proposed method, we generate the facial feature vectors using LDTP and construct a facial expression recognition system based on SVM. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to conventional uniform grid based method. Especially, it shows that the proposed method can adapt to the change of the input environment more effectively by showing relatively better performance than exiting methods in the images with large shape and orientation changes.

Highly variable drugs (within-subject variability greater than 30%) have been difficult to meet current regulatory acceptance criteria using a reasonable number of study subjects. In this study, we reviewed previous studies presenting alternative approaches for bioequivalence evaluation of highly variable drugs, and focused on an approach for widening the bioequivalence acceptance limits using within-subject variability. We discussed the suggested five solutions for highly variable drug including the deletion of Cmax of the bioequivalence criteria, direct expansion of bioequivalence limit, multiple dose studies in steady state, bioequivalence assessment on the metabolite, add-on study, and widening the bioequivalence acceptance limits based on reference variability. The methods for widening of bioequivalence limits based on reference variability are scaled average bioequivalence containing within-subject variability on reference drug (σWR), population bioequivalence derived from total variability on reference drug (σTR) and test drug (σTT), and individual bioequivalence derived from subject by formulation interaction variability (σD) and within subject variability on reference drug (σWR) and test drug (σTR). To apply these methods, the switching variability (σ0) will have to be set by the regulatory authorities. The proposals of bioequivalence evaluation approach for the highly variable in Korea are presented for both of new drug and reevaluation drug.

Yield tables are a frequently used data base for regional timber resource forecasting. A normal yield table is based on two independent variables, age and site (species constant), and applies to fully stocked (or normal) stands while empirical yield tables are based on average rather than fully stocked stands. Normal and empirical yield tables essentially have many limitations. The limitations of normal and empirical yield tables led to the development of variable density yield tables. Mathematical models for estimating timber yields are usually developed by fitting a suitable equation to observed data. The model is then used to predict yields for conditions resembling those of the original data set. It may be accurate for the specific conditions, but of unproven accuracy or even entirely useless in other circumstances. Thus, these models tend to be specific rather than general and require validation before applying to other areas. Dalbergia sissoo forms a major portion of irrigated plantations in the hot desert of India and is an important timber tree species where stem wood is primarily used as timber. Variable density yield model is not available for this species which is very crucial in long-term planning for managing the plantations on a sustained basis. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop variable density yield model based on the data collected from 30 sample plots of D. sissoo laid out in IGNP area of Rajasthan State (India) and measured annually for 5 years. The best approximating model was selected based on the fit statistics among the models tested in the study. The model develop was evaluated based on quantitative and qualitative statistical criteria which showed that the model is statistically sound in prediction. The model can be safely applied on D. sissooo plantations in the study area or areas having similar conditions.

The selection of the temperature sensor in the cryogenic system depends on the temperature range, shape and accuracy. The accuracy of the temperature sensor is essential to improve the reliability of experiment. We have developed the variable temperature cryostat using a two-stage cryocooler. In order to reduce heat load, thermal shield is installed at the first stage with MLI (Multiple layer insulation). We have also developed the sensor holder calibrating more than twenty sensors at the same time for saving time and money. The system can calibrate sensor at variable temperature by controlling electric heater. In this paper, we present design and fabrication of variable temperature cryostat and representative result of Cernox sensor calibration.

본 연구는 기업이 어떻게 조직지위를 향상시킬 수 있는지를 예측하는 것에 관하여 조직이 과거에 갖고 있던 조직 지위의 효과와 시간에 따라 변화하는 조직의 지위 향상 능력의 효과를 구별 하여 살펴보려 한다. 도구변수의 도입은 내생성 문제 해결을 위한 효과적 수단으로서 여겨져 왔으나, 도구변수가 종속변수를 결정하는 어떤 다른 요인과도 연관성이 없다는 조건을 통계적으로 유의하게 보여줄 방법이 없음에 따라 그 적용에 제한이 있어왔다. 본 연구는 “외생성으로 볼 수 있는 상태”에 대한 가정을 바탕으로, 도구변수가 종속변수를 결정하는 다른 요인과 어느 정도 연관되어 있을 때에서도 도구변수를 통한 내생성 문제 해결을 도모할 수 있다는 점을 보여주고 있 다. 또한 추가적인 실증분석 결과, 미국 벤처캐피탈 산업에 있어 딜을 리드하는 투자자로서의 역할과 관련된 1차적 조직지위의 성장을 예측하는데 있어, 거시경제 지표인 실업률이 공동투자자로서의 역할과 관련된 보완적 조직 지위의 도구변수로서 사용될 수 있으며, 이를 통해 조직 지위의 성장 능력과 별도로 보완적 지위가 1차적 조직지위의 성장에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 났다.

This paper tries to answer how a firm can grow its status by disentangling the effect of status in the past from the effect of time-varying ability to grow in status. An instrumental variable approach is an effective means to handle endogeneity problem, but the application is limited due to an un-testable exclusion restriction. This paper introduces an instrumental variable approach based on the plausibly exogeneity assumption and applies it to the U.S. venture capital dataset. By applying the “plausibly exogenous” approach, this paper shows that even under violations of exclusion restriction, the unemployment rate can serve as a valid instrument for complementary status, which signals quality as a co-investor. The finding suggests that complementary status positively affects future primary status, which signals quality as a lead investor, net of its effect through improving the firm’s ability to grow in primary status.

The aim of this study is to identify variables for an experimental study on the differences in cognitive skills between paper books and digital books in sports textbooks, focusing on multicultural students. To achieve this, a committee of 12 advisory members was formed and a total of four Delphi surveys were conducted. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, as a precedent variable, the age, gender, and language ability of the multicultural students participating in the experiment should be considered, along with the technical accessibility and proficiency level of technology acceptance. Secondly, the independent variables imply factors that can influence cognitive skills. Independent variables include various screen designs and content presentation methods, display, readability, interactivity, multimedia, and a multimodal interface of devices composed of digital book media. Also, experimental materials with an appropriate level of difficulty considering the characteristics of multicultural students were derived as independent variables. Thirdly, dependent variables include biometric signals, questionnaires, interviews, and other cognitive measurement tools that can measure cognitive skills. The variables presented through the main results of this study have high utility not only as variables for experimental research on differences in cognitive skills between paper book and digital book media in sports textbooks for multicultural students, but also as a reference for digital book development.

게임 엔진과 같은 3D공간에서 프로시저럴 모델링 애셋을 사용하여 도시를 구성하는 방식은 이전부터 존재하여 다양한 방법으로 제작되어 왔습니다. 초기 제작시간은 길지만 라이브러리가 구축됨에 따라, 크기와 모양이 다양한 건물을 보다 빠르고 다양하게 배치가 가능하다는 장점 을 바탕으로 사용되었습니다. 하지만, 앙곡과 안허리곡으로 이루어진 이중곡선을 가지며 결구 방식에 따라 모양이 변화하는 한옥의 경우에는 프로시저럴 기법으로 모델링 애셋을 제작하기 어려워 수동 모델링이나 스캔 데이터 형식으로만 존재하는 불편함이 존재하였습니다. 그렇기 에, 본 연구에서는 게임 엔진에서 사용이 가능한 가변적인 한옥 모델링에 대한 프로시저럴 기 법에 대해 소개하고자 합니다.

The method of constructing a city using a procedural modeling asset in a 3D space such as a game engine has existed since before and has been produced in various ways. Although the initial production time was long, it was used based on the advantage that buildings of various sizes and shapes could be arranged faster and more variously as the library was built. However, in the case of Han-ok, which has a two dimensional curve and whose shape changes depending on the articulation method, it was difficult to produce a modeling asset using a procedural technique, so there was an inconvenience that existed only in the form of manual modeling or scan data. Therefore, in this study, we would like to introduce a procedural technique for variable Han-ok modeling that can be used in game engines.