Earticle

서남아와 동남아, 그리고 동북아시아를 잇는 유일한 무역협정으로서 아시아․태평양 무역협정(Asia Pacific Trade Agreement: APTA)은 1975년 5개 회원국(라오스, 방글라데시, 스리랑카, 인도, 한국)이 합의한 방콕협정에 기원을 두고 있다. 한동안 형식상의 다자무역협정에 불과했던 방콕협정은 2001년 중국이 새로 가입하고, 2005년 ‘아시아․태평양 무역협정’이라는 새로운 이름 하에 2006년 제3라운드 협상 결과 양허품목이 대폭 확대됨으로써 아시아․태평양 지역의 경제공동체 구축을 위한 실질적인 계기를 제공하고 있다. 통상적인 자유무역협정과 달리 아시아․태평양 무역협정은 무역자유화 추진에 있어 폐쇄형 (closed end) 형태가 아닌, 지속적인 협의를 통해 자유화 수준을 높이는 개방형 (open end) 방식을 채택하고 있다. 따라서 APTA는 저개발 회원국이 우려하는 급속한 무역자유화의 부정적 영향을 최소화하면서, 점진적인 관세인하를 통해 교역확대 및 경제발전을 촉진시킴으로써 아태지역의 경제협력에 효과적인 기여를 하고 있다. 본 연구는 APTA의 내용과 이행현황을 살펴보고, 한국과 중국을 중심으로 APTA의 활용률과 실용률, 그리고 적용률을 비교, 분석함으로써 아시아․태평양 지역에서 본 협정의 역할과 경제적 의미를 살펴봄과 동시에 APTA의 역할을 제고하기 위한 정책대안을 제시하고 있다.

The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement(APTA), which originated from the Bangkok Agreement, is the oldest preferential trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region. APTA covers Southwest, Southeast and East Asia and includes Bangladesh, China, India, Korea, Lao PDR and Sri Lanka, comprising a combined population of more than 2 billion people. Based on differences in levels of development for each of the member countries, APTA pursues a gradual tariff reduction instead of an abrupt tariff elimination. In this regard, APTA has shown relatively slow progress. However, after concluding the Third Round Agreement in 2006 followed by the accession of China in 2001, APTA successfully promoted economic cooperation through the adoption of mutually beneficial trade liberalization measures such as relaxation of tariffs, standardization of procedures and formalities relating to mutual trade, adoption of common tariff nomenclature and harmonization of rules of origin. We summarize the development of APTA and examine the effectiveness of implementing the Third Round Agreement. The coverage ratio, utility ratio and utilization rates for Korea and China improved between the first and second years of implementation. Although the trade liberalization effects of APTA appear slow and gradual, such a gradual mechanism enables this unique group of countries to continue to expand their mutual trade and economic cooperation.

본 연구는 한국경제에서 네오 칼레츠키언 임금주도성장론이 실증적으로 타당한지 여부를 포스트 케인지언 가동률 논쟁을 중심으로 분석하 였다. 제조업 평균 가동률과 전산업생산지수의 월별 데이터를 바탕으로 단위근 검정 및 구조벡터자기회귀 모형 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결 과 전체 기간에서는 가동률이 안정적이었으나 2010년 이후 단위근이 존재하고 하락 추세가 나타났다. 또한 산업생산에 대한 충격이 가동률 에 미치는 효과는 단기적이며 약 2년 이내에 소멸하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 가동률이 정상가동률로 빠르게 수렴한다는 것을 시사하며, 영구적 수요충격이 정상가동률을 변화시킨다는 네오 칼레츠키언 이론의 예측과는 상반된다. 본 연구는 향후 분배정책의 방향 설정을 위해 네오 칼레츠키언 이론의 실증적 정합성에 관한 보다 정밀한 검토가 필요함을 주장한다.

This study examines the empirical validity of the neo-Kaleckian wage-led growth model in the context of the South Korean economy, focusing on the debate over post-Keynesian capacity utilization rate. Using monthly data on the average manufacturing capacity utilization rate and the Index of All Industry Production, we conduct unit root tests and estimate a Structural Vector Autoregression model. The analysis shows that capacity utilization was stable over the full sample period, but since 2010 it exhibits a downward trend and evidence of a unit root. Moreover, the effect of shocks to industrial production on capacity utilization rate is short-lived and dissipates within approximately two years. This suggests that capacity utilization rate quickly converges to normal utilization rate, contradicting the neo-Kaleckian prediction that permanent demand shocks should result in lasting changes in the normal rate of capacity utilization. These findings call for a more rigorous empirical assessment of the neo-Kaleckian framework, particularly in guiding future distribution-oriented policy design.

As industrialization progresses and environmental pollution problems increase, the incidence of environmental diseases such as atopic diseases is increasing, and this problem is becoming more serious. This environmental disease, which is most vulnerable in infancy and adolescence, can be prevented through lifestyle improvement and early education, so the education needs to be strengthened. Ironically, most of the educational programs to prevent environmental diseases in Korea are in suburban areas with poor accessibility, making it especially difficult for infants and toddlers to access. It is ideal for teenagers to visit suburban facilities to receive education to prevent environmental diseases, but it is difficult for domestic teenagers to visit facilities due to lifestyle and academic problems. The proportion of youth training centers in Korea has been increasing since 2008, but the utilization rate is quite low, with 52.4% of all adolescents having never encountered youth training centers. It is expected that environmental disease prevention education will be introduced as a youth living area by utilizing spaces with low utilization rates to prevent environmental diseases and increase the utilization rate of youth training centers.

This study first compares the related policies of OECD, EU, USA, and South Korea. Second, policy implications for South Korea will be derived from the comparison results. Through these discussions, the author examined the problems and policy directions in opening and utilizing the government data. And in an attempt to examine the problems of open government data based on the current status of South Korea, the author examined the related problems of open government data including the increase/decrease by three subcategories; the step by step status of provided data format; the status of government data opening by provider; the status of government data opening by category; the ratio of use cases to the number of cases provided; the relationship between information and content areas in the public sector and data reuse, and the reasons for not using open government data. Through this study, it is necessary to clarify obvious beneficiaries of the open government data initiative that can meet the demand of the citizen. First, the right to use open government data should be guaranteed. Regulations related to the protection of privacy information are necessary. And it is also necessary to open judicial records to the public.

To explain the status of a company needs integrated and objective approaches using various indicators and measures about business activities and accomplishments of the company. Although capacity utilization rate has limitations by nature, the rate has been used as a most important indicator to explain the status of defense industries of Korea by both of government and defense industries. But government and defense industries have such a different standpoint about capacity utilization rate of defense industries, and the system of survey and analyses is not finely established. As a result, those gradually make government and defense industries mutually distrust capacity utilization rate data of defense industries. This paper presents the new understanding of the concept and the fundamental limitations of capacity utilization rate of defense industries, then reviews the point of issues about the current survey and analyses system. It presents that the meaning and viewpoint of capacity utilization rate needs to be changed, and the purpose and method needs to be classified by companies or items. Also, it presents capacity utilization rate and financial index needs to be used complementarily for understanding of the status of companies

연구목적: 인력에 의한 조사를 대처할 수 있는 V2I 데이터 기반의 고속도로 휴게소 이용행태 분석. 연구 방법: 휴게소 구간 개별차량의 통행속도 자료 분포 특성을 활용하여 통행상태 그룹 분할 및 휴게소 이용 경계(Boundary) 설정. 연구결과: 검증 결과 점심시간 휴게소 이용률이 급증, 통행속도 자료 분포 상태 간 경계가 명확하거나 불명확한 모든 경우 휴게소 이용경계를 정교하게 산정. 결론: 인력에 의한 휴게소 이용실태 조사를 대처할 수 있어 비용절감의 효과가 크며 조사의 시공간적 범위에 제한이 없음. V2I 시 스템이 구축된 휴게소/졸음쉼터/간이 휴게소 등 각 시간대별 동적 이용률 산정이 가능. 단시간/중시간/ 장시간 이용의 구분이 가능. 차종별 이용실태 도출 가능. 도로구간 불법 주정차 여부 파악 가능. 도로구 간 내 돌발상황 검지 가능. 실시간 휴게소 이용률 및 혼잡도 정보 제공등 다양한 분석과 운영전략 수립 가능.

Purpose: Analysis method of V2I data driven motorway service area usage behavior to cope with manpower survey. Method: Segmentation of traveling state group and boundary using the distribution characteristics of traveling speed data of individual vehicles. Result: As a result of the verification, the use rate of resting places in lunchtime surged, and the boundary between the distribution status of the traffic speed data was clearly or unclear. Conclusion: The effect of the cost reduction is big because it can cope with the use of rest area survey by manpower and there is no limit in the time and space range of investigation. The dynamic utilization rate of each time sequence, such as a service area/drowsiness shelter/simple service area, with a V2I system, can be calculated. Identify illegal parking on highway section. Identify the unexpected situation in the road section. Identify the real-time service area utilization rate and congestion information.

본 연구의 목적은 전시장 가동률과 전시컨벤션센터의 운영 및 지역경제 활성화와의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 아시아, 유럽, 북미지역의 주요 전시컨벤션센터의 전시장 가동률 현황과 산정방법, 전시장의 운영목표 및 평가지표, 전시장 증·개축 기준 등을 조사하고 분석하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 첫째, 유럽, 미국, 홍콩, 싱가포르 등 글로벌 전시컨벤션센터 대부분이 가동률을 별도로 산정하지 않거나, 산정하더라도 운영성과의 주요 지표로 활용하지 않고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 즉, 전시장 가동률이 곧 전시컨벤션센터 운영의 성과를 의미하지는 않는다는 것이다. 둘째, 전시장 규모가 대형화 될수록 전시장의 경쟁력이 높아지고 가동률도 양호한 것으로 조사되었다. 셋째, 해외의 경우 전시장 확충을 결정하는 시점이 가동률이 적정 수준인 50~60%에 이르기 전에 선제적으로 대응하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 넷째, 글로벌 전시장들은 확장과 관련하여 단순 가동률보다는 성수기의 전관 사용 가능일 수, 성수기 가동률, 경제적 파급효과가 큰 대규모 행사의 유치 기회 등을 고려하여 확장을 결정하는 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로, 글로벌 전시장들의 운영 미션과 목표는 지역경제의 활성화가 최우선이며 이를 위해 적절한 시설 확충과 다양한 성과평가 지표를 활용하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the occupancy rate of the exhibition hall and the operation of the exhibition convention center and the revitalization of the local economy. To do this, we surveyed the occupancy rate and calculation method of the exhibition area of ​​major exhibition and convention centers in Asia, Europe and North America. The results is that first, most of the global exhibition convention centers do not calculate the occupancy rate separately or use it as the main indicator of the operational performance. Second, as the size of the exhibition area becomes larger, the competitiveness of the exhibition area is higher and the utilization rate is higher. Third, global exhibitors decided to expand the exhibition considering expansion opportunities, considering the number of available days in peak season. Finally, the operational missions and goals of the global exhibitors were the first to revitalize the local economy, and it was found that they were using appropriate facilities and various performance indicators.

주요 소비자 관련 항목 그리고 주요 오프라인 쇼핑시설들을 중심으로 온라인 쇼핑 이용 비율의 영향 요소를 지역별로 분석한 주요 결과물과 시사점을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리나라의 경우 지역을 불문하고 온라인 쇼핑 이용 비율에 있어서 연령의 영향력 이 가장 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 성별이 서남권 지역과 강원 지역을 제외한 모든 지역에서 온라인 쇼핑 이용 비율 에 있어서 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 백화점, 대형마트, 전통시장, 중소형 슈퍼마켓, 편의점의 이용과 온라인 쇼핑 간에 구매에 있어서 대체관계가 성립하는지 혹은 보완관계가 성립하는지에 대해서는 지역별로 다소 상이한 결과를 보였다. 이 결과는 궁극적으로 부동성에 기반을 둔 오프라인 쇼핑시설 에 대한 상권분석의 유효성을 이해하는데 출발점이 될 수 있을 것이다. 넷째, 온라인 쇼핑과 대형마트 이용 간에는 중부권 지역(대전, 충청, 세종)과 동남권 지 역(부산, 대구, 울산, 경상)의 경우 구매에 있어서 어느 정도의 대체관계가 성립하는 것으로 나타난 반면에 강원 지역의 경우에는 그 반대인 보완관계가 성립하는 것으로 나타났다.

The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the independent variable, age, one of the demographics of customers has the most influence on the usage rate of online shopping in all regions in Korea. Second, the independent variable, gender has a significant impact on the usage rate of online shopping in all regions except the southwestern region(Gwangju, Cheonra and Jeju) and Gangwon region. Third, there were some differences in the usage rate of online shopping, depending on whether substitutive relationships between the usage of off-line shopping facilities(department stores, large-scale discount stores, traditional markets, and small-and-medium supermarkets) and that of online shopping are established or complementary relationships between them are. Finally, this study shows that there is, to a certain degree, a substitutional relationship between the use of online shopping and that of large-scale discount stores in the central region(Daejeon, Chungcheong, Sejong) and southeastern region(Busan, Daegu, Ulsan, Gyeonsang), whereas there is a complementary relationship in Gangwon region.

LTE Advanced has brought revolution in the field of wireless communication technology by providing high data rates of up to 1Gbps. There is a need of increased data rates these days that may support the delivery of richer mobile multimedia contents to the end users. Rate adaptation is one of the key enabling technology in the success of LTE Advanced that has cited attraction of academia and research communities in recent years. Rate adaptation is the determination of the optimal data transmission rate most suitable for current prevailing wireless channel conditions. To maximize the performance of wireless devices, it is important to select the best appropriate rate hence rate adaptation algorithms (RAA’s) are required. This work includes a comprehensive survey on various types of RAA’s in LTE-A for effective resource utilization. Depending on the channel conditions various performance parameters such as throughput, power consumption and latency have been studied. It has been observed from the literature survey that many proposals have been published on LTE-A. Sill there is a need of research to be carried in LTE-A as this technology is not fully matured so open issues and future scope are also raised in this work.

본 연구는 성장중인 닭에 있어서 질소 이용에 미치는 맹장절제 및 요소사료 첨가의 영향을 조사하기 위해서 실시되었다. 시험 사료는 19% 단백질 사료와 여기에 1% 요소를 첨가한 사료를, 시험 닭은 모의수술을 실시한 대조구와 맹장절제 수술을 실시한 처리구를 이용한 2 $\times$ 2의 요인시험법으로 행해졌다. 6일 동안의 본 시험기간 동안 물과 사료는 자유 섭취시켰다. 맹잘절제 수술닭의 사료효율은 요소의 급여에 의해서 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 19% 단백질사료 급여조건에서 맹장절제 수술 닭은 소화관내 사료의 통과시간을 유의하게 감소시켰지만(P<0.05), 반대로 19% 단백질사료 + 1% 요소 급여조건에서는 유의하게 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 맹장절제 수술은 사료에 관계없이 수분 배설량을 유의하게 증가시켰으며(P<0.05), 요소의 급여는 맹장절제 수술과 관계없이 수분의 배설량을 유의하게 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 양 사료 급여조건에서 맹장절제 수술은 요산 질소의 배설량을 체중 1009당 약 30 mg 정도씩 감소시켜서(P<0.05), 총 질소 배설에 대한 요산 질소의 배설비를 유의하기 감소시켰다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 성장중인 닭에서의 맹장절제 수술은 요산의 배설량을 감소시켜서 질소의 이용률을 개선 시켰으며, 본 연구의 결과는 이전에 성계를 통해서 얻어진 결과와도 일치하였다.

A 2 ${\times}$ 2 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cecectomy and urea supplementation on nitrogen utilization In growing chicks. Birds were either cecectomized or shamoperated and fed a 19% protein diet with or without 1% urea supplementation. All chicks were provided ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the six-day experimental period. In the cecectomized chicks, fred efficiency was significantly decreased when fed a 19% protein diet supplemented with 1% urea (P<0.05). When chicks were fed a 19% protein diet, cecectomy significantly shortened gastrointestinal passage time (GPT) of food (P<0.05). However, the GPT was significantly lengthened in chicks fed a 19% protein diet supplemented with urea (P<0.05). Regardless of diets, cecectomized chicks increased the moisture contents of the excreta (P<0.05) and feeding a 1% dietary urea also significantly increased (P<0.05). Cecectomy significantly decreased uric acid N excretion by about 30 mg per 100 g body weight per day (P<0.05) and uric acid N/ total N excretion when fed both diets (P<0.05). The present study suggests that cecectomy improves nitrogen utilization rate by decreasing uric acid excretion in growing chicks. These results are in good agreement with those obtained previously in a cecectomy study of adult chickens.

The advanced method for $CO_2$capture is currently one of the most important environmental issues in worldwide and it is therefore necessary to have available technologies, which minimize the discharge of $CO_2$ including Carbon-14 from nuclear facilities into the atmosphere. A key aspect of this work is to provide the technically principal data required to improve a $CO_2$ removal system for the utilization of regenerative sorbent use, specifically include suggestions regarding its modified column design (parallel dual-bed assembly), stop-restart operation and the economic feasibility of sorbent use. The removal performance of soda lime and the effects of relative humidity (RH) and packing bed-depth (BD) on $CO_2$ removal were investigated. In a single-bed, it revealed that the utilization of soda lime for $CO_2$ removal at line velocity of 13 cm/sec and bed depth of 12 cm increased with the increased relative humidity up to 85%. However, in the parallel dual-bed assembly applied with the stop-restart operation, a maximum utilization rate of soda lime for $CO_2$ removal was obtained even at 55% of RH and 8 cm of BD, specifically the utilization rate of soda lime by using this $CO_2$ removal assembly was about two-fold superior to that in a single-bed.

Twenty male crossbred ($Sahiwal{\times}HF$) calves of about 6-9 months of age were divided into four groups of five animals each. All the animals were offered wheat straw ad lib. As the basal feed. However, animals in group I were fed concentrate mixture while the animals in groups II, III and IV had free access to urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) lick (I), (II) and (III) respectively as a partial substitute of concentrate mixture. The average concentrate offered (kg/day) to the animals was significantly (p<0.01) higher in group I ($2.69{\pm}0.18$) compared to groups II ($1.76{\pm}0.15$), III ($1.70{\pm}0.06$) and IV ($1.65{\pm}0.12$). The UMMB lick consumed was non-significantly different amongst groups I ($535.40{\pm}38.14$), II ($525.60{\pm}31.82$), III ($551.00{\pm}38.49$) and IV ($548.80{\pm}45.46$). Except ether extract, the digestibility coefficients of CP, ADF and NDF were non-significantly different in different groups. Similarly, N balance (g/day) and percent N retention of intake was not affected in different groups on supplementation of UMMB lick. Body composition of animals was similar in different groups supplemented with either concentrate mixture or concentrate mixture and UMMB licks. It may be concluded from these studies that UMMB lick can partially replace the concentrate mixture in the diet of growing calves without affecting the growth rate, nutrient utilization and body composition. The UMMB lick, thus, can form a part of the ration economically in the diet of growing ruminants especially in developing countries.

In a feeding trial, Jamunapari male kids (18) of about 4 months age were equally divided into two groups of nine animals each. Goats in the experimental group were fed sun-dried pelleted Leucaena leucocephala leaves and those in the control group were offered a conventional diet without Leucaena leaves as per Kearl (1982) recommendations for a period of 6 months. Daily dry matter intake DMI/100 kg BW was $3.13{\pm}0.04kg$ in the Leucaena group and $3.30{\pm}0.05kg$ in the control. There were significant (p < 0.01) differences in the apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE being lower in the Leucaena group. Contents of digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were 11.40 and 52.20%, respectively, in the Leucaena group and 14.04 and 66.10%, respectively in the control. The nitrogen in the Leucaena group was not well utilized as compared to the control, though kids were in positive nitrogen balance in both the groups. The average daily weight gain of kids on pelleted Leucaena was $29.95{\pm}2.60g$ as against $42.09{\pm}3.24g$ observed in the control. The mean DMI/kg LW gain was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the Leucaena group ($14.70{\pm}0.78kg$) as compared to the control ($11.55{\pm}0.46kg$). The Hb, BUN, SGOT and SGPT concentrations were statistically similar in both the groups. Histopathological examination of thyroid gland of goats sacrificed at the end of experiment did not reveal any signs of colloidal goitre associated with mimosine toxicity. No significant pathological alterations were observed in vital organs irrespective of dietary treatment. Sundried, pelleted Leucaena foliage appears to be a promising potential feed for growing goats without any significant deleterious effect.

All countries, including Korea, are currently experiencing the effect of rapid climate change. As a result, the cultivation area of many crops including wheat is changing, or productivity is falling sharply. If enough nitrogen is present in the soil, the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the greenhouse effect can lead to increased photosynthesis of plants, resulting in increased productivity. By contrast, a low proportion of nitrogen in soil does not increase production, often leading to the use of nitrogen fertilizers to increase crop productivity: this causes serious environmental pollution due to the leakage of nitrogen fertilizers used by crops. Increasing the understanding of the molecular level of the plant nitrogen use efficiency mechanism may contribute to increased productivity of crops and reduced of environmental pollution by nitrogen. In Korea, cultivars have developed 35 kinds of wheat, such as 'keumgang' and 'Chokyeong', which can be used for specific purposes such as baking or noodles. In this study we investigate 'keumgang' and 'Chokyeong' in order to elucidate the mechanism of nitrogen use ability of wheat and contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution by providing guidelines for the proper use of nitrogenous fertilizer.

Eighteen Murrah male buffalo calves were allotted into three groups of six each. The calves in group I (control) were fed with whole milk, skim milk, calf starter and green maize fodder. The calves in group II (high butyric acid) and group III (low butyric acid) were fed with the same diet as control along with 24 ml and 12 ml of butyric acid/calf/day for 120 days, respectively for 120 days. Dry matter intake was higher in group II and III as compared with group I. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose was the highest in group II followed by group III and the control group. Body weight gain and conversion efficiency of dry matter, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients were better in group II. Cost of feed for per unit of live weight gain was the lowest in group II. It was concluded that dietary addition of butyric acid (24 ml/day) was economical and had positive effect on the performance of Murrah buffalo calves.

Density of catalytic organisms can determine the biodegradation capacity and specific biodegradation rate (SBR). A new index, biodegradation capacity utilization (BCU, %), was developed for estimating the extent of actual biodegradation of a gas compound over the full capacity. Three methanotrophic cultures were serially diluted (1-1/25), and methane SBR and BCU were measured. Consistently, biomass reduction increased the SBR and decreased the BCU. Linearity (p < 0.05, r > 0.97) between the BCU and cell density indicated the reflection of biodegradation capacity by BCU. Therefore, BCU is indicative of whether the density of catalytic organisms is pertinent for SBR evaluation of low-soluble gaseous compounds.

This study was carried out to examine the effects of animal manure on efficiency of the nitrogen utilization of silage corn (Zea mays L.) and soil fertility. The experiment was conducted on the field plot at Gongiam, Kwangju, Kyunggi-Do for 3 years, from 1996 to 1998, and arranged in split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were two kinds of composts such as swine manure fermented with sawdust (SMFWS) and swine manure fermented without sawdust (SMF). Subplots were the nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400kgNhalyear). The nitrogen (N) yield increased as the nitrogen fertilization rate increased up to a rate of 300 kg Nha, but decreased at rate of 400 kg Nlha. Nitrogen yield in SMF treatments was higher than that of SMFWS treatments. But there were no significant differences between SMFWS and SMF treatments. Organic matter (OM) content of the soils in SMFWS was higher than that of SMF, &d was not significantly different between SMFWS and SMF treatments. OM content increased with increasing the nitrogen fertilization rate. Total nitrogen (TN) content of the soils increased as the nitrogen fertilization rate increased. No difference of TN content was found between SMFWS and SMF treatments. (Key words : Swine manure, Compost, Corn, Sawdust, Nutritive value)

A dental implant has been covered by National Health Insurance (NHI) in Korea since 2014. Every year the age group covered was extended and the out-of-pocket payment was decreased. This study analyzed the dental implant utilization rate by the National Health Insurance customized DB during the last 5 years. As a result, the utilization rate has been rapidly increasing steeply. The differences by age and sex in the utilization rate of dental implants were explored. The inclusion of a dental implant in the NHI system contributed to improving the dental accessibility of the elderly in Korea. However, a deep discussion is needed whether it is appropriately provided to necessary patients. The utilization rate will increase further in the future. Therefore, continuous monitoring and critical policy review should be continued.