Earticle

이 글에서는 『가람일기』에 나타난 필사 기록을 바탕으로 20세기 전반기의 필사와 필사자들의 존재양상을 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 20세기 초 고전 간행이라는 시대적 조류 속에서 고서 필사가 활발하게 이루어졌던 정황과, 6·25이후 이러한 흐름이 주춤하다가 점차 쇠퇴하는 경향성을 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 가람이 필사에 관여한 총 36년의 세월 중 10분의 1도 채 되지 않는 3년 동안에 전체 필사 서적의 절반과, 중요 문헌들의 상당수가 필사되었음은 눈여겨 볼만한 지점이다. 이처럼 필사의 성행과 쇠퇴가 진행되는 가운데, 필사자들의 존재양상 또한 미묘한 변화가 감지된다. 이 당시의 필사자들의 숫자를 정확히 파악하여 헤아릴 수 없으므로 일단은 추정에 머무를 수밖에 없지만, 단순히 필사를 하는 행위자들 수의 가감과 무관하게, 고문헌을 의식하고 감별할 수 있는 적합한 전문 필사자들의 존재는 확연히 줄었던 것으로 예측된다. 서지학에 깊은 조예가 있었던 가람은 필사자 선별에도 까다로운 기준이 있었다. 그가 왕성히 필사본을 만들었던 시기는 그 어느 때 보다도 여러 필사자들의 도움이 있었던 때이다. 1940년 이후 이렇다 할 필사자가 거의 보이지 않는 것은 단순히 가람이 필사본 수집에 열정이 줄어서라기보다는, 그만큼 필사를 부탁하는 일이 녹록치 않았으며, 노년의 가람이 직접 베끼는 데에도 한계를 느꼈기 때문일 것이다. 이처럼 도움을 받을 수 있는 필사자들이 줄어들자, 자연스럽게 필사본을 만드는 일도 드물게 된 것으로 보인다. 필사가 성행하였던 시기에 필사자들은, 뚜렷하지는 않으나 몇몇 유형을 가지고 있었다. 공통된 것은 가람이 필사를 맡기는 인물은 모두 예사로운 寫字生 정도가 아니라는 것이다. 필사 부탁이 몇 인물로 집중되는 것은 고서에 대한 가람의 생각과 신념을 잘 보여주는 증거이다. 필사본으로 남겨진 각종 문헌에는 필사자들의 역량 뿐 아니라, 이를 원전에 가깝게 만들고자 한 가람의 깊은 고민의 흔적이 담겨 있다.

This article tries to figure out how transcripts of the classic literatures created and how transcribers worked in early 20th century in Korea by analyzing Karam Ilgi where Yi byeong-ki depicted his transcription careers. It has been found that in the early 20th century, the era of classical publishing, transcription works were vigorously created in Korea. After the Korean War, however, this tendency of transcription boom slowed down and eventually declined significantly. In the meantime, it is notable that half of the book transcription works and most of the essential record transcriptions in the era had been made only in three years of time period, which accounts for less than one tenth of Yi byeong-ki’s whole transcription career of 36 years. During the boom and declination of transcribing classic works, subtle changes can be found among transcribers. This observation is based on speculation and hard to confirm since there is no evidence on how many transcribers were active during the period. Regardless of the exact changes in numbers of active transcribers, however, it can be easily presumed that the number of professional transcribers who can properly recognize and discern classics diminished considerably as time went by. Karam, who had an intimate knowledge of bibliography, had set up the highest standards for recruiting transcribers. When many transcribers assisted him, he was able to publish lots of transcripts of the classics. After 1940, however, only a few number of transcripts are to be found. Rather than because of his declined passion for collecting transcribed versions of the classics, it might be due to the fact that there were not many transcribers to ask for help and Garam felt his limitation in transcribing by himself because he was too old then. Therefore, it can be assumed that the number of transcripts started to diminish as there were fewer people to assist Karam. At times when transcribing was prevalent, transcribers could be distinguished by several types. At the same time, they had something in common in that they were not just mediocre 寫字生. The fact that Karam only asked only small numbers of transcribers for assistance supports this argument. Karam’s various transcription works contain traces of a deep agony of him who tried to make the transcripts closer to original versions.

How the encounter with mysterious signs visibly old can mark it personal history researcher and take on some territories markedless? These signs used for centuries by Corsican millers show the impact of writing and ancient ciphers, now almost forgotten. The Mediterranean islands guard the mystery of ancient scriptures and yet undeciphered as the A Linear in Crete or inscriptions on Phaistos Disc in Cyprus. Corsica participates in the story of the transcript of the oral and written by the system figures the best historians are unable to establish its origin.

Comment la rencontre avec de mystérieux signes visiblement très anciens peut-elle marquer l’histoire personnelle du chercheur et l’emmener sur des territoires peu balisés? C’est ainsi que des signes utilisés depuis des siècles par des meuniers corses montrent l’impact d’écriture et de chiffrages anciens, aujourd’hui presque oubliés. Les îles de la Méditerranée gardent jalousement le mystère d’écritures anciennes et encore indéchiffrées comme le linéaire A de Crète ou les inscriptions du disque de Phaïstos à Chypre. La Corse, participe à cette histoire de la transcription de l’oral à l’écrit par ce système de chiffres dont les meilleurs historiens n’arrivent pas à déterminer l’origine.

This paper examines the relationship between the printed book and the transcript of the novel <Chosaengwoieon>, the late Chosun period novel, and also examines the structural meaning, theme and the circumstances by analyzing the printed book in a fresh point of view. and the purpose of research on <Chosaengwonjeon> is presented as well as the existing research results are generally surveyed. In addition, the research method of this paper is presented. In Chapter 1, the different versions and the bibliography of both the printed book and the transcript are examined. In the first place, all kinds of a different versions of the printed book and transcript <Chosaengwonjeon> is enumerated. And the narrative structure of the printed book and transcript is analyzed. In Chapter 2, the comparison of the printed book and transcript <Chosaengwonjeon> of a different versions are examined. This examination includes the comparison of the printed book's with the transcript's characters, narrative structure and narration method, which shows the relationship of the both. The printed book has been evaluated as a Jaengchong family novel and the focus of research has been laying in the conflict between wives. But transcript has been evaluated as Kyemo family novel. And the two works are of different characters, narrative structure and narration method. As a result, the printed book and the transcript are not different versions but different novels. Accordingly the printed book must be named <Chojeongkyeongjeon>, and the transcript must be named <Chogisunjeon>. This research is the result of the overlooked part from the existing researches. But the comparison research on the ancient novel of similar time is insufficient, and the aesthetic interpretation of the work, the social and historical researches are required for the more sophisticated research.

본 연구는 생성형 인공지능(AI)과 인간 연구자의 협업을 통해 질적연구 전사자료 코딩 과정이 어떻게 조직되고 조율되는지를 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 결혼이 주여성의 자립 경험을 다룬 심층면담 전사자료 25편을 대상으로, AI 기반 1차 코딩과 인간 연구자의 반복적 검토, 수정, 해석이 상호적으로 이루어지는 사례연구를 수행하 였다. 분석 결과, 생성형 AI는 방대한 텍스트 자료의 신속 처리 및 반복적 패턴 탐지, 초기 코드 생성과 범주 제안 효율성 증대에 기여하였다. 그러나 동시에 발화 맥락의 단 절, 의미의 단순화와 과잉 일반화, 유사·중복 범주의 과잉 생성, 환각과 부분적 발화 누 락, 비언어적·정동적 의미 해석의 한계와 같은 문제들이 반복적으로 확인되었다. 이에 인간 연구자는 AI 생성 코드 및 범주를 원전사 자료와 대조하며 발화코드 정합성 검 토, 맥락 보완, 범주 재구조화, 위계 조정, 최종 해석 확정의 역할을 수행함으로써 분석 의 타당성과 의미 구성을 주도하였다. 특히 본 연구에서 AI가 제안한 범주 체계는 인간 연구자의 해석적 판단을 통해 다층적으로 수정·재조정되었으며, 이 과정에서 AI인간 협업은 반복적 조율과 비판적 검증을 핵심으로 하는 분석 실천으로 나타났다. 본 연구 는 AI가 질적자료 코딩의 유용한 보조 도구가 될 수 있음을 결혼이주여성 전사자료 분 석 사례를 통해 확인하는 동시에, 질적연구의 해석적 책임과 분석적 판단은 여전히 인 간 연구자에게 귀속됨을 보여준다.

This study aims to explore how the coding process of qualitative interview transcripts is organized and coordinated through collaboration between generative artificial intelligence (AI) and human researchers. To this end, a case study was conducted using 25 in-depth interview transcripts addressing the self-reliance experiences of marriage migrant women. The analysis involved an interactive process in which AI-based first-round coding was followed by repeated review, revision, and interpretation by human researchers. The findings indicate that generative AI contributed to the rapid processing of large volumes of textual data, the detection of recurrent patterns, and increased efficiency in generating initial codes and category suggestions. At the same time, however, recurring problems were identified, including fragmentation of utterance context, simplification and overgeneralization of meaning, excessive generation of similar or overlapping categories, hallucinations and partial omission of utterances, and limitations in interpreting nonverbal and affective meanings. In response, human researchers played a central role in ensuring analytical validity and meaning construction by comparing AI-generated codes and categories with the original transcripts, examining utterancecode alignment, supplementing contextual information, restructuring categories, adjusting hierarchical relationships, and determining final interpretations. In particular, the category system proposed by AI was repeatedly modified and recalibrated through the interpretive judgments of human researchers, revealing AIhuman collaboration as an analytical practice characterized by iterative coordination and critical validation. This study demonstrates, through an analysis of interview transcripts with marriage migrant women, that AI can serve as a useful auxiliary tool for qualitative data coding, while also underscoring that interpretive responsibility and analytical judgment in qualitative research remain firmly vested in human researchers.

본 연구는 생성형 인공지능(AI)과 인간 연구자의 협업을 통해 질적연구 전사자료 코 딩 과정이 어떻게 조직되고 조율되는지를 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 결혼이 주여성의 자립 경험을 다룬 심층면담 전사자료 25편을 대상으로, AI 기반 1차 코딩과 인간 연구자의 반복적 검토, 수정, 해석이 상호적으로 이루어지는 사례연구를 수행하 였다. 분석 결과, 생성형 AI는 방대한 텍스트 자료의 신속 처리 및 반복적 패턴 탐지, 초기 코드 생성과 범주 제안 효율성 증대에 기여하였다. 그러나 동시에 발화 맥락의 단 절, 의미의 단순화와 과잉 일반화, 유사·중복 범주의 과잉 생성, 환각과 부분적 발화 누 락, 비언어적·정동적 의미 해석의 한계와 같은 문제들이 반복적으로 확인되었다. 이에 인간 연구자는 AI 생성 코드 및 범주를 원전사 자료와 대조하며 발화코드 정합성 검 토, 맥락 보완, 범주 재구조화, 위계 조정, 최종 해석 확정의 역할을 수행함으로써 분석 의 타당성과 의미 구성을 주도하였다. 특히 본 연구에서 AI가 제안한 범주 체계는 인간 연구자의 해석적 판단을 통해 다층적으로 수정·재조정되었으며, 이 과정에서 AI인간 협업은 반복적 조율과 비판적 검증을 핵심으로 하는 분석 실천으로 나타났다. 본 연구 는 AI가 질적자료 코딩의 유용한 보조 도구가 될 수 있음을 결혼이주여성 전사자료 분 석 사례를 통해 확인하는 동시에, 질적연구의 해석적 책임과 분석적 판단은 여전히 인 간 연구자에게 귀속됨을 보여준다.

This study aims to explore how the coding process of qualitative interview transcripts is organized and coordinated through collaboration between generative artificial intelligence (AI) and human researchers. To this end, a case study was conducted using 25 in-depth interview transcripts addressing the self-reliance experiences of marriage migrant women. The analysis involved an interactive process in which AI-based first-round coding was followed by repeated review, revision, and interpretation by human researchers. The findings indicate that generative AI contributed to the rapid processing of large volumes of textual data, the detection of recurrent patterns, and increased efficiency in generating initial codes and category suggestions. At the same time, however, recurring problems were identified, including fragmentation of utterance context, simplification and overgeneralization of meaning, excessive generation of similar or overlapping categories, hallucinations and partial omission of utterances, and limitations in interpreting nonverbal and affective meanings. In response, human researchers played a central role in ensuring analytical validity and meaning construction by comparing AI-generated codes and categories with the original transcripts, examining utterancecode alignment, supplementing contextual information, restructuring categories, adjusting hierarchical relationships, and determining final interpretations. In particular, the category system proposed by AI was repeatedly modified and recalibrated through the interpretive judgments of human researchers, revealing AIhuman collaboration as an analytical practice characterized by iterative coordination and critical validation. This study demonstrates, through an analysis of interview transcripts with marriage migrant women, that AI can serve as a useful auxiliary tool for qualitative data coding, while also underscoring that interpretive responsibility and analytical judgment in qualitative research remain firmly vested in human researchers.

개정 형사소송법 제313조 제1항은 컴퓨터용디스크, 그 밖에 이와 비슷한 디지털형태의 정보저장매체에 저장된 문자, 사진 영상 등의 정보를 진술서로 규정하고 있다. 그런데 동 규정의 개정 이전에도 판례는 녹음테이프와 같은 녹음증거에 대하여 이를 진술서로 보아 증거능력을 인정하고 있었는데, 위 규정이 디지털형태의 저장매체를 전제로 한 것처럼 보일 뿐 아니라, 녹음정보를 제외하고 있어서, 녹음테이프와 같은 아날로그 형태의 녹음증거가 위 규정상 진술서에 해당할 것인지가 문제로 된다. 디지털 형식으로 저장된 녹음증거를 위 규정상 진술서에서 제외할 이유는 없을 것으로 생각되나, 아날로그 형식으로 저장된 녹음증거는 디지털 형식을 갖추지 않았다는 점에서 위 규정에 포함될 수 없을 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 여전히 이러한 형식의 녹음증거는 판례에 의하여 진술서로 인정될 수 있을 뿐이라고 하여야 할 것이다. 한편 피고인이 동의하지 않거나, 위법하게 수집된 녹음증거를 서면화한 녹취서나, 검증조서, 수사보고 등의 증거능력을 어떻게 볼 것인가가 문제로 된다. 녹음증거자체가 위법하게 수집된 경우, 그 녹음증거를 서면화한 녹취서 등에 대하여 증거능력을 인정할 수는 없다고 하여야 한다. 다만, 진술조서나 피의자신문조서에서 검사나 사법경찰관이 위법하게 수집한 녹음증거의 녹음내용을 확인한 후 이를 근거로 질문하는 경우, 해당 질문내용에 대하여 증거능력을 인정할 것인가에 대하여는 특별한 실무상 원칙이 없을 뿐 아니라, 학자들 사이에서도 그 견해가 다를 수 있다고 생각된다. 그러나 이러한 조서에 있어서 질문내용을 제외한 답변내용만이 증거가 된다고 할 수는 없다. 조서는 질문과 답변이 포괄적으로 일체가 되어 의미를 갖는 것이기 때문이다. 비록 범죄수사를 위하여 참고인이나 피의자 등 진술자를 상대로 위법수집증거에 포함된 내용의 사실여부를 확인하기 위한 신문을 하는 경우 그러한 신문 내용에 대하여 까지 증거능력을 부정하는 경우, 실체적 진실 발견을 위한 수사기관의 활동에 상당한 장애가 된다는 점은 부인할 수 없다 할 것이나, 만일 이러한 부분에 대하여 증거능력을 인정하게 되면, 증거능력 없는 증거, 나아가 위법수집증거가 사실상 증거능력을 인정받게 되는 결과가 된다는 점에서 동의할 수 없다 할 것이다. 따라서 진술조서나 피의자신문조서의 해당 부분은 삭제되어 증거로 제출되어야 하고, 법정의 증거조사 과정에서 낭독되어서는 안 된다고 할 것이다.

Article 313-1 of the revised criminal procedure law regulates information acquired from words, photographs, images that are saved on compact discs or other similar information storage medium as statement. Nonetheless, precedents prior to the revision that resulted in the aforementioned rule allowed recorded evidence, such as cassette tape recordings, to have admissibility of evidence. Given that the rule above appears to only include digital data storage device, and exclude recorded information, the applicability of recorded evidence (i.e. analog cassette tape recording) as statement becomes unclear and problematic. No reasons can be argued for the exclusion of digitalized recorded evidence as statement. However, analog forms of recorded evidence cannot be considered to be a part of the rule above, due to the evidence’s lack of digital format. Currently, recorded evidence can be recognized as statement only through precedents. Meanwhile, the admissibility of evidence for verification report, investigation report, and transcript that is transcribed from illegally obtained tapes and disputed transcripts by the defendant becomes questionable. In the case of illegally obtained recorded evidence, the transcript of the evidence loses the admissibility of evidence. Nonetheless, legal scholars may debate on the admissibility of evidence for the part of questioning that is based on recorded evidence illegally obtained by prosecutors or judicial police officers, wherein protocol of statement or protocol of examination of a suspects confirms the illegality. Further, practical principle does not apply for such questioning. However, answers that simply omit the debated questioning cannot be admitted as evidence, because both questioning and answering constitute the significance of a report only when consider comprehensively. No one can deny that the criminal investigations which conduct examination in order to verify the illegally acquired evidence against a witness, suspect or a person testifying do in fact hinder investigative agencies’ finding of substantial truth. However, if admissibility of evidence gets recognized for these cases, evidence that in theory lack admissibility of evidence, and even the illegally acquired evidence, can have the admissibility of evidence. Hence, this paper argues that the relevant part of protocol must be deleted and should not be read in court evidence investigation proceedings.

유구 전사용으로 수입되어 사용되는 우레탄 수지 NS-10을 대체하기 위하여 1 차 유구 전사용과 토층 전사용 우레탄 수지를 합성하였다. 합성된 우레탄 수지는 NS-10과 비교하여 볼 때, 수분을 함유하는 토양에서 같은 침투력을 갖고 있으며, 유구 전사 시, 최종생성물인 에폭시 표면과 우레탄 pre-polymer 층의 박리에도 안정한 도막층을 형성하였다. 1 차 유구 전사용으로 사용될 우레탄은 NS-10과 같이 강한 인장 강도를 부여하고자 했으며, 토층 전사용 우레탄의 경우에는 역시 NS-10과 같은 인장 강도를 가지되 NS-10보다 경질성을 증가시켰다. 이 경질성의 증가로 인하여 토층 전사 후에도 토층 전사체 후면의 작업을 최소화할 수 있는 장점을 갖게 되었다. 최종적으로 합성된 우레탄 수지들을 실험실에서 제작한 압착 토양과 실제 유구와 유사한 토양에 직접 적용하여 본 결과, 기존에 사용하였던 NS-10과 비교하여 만족스런 침투력과 안정성을 가지고 있는 전사체를 형성함을 보여 작업자에게 편의성을 주는 우수한 전사용 수지였다.

Urethane resin applicable for the first transcription of historical site and transcription of soil layer were synthesized in order to replace the imported urethane resin, NS-10. Comparing to the NS-10, the urethane polymers showed similar penetration to wet soil and formed a stable layer of polyurethane during progress working the peeling off the polyurethane pre-product from epoxy surface of final product. The urethane resins used for the first transcription of historical site improved tensile strength, which is consistent with that of NS-10. In addition the urethane resin for transcription of soil layer was supplied with hardness that have a also same strong point as like NS-10. This property is advantage due to simplifying the transcription work of soil layer in backward. When we tested to the real ground soil as well as experimentation compressed soil with use these synthesis urethane resin, we ca get the satisfying result in penetration property and stability and these properties evaluated the resins as an advanced product serving better convenience for worker.

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between Dziga Bertov's theory of intervals, and Bernard Tschumi's methodology of architectonic in contemporary architecture. This will provide many interesting perspectives on the intentions and methodologies of each genre, and will further enrich the understanding of each parts. This study analyses these two theory through philosopher, Jacques Lacan's desire theory to represent unconsciousness as an indicator of human behavior. Firstly, Bertov emphasized two features of perception from the viewpoint of camera. The camera's gaze not only gained some sort of autonomy, but also thought that it could provide numerous possibilities for the change of time, so that it could acquire the autonomy of the line of sight. Secondly, because architectectonic exhibits a very similar structural process to the weaving of language structures, it is important to explore not only the visible form of linguistic structure but also the psychiatric mechanism that trespass from the unconsciousness. Such contents means that beyond the form of simple architectonic, there will be an expanding area where the causes and methodologies generate the architecture and also there will be the underlying forces that produce architectural representations (expression, spatial atmosphere, interior space). Finally, Tschumi is showing successful fantastic images of the whole time and space by trans-programming and placing them as in the cross-editing methodologies.

본 연구의 목적은 고등학교 교육과정을 정상화시킬 수 있는 대입전형 개발을 위해 현 대입전형이 고등학교 교육과정 정상화에 미치는 영향에 대한 교사들의 인식을 조사하는 것이다. 연구를 위하여 전라북도 내 8개 고등학교의 학교교육과정계획서에 나타난 대입전형의 영향을 분석하고, 현장교사를 대상으로 설문과 면담을 진행하였다. 연구의 결과 대입전형은 고등학교교육과정 운영에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 학생부종합전형은 2009개정 교육과정의 비교과영역 특히 창의적 체험활동과 독서활동 활성화에 영향을 미친다고 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 교사들은 교과활동을 대학수학능력시험을 준비하는 과정으로 인식하는‘내신의 수능화’와‘비수능 교과의 소외’현상에 대해 부정적으로 인식하고 있었다. 교사들은 학교생활기록부와 포트폴리오 등의 대입전형 서류 준비가 교육과정에 부정적 영향을 미친다고 인식하고 있었고, 특히 자기소개서가 대입전형 요소로 부적합하다고 인식하고 있었다. 반면에 대학 고유의 학생선발 기능인 면접에 대해서는 높은 기대를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study aims to examine that high school teachers have perceived which elements of college admission system would make proper curriculum in their schools. In order to this research, these authors have analyzed how college admission system may have influenced in the curriculum plans of eight high schools located in Chonlla-buk-do, after having asked school teachers on paper or in person. These two authors have found that the college admission system have influenced how to make high school curriculum. In addition, these authors have realized that especially admission officer system have contributed to build up various non-subject domains of curriculum, such as creative experiences and reading activities. According to this study, high school teachers have perceived that there have been problems, such as evaluating students’ high school grades in college entrance exams, and many students’ not caring of non-subjects in their college entrance exams. Teachers have had negative opinions on preparing for special college admission documents, such as students’ transcripts and portfolio, because such preparation would bring up adverse effects on high school curriculum. They have especially criticized that students’ personal statements may be inadequate requirement for their college admissions. However, these author have found that high school teachers have highly expected that students’ interviews would work well for college admission system.

Through translations, a national govemment informs an intemational audience about political positions, policies and ideologies, and in this setting, translation changes are often made in a way to reflect and reinforce them (Gagnon 2006, 2010, Li 2013). Based on a tripartite comparative analysis of audiovisual recordings, Korean transcripts, and English translations, this study investigates changes of the spokesperson’s press briefings of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOF A) in South Korea, delivered especially when political and diplomatic tension between the two Koreas reached the highest peak because of North Korea’s nuclear threats between March to April 2013. The data include 17 spokesperson’s press briefings’ audiovisual recordings, Korean transcripts, and English translations available on the MOFA’s website. The analysis has revealed that reiterative content and hesitations are often deleted and subtitles are added in the Korean transcripts. In addition, the study has identified a frequent tendency of addition and alteration of information, which otherwise may threaten an American audience, correction of vague information, addition of conjunctive adjuncts, and deletion of typical speech characteristics such as hesitation, thereby making the translations clearer, more explicit and cohesive.

The response to phosphate starvation by PhoR-PhoB two-component regulatory system is controlled by other regulatory systems in Escherichia coli. In this study, the interactions among PhoB, PhoR, PhoU and CreC were investigated at combined transcript and protein levels using real-time PCR and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses. The expressions of the phoB, phoR and creC genes are regulated depending on the concentration of environmental phosphate. The protein-protein interactions between PhoB-PhoR and -CreC are occurred depending on the concentration of environmental phosphate. These suggest that PhoU is a no direct regulator but CreC is an alternative regulator. These results showed that the detailed time- and phosphate concentration-dependent interactions among PhoB, PhoR, PhoU and CreC in response to phosphate starvation of E. coli. [This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MOST) (No. M10309020000-03B5002-00000).Further supports by LG Chem Chair Professorship, Microsoft and IBM SUR program are appreciated.]

A common approach to the problem of predicting student test scores is based on the student's previous educational history. In this study, high school transcripts of about two thousand candidates, who took the High-school Student Assessment (HSA) were collected. The data were estimated through building a regression model - Random Forest and optimizing the model's parameters based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) to predict the HSA scores. The RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) measure of the predictive models was used to evaluate the model’s performance.

본 논문에서는 VoIP를 통화 수단으로 사용하는 IP 컨택센터에서 상담원과 고객간의 대화 내용을 기록할 수 있는 VoIP 녹취 시스템을 설계하고 구현하였다. 본 논문에서 구현한 녹취 시스템은 패킷 스니퍼링 기법을 이용하여 네트워크 부담 없이 실행될 수 있으며 호 제어 프로토콜인 H.323과 SIP에 구분 없이 녹취가 가능하다. 구현된 녹취 시스템은 CTI 시스템과 연동하여 고객과 상담원과의 통화 내용을 효율적으로 저장하고 관리한다. 녹취 시스템을 시스템에 독립적으로 설계하였으며 이를 바탕으로 Windows 및 Linux 환경에 모두 구현하였다.

In this paper we describe a VoIP transcript system which is able to record call conversation between counselor and customer in an IP contact center based on IP telephony environment. The transcript system, designed and implemented in this paper, uses packet sniffering to capture packets without imposing network overhead on overall system. It can decode H.323 and SIP which are used to setup call sessions in VoIP environment and captures voice data and record without any loss of contents. Implemented transcript system can be integrated with CTI system in that it can manage and record call more effectively. It is designed generically so that it is implemented both on Windows and Linux environment.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses against invading infectious agents. The aim of this study was to assess the transcript profile of mink TLRs (mTLRs) in mink peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and a range of tissues, and to explore the potential role of mTLRs in the antiviral immune response process. The results indicated that the mTLR partial nucleotide sequences had a high degree of nucleotide identity with ferret sequences (95-98%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that mammalian TLRs grouped into five TLR families, with a closer relationship of the mTLRs with those of ferret than the other mammalian sequences. Moreover, all the mTLRs were ubiquitously expressed in lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes) and PBMCs. Interestingly, the mTLR expression patterns in lung, uterus, and heart showed quite a lot of similarity. Another remarkable observation was the wide expression of mTLR1-3 mRNAs in all tissues. Among the analyzed tissues, skeletal muscle was revealed to being the lowest repertoire of mTLR expression. Additionally, mink PBMCs exposed to the canine distemper virus revealed significant upregulation of mTLR2, mTLR4, mTLR7, and mTLR8 mRNAs, indicating that mTLRs have a role in innate immunity in the mink. Collectively, our results are the first to establish the basic expression patterns of mTLRs and the relationship between mTLRs and a virus, which will contribute to better understanding of the evolution and the functions of mTLRs in the innate immune system in minks.

A large data set of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) ESTs was analyzed to obtain differential gene expression results for the following three libraries: intramuscular fat, longissimus dorsi muscle and liver. To better understand the gene expression profiles, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via digital gene expression analysis. Hierarchical clustering of genes was performed according to their relative abundance within the six separate groups (Hanwoo fat versus non-Hanwoo fat, Hanwoo muscle versus non-Hanwoo muscle and Hanwoo liver versus non-Hanwoo liver), producing detailed patterns of gene expression. We determined the quantitative traits associated with the highly expressed genes. We also provide the first list of putative regulatory elements associated with differential tissue expression in Hanwoo cattle. In addition, we conducted evolutionary analysis that suggests a subset of genes accelerated in the bovine lineage are strongly correlated with their expression in Hanwoo muscle.

Expression of the genes for carotenoid bio-synthesis (crt) is dependent on light, but little is known about the underlying mechanism of light sensing and signalling in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter, Synechocystis). In the present study, we investigated the light-induced increase in the transcript levels of Synechocystis crt genes, including phytoene synthase (crtB), phytoene desaturase (crtP), ${\zeta}$-carotene desaturase (crtQ), and ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylase (crtR), during a darkto-light transition period. During the dark-to-light shift, the increase in the crt transcript levels was not affected by mutations in cyanobacterial photoreceptors, such as phytochromes (cph1, cph2 and cph3) and a cryptochrome-type photoreceptor (ccry), or respiratory electron transport components NDH and Cyd/CtaI. However, treatment with photosynthetic electron transport inhibitors significantly diminished the accumulation of crt gene transcripts. Therefore, the light induction of the Synechocystis crt gene expression is most likely mediated by photosynthetic electron transport rather than by cyanobacterial photoreceptors during the dark-to-light transition.