Earticle

본 연구는 교회에서 실천하고 있는 농촌지역 사회복지현황을 분석하고, 농촌지역 사회복지 활성화를 위한 교회의 역할을 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구조사는 전라북도 군산시 서수면의 6개리에 위치한 교회에서 실시하고 있는 사회복지 프로그램에 참여하는 138명의 대상으로 조사 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 전라북도 서수면 지역 농촌교회에서 실시하고 분야별 복지만족도는 노인복지, 아동복지, 청소년복지, 여성복지, 장애인복지 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 가장 필요한 복지기관으로는 종합복지관과 노인복지시설로 조사되었으며, 필요한 사회복지프로그램으로는 노인교실과 무료급식 순으로 나타났다. 농촌지역의 고령화로 인하여 노인복지에 대한 만족과 욕구가 동시에 나타나고 있으며 노인복지의 중요성을 반영한다고 할 수 있다. 또한 교회의 사회복지사업에 대한 참여와 복지기관설립은 교회의 이미지개선에서 긍정적인 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구조사의 결과를 토대로 농촌지역 사회복지 활성화를 위한 교회의 역할은 과거 농촌 지역사회유지의 기반이 되었던 두레, 품앗이 등의 전통이 복원되어야 하는데, 그 중심적 역할을 지역의 교회가 담당해야 할 것이다. 또한 농촌 지역사회가 필요로 하는 사회복지실천을 위하여 농촌지역교회간의 연합적 접근이 절실하게 요청된다고 할 수 있다.

This study analyzes the present situation of social welfare and come up with a role of church to activate social welfare in rural community. This research analyzes and examines 138 people who participate in social welfare programs which are practiced by the church that has a place in 6 streets of Jeollabuk-do Gunsan-si Seosu-myeon. Summarizing the result acquired from the study is like this. Satisfaction of each welfare fields were represented in order of welfare for elderly people, children, youth, women and disabled. Also, it was facilities of welfare for elderly people and general facilities that needed the most for facilities and it was classes for elderly and free meals in order of need that needed the most for social welfare programs. It can be said that because of aging rural community, the result presents satisfaction and desire of welfare for elderly people and reflects the importance of welfare for elderly. On the basis of the study, a role of church for activate social welfare in rural community should be restoring traditions like farmers' cooperative group and exchanging labor which were bases of maintaining traditional rural community. Also, it is urgently needed to paradigmatic approach between churches in rural community.

농촌 지역 하수도 보급은 하천, 호소 및 습지와 같은 수계 수질 보호를 위해서 반드시 필요하다. 또한 안정적인 소규모 하수처리장 운영을 위해서는 유입 유량과 농도의 변화가 큰 소규모 하수도 특성을 고려해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 봉 화군 18개의 소규모 하수처리장 운전 결과를 통해 유입유량비 (유입 유량 / 설계 유량) 특성, 소규모 하수처리장 처 리 효율에 미치는 영향과 적정 유입유량비 산정에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 분석 결과 유입유량비는 여름철에 가장 높은 것으로 나타난 반면, 유입 하수 농도는 가을철과 겨울철에 높은 것으로 나타났다. 유입유량비가 증가할수록 처 리 효율이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 영양염류 처리 효율이 유기물과 부유물질 처리 효율에 비해 민감한 영향을 받 는 것으로 나타났다. 안정적인 소규모 하수처리장 처리 효율을 위해서는 유입유량비 0.8 이상을 유지해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Sewerage supply in rural community is the important for water quality protection of water system such as river, lake and wetland. And characteristic of small scale wastewater system that have wide range of inflow and concentration in sewage should be considered for stable operation of small scale wastewater treatment plant. In this research, characteristics of flow ratio (flow / designed flow), effect on treatment efficiency of small scale wastewater treatment plant and assessment of optimal flow ratio were conducted through analysis on operation result of 18 small scale wastewater treatment plant in Bong-hwa gun. As a result, flow ratio shows the higher value during summer. However pollutants concentration in sewage was shown the higher concentration during autumn and winter. Treatment of small scale wastewater treatment plant is increased when flow ratio increased, and nutrient treatment efficiency is more sensitive to change of flow ratio than organic compound and suspended solids. According to this research result, it need to be maintained flow ratio 0.8 over value for stable treatment efficiency of small scale wastewater treatment plant.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare level of functional independence and its correlates among community-dwelling older adults in rural areas between South Korea and the United Sates. Methods: The study employed a comparative and correlational design. Data were collected from 198 community-dwelling older adults in rural areas (South Korea=100, & US = 98). Functional independence, cognitive function, obesity and general characteristics were measured. Results: From both countries, approximately fifteen percent of older adults living independently had cognitive problems without any treatments. Among Korean older adults functional independence was associated with a number of chronic diseases and aging while in the United States the participants had a negative correlation with obesity and aging. Conclusion: For Korean older adults in rural areas, nurses should focus on monitoring older adults’ abilities to manage chronic illness and designing self-management programs while in the United States the focus should be on healthy lifestyle programs about exercise and diet to increase functional independence.

Purpose: This study analyzed the retention factors of Korean community health practitioners who sustained over 20 years based on a multi-dimensional framework. This study suggests global implications for nurses working in rural or remote areas, even during a worldwide pandemic. Methods: The participants were 16 Korean community health practitioners who worked in rural or remote locations for over 20 years. This study identified nurses' key retention factors contributing to long service in rural and remote areas. This is a qualitative study based on the narrative method and analysis was conducted using grounded theory. A semi-structured questionnaire was conducted based on the following: the life flow of the participants' first experience, episodes during the work experience, and reflections on the past 20 years. Results: First, personal 'financial needs' and 'callings' were motivation-related causal conditions. The adaptation of environment-work-community was the contextual condition leading to intervening conditions, building coping strategies by encountering a lifetime crisis. The consequences of 'transition' and 'maturation' naturally occurred with chronological changes. The unique factors were related to the 'external changes' in the Korean primary health system, which improved the participants' social status and welfare. Conclusion: Considering multi-dimensional retention factors was critical, including chronological (i.e., historical changes) and external factors (i.e., healthcare systems), to be supportive synchronously for rural nurses. Without this, the individuals working in the rural areas could be victimized by insecurity and self-commitment. Furthermore, considering the global pandemic, the retention of nurses is crucial to prevent the severity of isolation in rural and remote areas.

This study calls the new type of ethnography as ethnotelling. Ethnotelling is a mixed research method of ethnology and storytelling. As a condition of ethnotelling, it is essential for ethnotelling to have research local area within a regional boundary. The process of ethnotelling contains fieldwork, building materials as the ethnography step, and determining typology of the storytelling step, and as well as, investigating and building regional cultural resources to create cultural values. By giving the example of using this new method, this study highlights three points of the ethnography tool. First, ethnotelling must lively describe the spot. Second, ethnotelling should contain diversities. Third, ethnotelling should have narratives. Especially, this study describe Hwanggol village located in Gumdan of Incheon, Korea.

This pilot randomized clinical trial assessed the feasibility of implement-ing motor control exercise (MCE) and patient education (PE) program for the management of chronic low back pain (CLBP) in a low resource rural Nigerian community. Thirty patients with CLBP were recruited and randomly assigned to MCE, PE, or MCE plus PE groups. The MCE pro-gram was provided twice a week while the PE program was provided once a week all for 6 weeks. Feasibility was assessed through recruit-ment rate, treatment compliance, retention/dropout rate, report of ad-verse events, perceived helpfulness, overall satisfaction, and clinical outcome of pain (numeric pain rating scale) and functional disability (Oswestry Disability Index). Many patients were willing to participate in the study and the recruitment rate was 77%. Treatment compliance in all the three groups were >65% for supervised treatment sessions and <50% for prescribed home program. Retention rate was high and greater overall satisfaction with the interventions was reported. Com-pared with the baseline, all the three groups improved significantly in pain and disability (P<0.05) after 6 weeks. Pairwise comparison re-vealed that the MCE plus PE group was superior to the PE group for pain and to the MCE for disability (P<0.05), with large effect size. It was concluded that the designed interventions are promising and conduct-ing a full-scale randomized clinical trial in the future is feasible to con-firm the effectiveness of the interventions for the management CLBP in rural Nigeria. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03398174)

본 연구는 농촌 지역사회개발에 있어 주민조직화와 조직의 역할이 사업에 미치는 효과를 분석하고 향후 농촌 지역사회개발 주민조직화에 대한 제언을 도출하고자 한다. 특히 농촌개발 국제협력사업에 있어 한국 새마을운동의 주민조직화 경험은 개발도상국에시사점을 제공할 것으로 기대된다. 새마을운동 당시 한국 농촌 주민의 현실은 현재 개도국과 유사하며 주민조직의 구성은 지역사회 토착주민을 대상으로 정부의 요청에 따른 하향식 원리였으며, 운영방식은 주민의 자발적 참여와 수행이라는 상향식 원리가 적용되었다는 점이다. 실증분석의 대상은 르완다 농촌개발 국제협력사업의 주민조직이며 연구방법은 사업대상지 주민과 조직구성원을 상대로 면담과 설문조사를 시행하였으며 사업대상3개지역 주민과 주민조직 간 평균비교를 시행하였다. 연구결과 사례주민조직은 주민조직화의 요건을 모두 충족하며, 주민조직의 주요 효과인 주민욕구의 효과적 집약과 반영, 자원의 효율적 동원과 활용, 능률적 목표달성, 지속가능성에 있어 일반 지역주민보다 긍정적 결과를 보이며 집단 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이고 있다. 즉 주민조직화를 통한 농촌 지역사회개발의 긍정적 효과는 향후 농촌개발 국제협력사업에 있어 주민조직화의 필요성과 역할의 중요성을 제시하며, 사업의 범위에 반드시 포함되어야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze community organizing and the role of community organization (CO) and its effects on rural community development. This study also aims to find suggestions for community organizing for the future international rural community development. During the period of Saemaul Undong, endogenous community residents were tasked by the government, as a top-down method, to conduct community organizing and management of CO was a bottom-up method based on the voluntary participation of villagers. The experience of CO during the Saemaul Undong provide lessons on the roles and management of CO in international rural community development which may be useful for developing countries. The empirical case of this research is the Mwogo Valley Project Organization in Rwanda, which was launched in the project area of the Korea International Cooperation in rural development. The methods used in the case study were interviews and surveys conducted to the targeted residents in the project area and the members of the CO. Based on the analysis, members of the CO represent a more positive effect on the roles of CO than the ordinary residents. Identified positive effects are: effectiveness in collecting and adapting to needs, effectiveness in mobilization and utilization of resources, efficiency in goal achievement, and sustainable development. And as an outcome of the analysis, the research concludes that, the future Korea International Cooperation in rural development should include community organizing as well the importance of the role of CO in the process of community development projects.

This study aims to research the characteristics of space composition and location for the rural community center. The phenomenon of urban areas from rural areas by the dismantlement of the community is being increasingly deepened. The current village welfare center in the rural villages of the dismantlement phenomenon of the community in rural areas can not be solved alone. The location of the Community Center in rural villages for the interaction of existing local inhabitants and should be located where possible near existing villages. This thesis studies and analyzes the characteristics of rural villages in the rural new town project districts. The basic function of the community center space analysis model is the Public service space, the Communication space, the Health space, the Amenity space, the Education space(including the childcare). This study analyze the local characterristics, the location type and the floor plan characteristics about the Community Center in rural villages by the rural new town example project.

This study is about the physical aspects and residents' perception for the public facilities in rural community through field investigation and interview. The purpose of this study is to present the planning of the public facilities in a rural community by field surveys and questionnaires. According to the results of the study, first, public facilities are necessary in a rural community to satisfy a variety of functions and the inhabitants' needs. Second, a community welfare center should consist of the facilities for inhabitants. Third, a community welfare center should establish sustainability, accessibility and identity to keep the main direction of planning.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to identify successful strategies and propose a community-based participatory global health project model for primary health care capacity development. Methods: The study used case study methodology. A The unit of analysis was an international cooperation health project entitled "Communitybased Primary Health Care Improvement in San Lorenzo, Ecuador" using community-based participatory research conducted in 2007-2008. Data were collected through windshield surveys, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and provider surveys. Results: Identified successful strategies for the international cooperation health project were reciprocal partnership between researchers and community, partners’capacity building,south-to-south cooperation, and continuous monitoring and feedback. Community participation was found to be an essential tenet to guarantee the improvement of primary health care in the underserved rural community. Evidence from the activities of community health practitioners in Korea was applicable to the development of training programs for primary health care providers in Ecuador. Conclusion: Strategies for strengthening primary health capacity may be tailored depending on socio-cultural, political, and economical situations of each country. The model, however, would be applicable to the entire process of community-based global health projects in underserved rural communities of other countries.

This paper was able to indicate to the results the following thing that attempted a required potential development demand, through the contents and cost analysis in Rural Community Development Project. Nowadays, Rural Areas comparatively have a lot of development demands related to improvements environmental of residence life and construction of Urban-Rural Exchange Facility, on the other and, there is comparatively a few facilities demands regarding agriculture production. Demand is cold storage facilities and agricultural products direct sale facilities expansion to be able to raise value added of agricultural products as facilities related comparatively a little agriculture production, and an improvement of residence life comparatively has a lot of repair environmental uninhabited house repair, river-front and the roadside, rest shelter creation demands. However, that should be forecasted so that aging of rural, population decrease and development demand is caused by a lot of issues such as maintenances operation of many Urban-Rural Exchange Facilities and a similar program and content has a lot of them in bilateral adjacent zones. Therefore, in the future plan shall attempt efficiency operating facilities and a program through characterization and network of zone so that facilities and program can have complementary relation in the adjacent zones. And item development and an investor are necessary regarding new labor force supply for continuous value maintenance of space and returning to the farm that there were the reverse agriculture production and Amenity which are an rural village. Furthermore, developmental plan of rural village is necessary through the demand analyses that a citizen wishing for things.

The importance of residents’ participation has become more prominent to promote better living condition and quality of life in rural communities due to the skeptical views on the outcomes of the rural community supporting projects led by organizations and institutions. This study analyzes White Dandelion Eco−Village in Hoebuk Myeon, Boeun Kun, Chungbuk where community development is being done by its residents. By examining the formation background and the history of the village, and various participation forms and methods of the residents, I am to derive the ideal rural community development project led by the villagers themselves. To achieve successful supporting projects for rural communities by many different organizations and methods, it is necessary to have followings; residents’ affectionate attentions for the community as well as good ideas and intentions, excellent leaders who gather all the efforts and transform them into good plans, well made strategies and continuous endeavor, and the diversion of thoughts of the supporting project experts and the organizations.

이 연구는 지리산권 영남지역의 향교교육과 향촌교화를 고찰하는 것이다. 향교교육은 교육의 이념과 목적, 교육과정, 교육방법, 그리고 교육평가로 살펴보고, 향촌교화는 석전제, 향음례 및 양노례, 향사례, 삼강행실, 향안 및 향약으로 살펴보는 것이 목적이다. 향교는 학교로서의 교육적 기능 뿐만 아니라, 鄕民敎化라는 목적을 충족시키는 역할을 수행하였다. 향교를 효과적으로 운영하기 위해서 군현제와 과거제를 향교교육과 연결시켰다. 제도적으로 향교를 통제하기 위해 전국에 교관을 파견하였다. 교육과 관련된 각종 법규도 만들고, 학칙인 ｢학령｣을 제정하였다. 교육과정은 향교교육의 목적을 반영하는 것이다. 교육내용은 소학, 사서오경, 삼강행실록 등에 역점을 두었다. 방법에 있어서도 전통적인 암기식 방법이 사용되었다. 향교는 교생교육 이외에도, 민간의 도덕적 풍속을 교화시키는 역할도 수행하였다. 이는 석전제, 향음례 및 양노례, 향사례, 삼강행실, 향안 및 향약 등으로 구체화되었다.

This study considers Hyanggyo (鄕校) education and the rural community society enlightenment of Jirisan Mt of Yeungnam Area. I see Hyanggyo education as a concept of education - a purpose, a curriculum, an education method and a type of evaluation. For the enlightenment of rural communities, it is a reason to celebrate Seokjeonje, Hyangeumrye & Yangnorye, Hyangsarye, Samkanghangsil, Hyangyak & Hyangan. Hyanggyo accomplished the enlightenment of the district dweller. It also had the educational function as the school. Because employment examinations for government officials (科擧制) could be connected to the districts and prefectures system, the Hyanggyo was run effectively. Hyanggyo divided education and various laws by the person in charge and established "the study of law" under school regulations. The curriculum reflects the purpose of Hyanggyo education. The education contents establish an important point in an elementary school of old China: Nine Chinese Classics, the three bonds line in authentic records. A traditional learning by heart-style method was used for the education method. Hyanggyo lets you civilize private moral manners and customs as well as student teacher education. This was made celebrating Seokjeonje, Hyangeumrye & Yangnorye, Hyangsarye, Samkanghangsil, Hyangyak & Hyangan and It was become concrete.

본 연구는 공동체들에서 구성원간 상호관계의 중요성에 주목하여, 노인 생활공동체의 성과와 공 동체 유대관계의 관련성을 심층 분석, 규명하고자 하였다. 분석에는 전북지역 소재 74개 노인 생활 공동체 및 이에 거주하는 노인 670명을 대상으로 수집된 다수준 자료를 활용하였고, 분석모형으로 는 위계적 선형모형을 적용하였다. 분석결과에서는 노인 생활공동체들에 따라 거주 노인의 우울에 상당한 편차가 있으며, 공동식사, 집단 프로그램, 물리적 환경 등의 공동체 특성이 우울에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 조절효과 모델 분석결과에서는 집단 프로그램, 물리적 환경이 우울에 미치는 영향은 상호유대관계에 따라 유의하게 조절됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 공동체 특성들의 우울 영향이 동 질적이지 않고 상호유대관계에 따라 상이함을 보여주는 바로, 노인 생활공동체의 효과가 공동체 유 대관계에 의해 규정됨을 시사하여 주목된다. 이상 연구결과는 농촌 노인 생활공동체의 성과 제고를 위해서는 무엇보다 공동체내 노인들간 상호유대관계의 개선 및 향상에 각별한 정책적 관심과 실천 적 방안 마련의 필요성을 시사점으로 제기하여 준다

With the rapid aging of the rural area, community elderly co-housings are proliferated as a alternative elderly-care system for the vulnerable rural aged in Korea. However, previous evaluations of the effects varies according to the researches, and there has been little con census on the effect of the community elderly co-housing. So, this study aims to investigate relationships between community co-housing effect and the mutual ties of the resident members. In this study, we examine if the effect of the community co-housing programs on the depression would be different by the moderating role of the mutual ties. For the analysis, we use the multi-level data collected from 74 the rural community elderly co-housings and 670 resident elderly in Jeonbuk. And the hierarchical linear models are applied. The results show that residents depression level are varied significantly among community co-housings. And also, results confirmed that communal meals, group programs, and environment affect significantly on the depression of the elderly. From the result of the moderate effect analysis, we found that the effects of group programs and environments on depression are moderated by mutual ties of the resident members. This shows that the effects of community co-housing programs are not homogeneous, but varies by the mutual ties of resident members. Results of this study suggest an implication that the mutual ties of the resident members are very important to the performance of community elderly co-housing. And, policy attentions and practice program as to improving the mutual ties are necessary to advance the performance of the rural community elderly co-housings.

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and to estimate the value of the rural community forest (RCF) in North Chungcheongbukdo mountain villages. The study investigated the status and structure of this forest which is considered to be a cultural and physical treasure of the rural community. First of all, the origin of the rural community forest and the reason for the presence of the forest near the communityinvestigated in order to establish the the meaning of the term, "RCF". Secondly, characteristics, functions and types of RCF were assessed to show the value of an RCF. Thirdly, the ecological characteristics of the forest were analyzed in the context of rural activities. The research method was based on repeated visits to the rural community in North Chungcheongbukdo. On each visit, the theory of divination based on topography (Fungsu theory) was considered. Variables evaluated included the name, location, topography, size, accessibility, origin, rationale and the function of the forest built near the rural community. The description of topography and the analysis of trees (where and what kind of trees were planted) were made to find out the characteristics of the clusters of the trees in the forest and structural characteristics of the forest. Finally, a future management plan for the forest was established by analyzing the history and culture of the community, present management of the forest, and the condition of the trees in the forest (how well the trees had grown).

Recently, the rural village development projects are proceeding as enhancement of the rural landscape as the interest toward rural tourism and rural immigrant has increased. However, the projects are solely to support construction of community space and there has been a lack of community facility remodeling in term of both deterioration facilities and abandoned facilities. Thus in this study proposes rural community facility remodeling process to utilize remodeling of rural deterioration facilities and abandoned facilities. For setting rural community remodeling process, this study analysed preceding research data and suggested rural community remodeling process stage ; planning, spacial resolution, remodeling factor analysis, implementation, maintenance control, based on research data. For systematic performed this process, this study regulated role of local resident, expert and local government on remodeling process stage.