Earticle

Paraphrasing has been employed as a useful exercise to enhance the interpretation competence for a long time. Its effect in advancing the interpretation skills has also been proven by a number of researches (Russo, 2011). This paper attempts to find out the relationships between paraphrasing and interpreting from the psycholinguistic and computational linguistic researches and set up an educational model with it. Firstly, interpreting as well as paraphrasing makes use of similar strategies, such as substitution, the reordering of information, etc. Secondly, the substitution of synonyms is essential for both actions. Retrieving synonyms, one of the paradigmatic responses in word association tests, has been regarded as important evidence for a well-developed competence in a language. Thirdly, it is possible that a connection with more than one expression can neutralize the linguistic form of a concept -- or "message" as Seleskovitch (1978) calls it -- and make it non-verbal. Excellency in paraphrasing, therefore, can be considered as a competence to build a “message”, which is necessary for high-quality interpreting. On the grounds of those findings, the teaching methods using paraphrasing have been developed.

This paper examines the difference in contextual effects when metaphors in the source language text are paraphrased in the target language text. Here the concept of metaphor is defined as Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have defined it, that is, not as an attribute of a word, but as a conceptual attribute. The metaphor is categorized as Kövecses (2002) does into three types: structural, ontological, and orientational metaphors. After a brief discussion of the metaphor in translation and relevance theory, this paper provides data from published translations of news stories. The contextual effect in the SL and the TL seemed to be different when SL images are paraphrased in the TL text. Given that translation is a type of communication between different languages and cultures, the notion of optimal relevance can be applied to translation. In the past, little attention has been given to metaphor translation in translation theory, and no standards have been established for the translation of metaphors. Translators made decisions based on their experience and intuition. Relevance theory and the concept of contextual effect can provide some help for translators in creating a standard for decision-making.

This paper aims to review Murakami　Haruki’s motif in Men without Women.　The result of reviewing two short stories <Drive my car> and the <Men without women> is as fllowings: 1. Haruki used to write about a cool young man in his late 50s abandoned by a woman. 2. Haruki’s technique of showing his work’s motif first, focuses on writer’s loneliness by image rather than on depicting the men who were abandoned by women. 3. The writer exposes the social problem of dying alone of old men in his late fifties abandoned by a woman, which gets more and more serious in the contemporary Japanese society. 4. While dealing with such problems with social phenomena, Haruki didn’t suggest the solution, only indirectly alluding to the man’s solitude and appearance in the text. 5. This method of writing led readers to imagine and complete the final content of the novel. 6. This kind of writing style contributes to stimulating the reader’s imagination and increasing the number of international readers.

This study aims at investigating the usefulness of paraphrasing exercises in Korean-language classes provided by graduate-level translation courses as a tool to assess students’ knowledge of subject and terminology in specialized areas, two major challenges facing them in translating the relevant texts (Hong, 2015). Based on the findings, this study seeks ways to improve the Korean-language curriculum to better help students enhance translation competence in such fields. To achieve the research goal, a Korean-language class was designed where students were asked to paraphrase texts in a variety of specialized areas such as finance/economy, law, and resources. The students were also asked to suggest English translations for some key phrases or words in the Korean source texts or their paraphrases, an activity devised to enhance the effect of paraphrasing exercises on improving translation competence. The major findings of the study are as follows: First, students’ paraphrases showed exactly which concepts and logic in a given subject area they did not accurately or sufficiently understand and which terminology they could not properly use. Second, students’ paraphrases also revealed their insufficient knowledge of subject or terminology even when their translations were acceptable, which indicates that paraphrasing exercises in Korean-language classes can serve as a useful tool to precisely identify the areas where students have insufficient knowledge that may go unnoticed in translation classes. By accurately assess students’ knowledge like this, teachers can better prepare the necessary education for each student and therefore help him or her improve translation competence in specialized fields.

This study analyzed translation of cohesion and ensuing changes ininformativity by examining Japanese-Korean translations. Through categorizingtranslation of cohesion that appeared on the surface of texts into contraction oftext patterns, compression of text patterns and functional sentence perspective,this study made a qualitative examination of cases where ST belonging to eachcategory was translated into a different surface structure in TT. Based on this,it examined what changes had occurred in informativity of texts due tochanges in cohesion. The result has shown that a text with an informationstructure in ST, which drew the recipient's attention and interest becauseinformitivity was upgraded or downgraded through marked cohesion, wastranslated into a text with unmarked cohesion in TT, a plain text without anychange in informitivity. This study is meaningful in that it suggested, throughan analysis of illustrative materials, that translation of a surface structurebelonging to the microscopic level of a text in translation might affect eveninformativity, the flow of information and acceptance of meaning all of whichbelonged to an inner or macroscopic level of the text.

This study, based on the Language Planning Theory, aims to understand the degree of discriminating words referring to the disabled and to suggest alternative expressions which could replace these words. First of all, the degree of discrimination by a non-handicapped person when using an address term toward the disabled was clarified. Second, a comparison was made between the attitude of subjects in their 50’s and university students toward the disabled. Finally, alternative expressions were presented and the preference degree according to the patterns of the alternative expressions was made clear. The results are the following:　(1) The use of vulgar terms with a strong discriminating meaning was largely observed. Most of them refer to intellectual capacity, and university students are more sensitive to such vocabulary. (2) The alternative expressions for discriminatory words can be classified in two types: current terms of disability and paraphrase. (3) Paraphrase was chosen as a strategy to avoid the use of the sound 'chiche',which may have multiple meanings. That is, it might be a result of the resistance to use the word "physical" with the meaning of "delay".

Onomatopoeia is a difficult constituent in translation because it has different characteristics which prevent source and target text readers from communicating each other. Most of target text readers are unable to have knowledge to understand connotations of the exotic onomatopoeia elements in the source text. Accordingly the translator has to be a mediator to bridge the gap in understanding onomatopoeic expressions and help the target text readers to share the equivalent connotations of them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the translation problems in translating Korean poetry texts into English ones by focusing on onomatopoeic expressions which appear in the translation process. This paper has shown that the poetic phrases of Korean related to onomatopoeic expressions are translated into those of English by various strategies, for example, paraphrase, substitution and omission which have active and diverse compensation mechanisms.

By demand of expression, a double negation sentences are used in many situations. According to characteristics of double negation sentences, a paraphrase method based on templates is used. The method analysis sentence structure of double negation sentences, extract syntax frame and construct paraphrase templates. The syntax structure of double negative sentence and affirmation sentence are suitable for paraphrase. By comparing the syntax structure of double negative sentences with their affirmation sentences, paraphrase templates are abstracted. Matching of paraphrase templates with paraphrase sentences is completed by calculating their similarity. To evaluate performance of the method, small-scale experiments have been done and got the coverage rate of templates and precision of paraphrase 98.9% and 84.7% respectively. The experimental results indicate the availability of the proposed method, and a small corpus resource is established that it can be provided for further research of sentence paraphrase.

『훈민정음』 해례본의 ≪해례≫ 가운데 <용자례>를 제외한 5해(解) 텍스트는 산문과 운문이 혼합된 체재를 갖추고 있다. 특히 결(訣)은 오늘날 국어교육에 중요한 시사점을 제공한다. 국어교육에서 동일한 주제에 대해 서로 다른 장르를 연계하여 활용하는 것은 내용 이해의 학습 효과를 극대화시키는 주요 방안이 된다. 새롭게 창제한‘훈민정음’을 상세하게 설명한 책인 『훈민정음』 해례본에는 이러한 전략을 이미 마련해 놓았던 것이다. 그러므로 『훈민정음』의 결(訣)은 국어교육적 관점에서 중요한 의의를 가진 텍스트로서 탐구의 가치가 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 김부연(2018ㄱ)의 논의를 발전시킨 것으로 오늘날의‘바꿔쓰기(paraphrase)’의 개념을 원용하여 결(訣)의 글쓰기 전략을 보다 정연하게 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 Ⅱ장에서는 연구 대상인 결(訣)의 서지 형태상의 특징을 살피고, 연구의 방법으로 삼은 ‘바꿔쓰기(paraphrase)’에 대해 개략적으로 살펴 분석의 틀 두 가지를 마련한다. 이어서 Ⅲ장에서는 결(訣)에 내재된 ‘바꿔쓰기’의 전략을 요약하기와 텍스트 유형 전환 차원에서 분석하고, Ⅳ장에서 분석 결과로 나타난 결(訣)의 기능을 집중적으로 규명한다. 이러한 작업은 그동안 『훈민정음』 해례본 텍스트 내에서 조명 받지 못했던 결(訣)의 기능에 대한 반성적 차원의 접근이며, ≪해례≫의 전략적 장치인 결(訣)을 오늘날의 관점에서 바라봄으로써 결(訣)이 지닌 교육적 가치에 대한 새로운 인식의 토대를 마련하고자 한다.

Summarizing verse is a key summary of the contents of each explanatory text of Haerye. it is a text that requires both content and function, there is a lot of author's prudent efforts. I paid attention to this point and looked at how the text type conversion appears in one text by paraphrase. As a paraphrase, we identify the functions and values ??of the summarizing verse. I explore the summary strategy that summarizes the contents of the text, and the text type conversion strategy that recreates the format of the text. Paraphrase, which is being used in Korean language education today, is a very useful strategy for exploring the relationship between the text and summarizing verse and the association between author's intention and reader's acceptance. I have identified that the attributes of the summarizing verse themselves have educational significance as a model of paraphrase.

The present study explores the effects of two types of paraphrase practices (teacher-led and Web-based) on Korean university and graduate students’ paraphrase awareness,performance, and types. The teacher-led and Web-based group both had four-week intensive practices on paraphrasing including instruction on plagiarism, citation, and paraphrasing strategies with teacher modeling of paraphrasing. Teacher-led practices placed a focus on explicit instruction of grammar and vocabulary, whereas Web-based practices triggered learner-directed practices. The Web-based group was informed of Internet sites and trained to use them for paraphrasing. The results of the study show positive effects of both practice types on paraphrase awareness and performance, but not on paraphrase types. More beneficial effects of teacher-led practices were noted over that of Web-based practices, though the latter were more positively evaluated by the participants. The findings suggest the positive effects of short-term explicit instruction on paraphrasing to prevent plagiarism; however, they also imply positive impact of Web-based practices for long-term learning.

이 논문은 콰인의 존재론적 개입 기준이 유명론자에게 야기하는 문제에 관한 것이다. "존재한다는 것은 변항의 값이 된다는 것이다"는 것이 콰인의 분명한 존재론적 개입 기준이다. 이 기준에 의하면, 우리가 어떤 문장을 참이라고 여길 경우, 그 문장이 참이 되기 위해서 존재해야 하는 것들의 존재에 우리가 개입하게 된다. 그런데 이 기준은 유명론자에게 문제를 야기한다. "겸손은 미덕이다"라는 것을 참이라고 받아들이고 싶은 유명론자는, 겸손이라는 속성의 존재를 받아들여야 한다는 것이다. 그러나 유명론자는 "겸손은 미덕이다"라는 말이 의미하는 것은 받아들이고 싶지만, 겸손과 같은 속성의 존재를 받아들이고 싶어하지 않는다. 결국 유명론자는, 상식을 부정하든지, 속성의 존재를 받아들이든지 선택해야 하는 딜레마에 처해있는 것이다. 이러한 난국을 빠져나갈 수 있는 방법은, 속성에 대한 존재론적 개입을 피하면서도 원래 문장과 같은 뜻을 가지는 패러프레이즈를 제시하는 것이다. 그러나, 올바른 패러프레이즈를 제시하는 것은 항상 어려운 일이었다. 이와 같은 문장들에 대해서 패러프레이즈를 제시하려는 노력이 있었지만, 여러 어려움 때문에 모두 실패하고 말았다. 이 논문에서는, 기존의 문제점들을 모두 극복하는 성공적인 패러프레이즈가 제시될 것이다. 하지만 그전에 콰인의 기준에 관한 몇몇 주제들이 더 명확히 정리될 필요가 있다. 패러프레이즈가 아예 필요하지 않다는 루이스의 비판 역시 또한 다뤄질 것이다.

This paper is about the problems that Quine's criterion of ontological commitment creates for Nominalists. Quine's clear criterion of ontological commitment, summarized as "to be is to be the value of a variable", means that when we accept a sentence to be true, we are committed to the existence of things that must exist for the sentence to be true. The criterion causes problems for Nominalists. According to Quine's criterion, Nominalists who consider "Humility is a virtue" as true should accept the existence of the property, humility. However, Nominalists are reluctant to accept that properties such as humility exist, although they wish to accept what is meant by "humility is a virtue". The way out of this predicament is presenting a paraphrase which delivers what Nominalists wanted to say through the original sentence without ontological commitment to the property. Several attempts were made to paraphrase such sentences, only to fail. In this paper, successful paraphrases will be presented to cope with previously discussed difficulties. Beforehand, several issues involved in the Quine's criterion will be clarified. Also, Lewis's critical objection that we should give up the business of paraphrase will be discussed.

This study investigates how different L2 proficiencies (inter-learner variability) and source text genres (intra-learner variability) shape paraphrasing in summary writing, making use of quantitative and qualitative data. The rationales of the present study is 1) to focus on two low proficient groups’ paraphrasing, 2) to examine types and strategies of paraphrasing by following modified Keck’s (2006) attempted paraphrase coding, and 3) to see the effect of three different expository, argumentative, and narrative source text genres on paraphrasing. Forty-four participants were divided in terms of proficiency, 24 novice English proficient (NP) and 20 low English proficient (LP) students. All participants completed three summary tasks giving a total of 132 summary writings used as main data, followed by interviews for each. The results showed that the NP students used significantly more Exact Copies and Near Copies, while the LP students used significantly more Moderate Revisions. The NP students relied on strategy of Copy, but the LP students used more Syntactic Change. However, the participants significantly used Exact Copy when writing with narrative and argumentative texts, and Near Copy was found substantially when they paraphrased with expository and argumentative texts. Moreover, expository text substantively influenced students’ Delete & Insert and Combination strategies. The implications from these findings and further suggestions are discussed.

바꿔쓰기(paraphrasing)는 동일한 내용을 다르게 표현하는 방식을 의미한다. 이러한 바꿔쓰기표현들(paraphrues)은 기계번역, 질의 응답 시스템, 문서 요약과 같은 다양한 분야에 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 바꿔쓰기표현의 유용성에도 불구하고 바꿔쓰기표현을 자동으로 추출할 수 있는 방법이 매우 어렵다. 우선 바꿔쓰기표현을 자동으로 추출할 수 있는 데이터를 구하는 것부터가 어려운 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 여러 버전의 한글 성경 코퍼스로부터 바꿔쓰기표현을 자동으로 추출해 보고자 한다. 성경은 각 문장이 절과 구로 나누어져 있어 문장과 문장을 정렬시키는 것이 매우 용이하다. 정렬된 여러 버전의 성경 코퍼스로부터 자율학습(unsupervised learning)을 통해서 자동으로 바꿔쓰기표현을 추출한다. 이와 같은 방법은 어휘수준의 바꿔쓰기표현 뿐만 아니라 구문수준의 바꿔쓰기표현도 추출할 수 있음을 보여준다.

In this paper, we present a pilot system that can extract paraphrases from a parallel corpus using to-training method. Paraphrases are useful for the applications that should rreate a varied ind fluent text, such as machine translation, question-answering system, and multidocument summarization system. One of the difficulties in extracting paraphrases is to find a rich source from which we can extract paraphrases. The bible is one of the good sources fur extracting paraphrases as it has several Korean versions in which every sentence can be easily aligned by the chapter and the verse. We ran extract not only the lexical-level paraphrases but also the phrasal-level paraphrases from the parallel corpus which consists of the bibles using co-training method.

Barker (1997) has argued that all the three approaches to anaphora, namely, E-type theories, Discourse Representation Theory, and Dynamic Semantics, are faced with the so-called 'double-bind' problem in the quantifier/variable-binding model of anaphora. Recently, in the same journal, Slater (2000) has claimed that the so-called epsilon account (Slater 1991, 1993, 1994, 1997) handles the problem without any difficulty. However, it will be proposed in this paper that the epsilon account has its own problems in handling the quantifier/variable-binding, and that as argued in Yoon (1998), the so-called‘conjunctive paraphrase’account is the correct solution to the problem, which is intuitively supported as well.

Fifty-three pre-service elementary school teachers of a University of Education participated in an empirical study which involved developing test items for English reading assessment. The participants were asked to control words that made up the passage of the test items in accordance with the vocabulary level (800 words) of the elementary national curriculum of English. For this, they used the software of AntWordProfiler, and then their paraphrasing patterns were analyzed. The results showed that the most frequent type of paraphrase used by the pre-service teachers was ‘replacement of a target word with its synonym’ and the second frequent type was ‘word deletion.’ On the other hand, analysis for the accuracy rate of the paraphrases resulted in ‘word deletion’ being most successful (81.78%), followed by ‘phrase deletion’ with 79.41%. However, ‘replacement of a target word with its synonym,’ being the most frequent type of paraphrase, only showed a success rate of 62.13%, which was a very low rate compared to the frequency of its attempts. Nevertheless, most of the pre-service teachers who participated in the study responded that the paraphrasing process had been complicated but that the use of AntWordProfiler had been useful for controlling vocabulary.

기술용어 패러프레이즈 (Terminological Paraphrase, TP)는 학술 문헌 내에서 기술 용어의 개념 및 정의를 다른 형태로 풀어서 알기 쉽게 서술적 문구 (descriptive expression) 를 의미한다. 이러한 TP들에 대한 효율적인 식별과 추출은 학술 정보에 대한 개념적 접근이나 학술 정보 검색의 재현율 향상에 매우 중요하다. 본 논문은 생명 공학 분야의 논문에 나타나는 다양한 형태의 TP들을 효율적으로 추출하기 위한 정보 검색 기반의 추출 방법론을 제시하고 총 여섯 가지의 추출 랭킹 모델을 기반으로 이를 결합함으로써 TP추출의 확장 가능성에 대한 실험적 연구를 수행한다. 실험 결과, 활용된 랭킹 모델이 서로 상호 보완적인 관계에 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 랭킹 결합에 의한 성능 개선 효과를 얻을 수 있었다.

This paper presents a relevance-theoretic account of paraphrase (identified as reformulation). Against the view that paraphrase should be defined as an equivalent or synonymous relation, I agree with the proposal under the relevance theory that reformulation is based on interpretive resemblance. The analysis is carried out by employing Murillo’s (2004) classification, which consists of different functions: explicit meaning functions (i.e., the recovery of logical form and explicatures) and implicit meaning functions (i.e., the recovery of implicated premises and implicated conclusions). In conclusion, reformulation markers help hearers/ readers understand more easily what should be communicated, acting at different levels of the process of utterance interpretation.