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The purpose of this study is to suggest some implications for effective disaster prevention or mitigation through examining the significance of disaster resilience. As a result, some major implications of this study are as follows; serious and in-depth cause analysis should be conducted to mitigate or minimize the likelihood of recurrence of the same type of disaster from past disasters; the cooperation between the disaster management institutions should be practically established; public officials should personally engage in responsible actions to prevent disasters and mitigate damage; it is necessary to increase the level of cooperation and information exchange between the central and local governments responsible for disaster management, public officials with disaster experience and public officials without disaster experience, and public sector and private sector; a depth academic research should be conducted to analyze the impact of disaster on individuals, households and society, etc.

The global scientific and policy community has agreed that climate change is already a reality. Poverty in Africa has worsened since the climate change debate started and now more than 100 million facing a cute water, food and nutritional crisis. The continent is at risk due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture and donor support for more than three decades. Farmers in Africa routinely engage in the practice for subsistence, rather than agribusiness. Environmental degradation associated with unregulated land use, drought, and inadequate safety net policies has negatively impacted vulnerable communities and hence difficulties to achieve the SDGs goals and objectives of poverty reduction. In this paper, we shall be examining, how climate change has affected the poor in Africa with objective of advocating for pro-poor policy that will enhance their adaptability, social transformation and resilience. Previous studies and experience on the effect of climate change suggests that the best way to address climate change impacts on the poor is by integrating adaptation responses into development planning. Such development programming can be easily promoted in the poor environment rather than relocating them. Poor people in African can be categorized into three classes: -1) rural poor directly connected to their natural environment and its resources, 2) urban poor directly depending on the labour skills, 3) women because of their extreme burdens. We shall share the experience gained through literature reviews and scholarly observations in communities in Africa. In order to carry out the purpose of this study, the effect of climate on the poor in Africa was examined in relation to water, energy, food, shelter, governance, institutions, and infrastructures. It is argued that climate effect on the poor in Africa impact most the rural poor and women because of their high exposure. This calls for honest debates, discussions and pro-poor policy on climate change adaption in order to support a multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary and multifaceted approaches to drive adaptability, social transformation and resilience of the poor.

2015년 12월 12일 파리기후변화협약(Paris Agreement)에 따라 지구 평균기온 상승 폭을 산업화 이전 대비 현저히 낮은 2℃ 수준으로 유지하고 지구 평균기온 상승 폭을 1.5℃ 이하. 이 협정에 따라 각 국가는 5년마다 감축 목표를 높이는 INDC(국가 결정 기여의도)를 제출할 의무가 있다. 우리나라도 제26차 유엔기후변화협약(COP26)에서 2030년 국가 온실가스 감축 목표(DNC) 를 2018년 실제 배출량의 40%까지 감축하기 위한 이행계획을 국제사회에 공개할 예정이다. 온실가스 배출량을 줄이는 것뿐만 아니라 기후변화에 적응하는 것의 중요성도 언급했듯이, 국제적 요구에 부응할 뿐만 아니라 온난화 세계에서 생존하기 위한 전략을 제공하기 위해서는 완화와 적응 사이의 균형 잡힌 정책이 필요하다. 2022년 대한민국에서 새 대통령 선거가 있다. 피할 수 없는 지구온난화를 수용하여 변화하는 지구환경에 살아남기 위한 적응정책을 고민하기 위해 기후위기에 대한 정부의 대응에 대한 문제를 제안하였다.

On December 12, 2015, the Paris Agreement, a new climate change regime was adopted to maintain the global average temperature rise at a level significantly lower than 2℃ compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the global average temperature rise to 1.5℃ or less. By this agreement, each country is obliged to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), an increase in reduction targets every five years. Korea will also disclose its implementation plan to reduce the 2030 National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal (DNC) to 40% of actual emissions in 2018 to the international community at the 26th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26). A balanced policy between mitigation and adaptation is necessary to overcome not only to match the international requirement but also to provide a strategy to survive in the warming world as mentioned to the importance of not only reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also adapting to climate change. In the year 2022, there is an election for a new presidentship in Korea. It is a time to raise issues on the governmental response to the climate crisis to consider an adaptation policy for surviving the changing global environment by accepting the unavoidable global warming.

화재, 도난 등과 같은 인위적, 사회적 재난은 예방이 가능한 부분이 있다. 그러나 태풍과 같은 자연적 재난 은 일정 부분 ‘예측’이 가능하나 완벽한 ‘예방’은 불가능하다. 따라서 문화재 방재의 목적은 ‘예방’ 과 ‘피해 경감(disaster mitigation)’이라는 측면에서 이해될 필요가 있다. 문화재를 둘러싼 주변 자연 지형 과 지질의 종류, 지진 등 진동에 대한 구조적 거동 특성 등을 사전에 분석하여, 구조적 취약부를 파악하고, 지진대응력을 향상시킬 수 있는 기법이나 설비를 적용함으로써 재해로 인한 피해는 감소될 수 있다. 여기서 중요한 것은 문화재의 ‘가치’를 손상시키지 않아야 한다는 점이며, 적용되는 기법이나 설비는 문화재적 관점 안에서 수용될 수 있어야 하고, 필요시 쉽게 제거될 수 있어야 한다. 이상의 관점에서, 기존에 추진되 었던 연구 성과와 경주지역 지진 이후 경과를 살펴보고, 향후 관련 연구의 추진 방향을 재검토 해보았다.

There are some aspects of the prevention, such as fires and theft, that can be prevented. Natural disasters like typhoons, however, can be part of the forecast, but not completely prevention. It is necessary to understand the purpose of the disaster prevention of cultural heritages in terms of prevention and mitigation. The characteristics of structural behavior of the surrounding natural topography, type of geology or earthquake, surrounding a cultural heritage are identified in advance, and the seismic damage reduction technique or the ability of the facility to reduce the damages caused by structural weakness is understood. The important thing here is not to damage the “value” of cultural heritages, and techniques or facilities to be applied should be acceptable within the cultural heritage’s view, and should be easily removed when necessary. From this point of view, I have looked at the results of previous studies, as well as the progress since the Gyeongju earthquake, and reviewed the direction of the related studies in the future.

The purpose of this study is to explore the strategies for translating degrading and vulgar expressions. To this end, four Korean movie scripts with German subtitles were analyzed in terms of the linguistic choices of the translators in their translation assignments of degrading expressions and vulgarisms. The four main strategies discovered are avoidance, maintenance. mitigation, and intensification. Contrary to our expectations, the strategy of maintenance was used in only one third of the cases. Meanwhile, the rate of intensification was relatively low. As for the reasons behind the translators' choice of such strategies, we can point out various factors such as consideration of contextual surroundings, norm consciousness of tabooedness in the target language, film ratings or age limits according to the movie type, and priority given to brevity as a linguistic style which is typical of movie script translations, etc. The correlation between translation variables and characteristics of tabooedness is to be explored in future studies.

With the growing global concern about climate change, relationship between carbon stock density and tree species has become important for international climate change mitigation programmes. In this study, 150 Quadrats were laid down to assess the diversity, biomass and carbon stocks in each of the forest ranges (Barkot Range, Lachchiwala Range and Thano Range) of Dehra Dun Forest Division in Doon Valley, Western Himalaya, India. Community level carbon stock density was analyzed using Two Way Indicator Species Analysis. Species Richness and Shannon Weiner index was correlated with the carbon stocks of Doon Valley. Positive and weak relationship was found between the carbon stock density and Shannon Weiner Index, and between carbon stock density and Species Richness.

이 논문은 ㎡당 상가권리금에 영향을 주는 변수를 실증적으로 제시하였다. 이 연구에 사용된 자료집합은 2015년 서울시 상가 임대사례 자료와 2013년 서울시 통계연보에서 제공하는 자료로 구성되었다. 이 연구의 주요한 결과는 다음과 같다. 서울시 상가권리금의 경우에는 평균은 ㎡당 250만원이고 ㎡당 1,000만원 초과하는 값의 빈도수는 매우 적고 ㎡당 500만 원이하는 다수의 빈도가 있어 비대칭 분포를 지녔다. ㎡당 상가월세가 ㎡당 상가권리금에 가장 큰 영향을 준다. 아울러, 상가권리금과 정(+)의 상관관계를 형성하고 있는 주요한 독립변수는 상가보증금, 상가월세 변수이고 상권내의 제조업체수 및 금융업체수와는 약간의 정(+)의 상관관계가 있다. 다중회귀분석을 통해 상가권리금을 분석할 결과에서 ㎡당 상가 월세 및 보증금은 ㎡당 상가권리금과 높은 정(+)의 상관관계를 보였다.상가권리금 결정 모형의 수정결정계수()값이 0. 60로 나타나 이전의 연구에 비교하면 상대적으로 설명력이 높다. 따라서, 상가의 입지 및 상권특징은 ㎡당 상가권리금에 영향을 준다는 가설을 채택한다. 이 연구결과는 이전의 연구결과와 일치하며 나아가 상가권리금은 상가의 이용가치와 밀접한 인과성이 있다는 것을 실증적으로 제시하였다.

This study analyzes the determinant of goodwill of the Aggregate Commercial Building. And this study describe the method for calculating the goodwill and also proposed a revised model for the goodwill using retail location and retail trade-area characteristics. According to prior empirical analysis, the goodwill is influenced by the retail location and retail trade-area characteristics. the result show goodwill for a store is assessed very high when retail location is estimated good relatively. namely, ground floor location is better than the basement and second floor locations in the buildings to value goodwill for a store. in additional, store size reveals a significant, positive impact on goodwill for a store. also, at the retail trade-area level, Number of manufacture firms and finance institutes in each retail trade-areas have the economic effect on goodwill for a store. Average monthly rents and rental bonds per ㎡ are proxy retail trade-area characteristic. Rental bonds and monthly rents per ㎡ are important determinants of goodwill. Goodwill for a store is very complicated. This study proposes measures to estimate the appropriate goodwill considering of location and retail trade-area characteristics.

재난 등 위기상황이 발생하면 일반성인들도 대피 및 구조에 어려움을 겪게 되지만 장애인이나 노인, 어린이들은 타인의 도움 없이는 대피가 불가능한 상황이 발생한다. 이런 이유로 미국이나 일본 등 주요 선진국에서는 재난약자에 대한 위기관리 시스템이 실질적으로 작동하고 있다. 이 연구는 재난발생시의 어린이 보호 시스템에 관하여 미국의 사례를 중심으로 분석한 것이다. 미국에서는 정부뿐만 아니라 민간단체, 시민단체에 이르기까지 어린이를 보호하기 위한 시스템이 정착되어 있으며, 재난을 대비하는 단계와 복구하는 단계 전반적으로 어린이를 보호하는 기제가 우수하다. 향후 우리나라에서도 재난관리 부서에는 어린이를 포함한 사회적 약자를 담당하는 부서가 필요하며, 재난관리 교육 및 훈련에서 어린이를 대상으로 한, 어린이 보호를 위한 프로그램이 더욱 활성화되어야 한다. 즉, 어린이를 위한 대피 가이드 라인, 재택 대책, 사회복지 시설의 대책, 대응 매뉴얼 등과 같은 구체적인 프로그램이 개발되어야 한다.

Children suffer disproportionately from the impacts of emergencies and major disasters and need protection from physical harm, psycho-social distress, family separation, and denial of access to quality education. Physical security is important for protecting children from harm and ensuring that appropriate medical care is available for children injured in disasters. A child's emotional stability can be easily disrupted by a disaster event, and care must be taken in identifying the symptoms associated with a child traumatized by a disaster event. Family, schools, child care providers and care givers, critical community infrastructure, social services, and classmates and friends all play a role in the daily life of a child. A key to reducing these impacts on children is to adopt and implement mitigation measures that make their homes and their communities more resilient from disasters. Reducing the impacts of future disasters is the key to successful mitigation practices. School officers and child care providers must develop emergency plans in advance of future disaster, and the shelter operators must be aware of the needs of children and provide the appropriate resources to meet these needs. Programs in schools, summer camps, and child care facilities can help build confidence and resiliency in children as they prepare for the next disaster.

In cognitive radios, spectrum sensing plays an important role in accurately detecting the presence or absence of a licensed user. However, the intervention of malicious users (MUs) degrades the performance of spectrum sensing. Such users manipulate the local results and send falsified data to the data fusion center; this process is called spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF). Thus, MUs degrade the spectrum sensing performance and increase uncertainty issues. In this paper, we propose a method based on the Hausdorff distance and a similarity measure matrix to measure the difference between the normal user evidence and the malicious user evidence. In addition, we use the Dempster-Shafer theory to combine the sets of evidence from each normal user evidence. We compare the proposed method with the k-means and Jaccard distance methods for malicious user detection. Simulation results show that the proposed method is effective against an SSDF attack.

This study aimed to identify functional nutrients that enhance barrier function of chicken intestinal epithelial cells and alleviate stress in chickens by evaluating the effects of six candidate materials: threonine, arginine, vitamin C, vitamin E, chromium, and zinc. Each treatment group was treated with 2, 20, and 200 μg/mL. Among these, vitamin C and zinc demonstrated superior effects on chicken intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Arginine and zinc effectively reduced (p < 0.05) heat stress-related “heat shock protein 70” levels. However, none of the tested materials significantly impacted oxidative stress markers, such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Notably, vitamin C and zinc increased (p < 0.05) transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased (p < 0.05) fluorescein isothiocyanate? dextran permeability, indicating their positive impact on barrier function of chicken intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally, threonine evidently promoted tight junction health during prolonged treatment. These findings suggest that threonine, vitamin C, and zinc help upregulate proteins associated with tight junction integrity. Taken together, amino acids, vitamin C, and zinc display promise as functional nutrients for enhancing intestinal barrier function and mitigating stress damage in chickens.

Machine learning (ML) techniques are looked upon as an innovative and realistic direction to cope up with nonlinearity issues in fiber optics communication. In this paper, a 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based radio over fiber (RoF) system is demonstrated for 10 km of standard single mode fiber length utilizing support vector machine (SVM) method to indicate an effective nonlinearity mitigation in front-hauls. The comparison of SVM is drawn with conventional ML classifiers to optimize symbol decision boundary that will reduce the RoF link impairments. The results are reported in terms of BER, Eye-linearity and Quality factor.

Manufacturers and service providers need new innovative tools to effectively leverage the value of Voice of Customer (VoC). These unconventional and unstructured data require specialized methods for analysis and interpretation. The current methodology primarily involves extracting keywords related to customer needs from VoC, followed by proposing corresponding management and marketing strategies. However, diverse interpretations of these keywords can result in irrelevant noise due to variations in employees' professional and working backgrounds, which could hinder decision makers' understanding of customer needs. To address this issue, this paper focused on managers and designers across functional departments as research subjects, aiming to identify relevant factors that could influence noise generation in VoC analysis work and suggest appropriate strategies for mitigating such noise.

Since rapidly disseminating of Internet of Things (IoT) as the new communication paradigm, a number of studies for various applications is being carried out. Especially, interest in the smart medical system is rising. In the smart medical system, a number of medical devices are distributed in popular area such as station and medical center, and this high density of medical device distribution can cause serious performance degradation of communication, referred to as the coexistence problem. When coexistence problem occurs in smart medical system, reliable transmitting of patient's biological information may not be guaranteed and patient's life can be jeopardized. Therefore, coexistence problem in smart medical system should be resolved. In this paper, we propose a distributed coexistence mitigation scheme for IoT-based smart medical system which can dynamically avoid interference in coexistence situation and can guarantee reliable communication. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, we perform extensive simulations by comparing with IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol which is a traditional low-power communication technology.

Methane, one of the important greenhouse gas, has a higher global warming potential than that of carbon dioxide. Agriculture, especially livestock, is considered as the biggest sector in producing anthropogenic methane. Among livestock, ruminants are the highest emitters of enteric methane. Methanogenesis, a continuous process in the rumen, carried out by archaea either with a hydrogenotrophic pathway that converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane or with methylotrophic pathway, which the substrate for methanogenesis is methyl groups. For accurate estimation of methane from ruminants, three methods have been successfully used in various experiments under different environmental conditions such as respiration chamber, sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique, and the automated head-chamber or GreenFeed system. Methane production and emission from ruminants are increasing day by day with an increase of ruminants which help to meet up the nutrient demands of the increasing human population throughout the world. Several mitigation strategies have been taken separately for methane abatement from ruminant productions such as animal intervention, diet selection, dietary feed additives, probiotics, defaunation, supplementation of fats, oils, organic acids, plant secondary metabolites, etc. However, sustainable mitigation strategies are not established yet. A cumulative approach of accurate enteric methane measurement and existing mitigation strategies with more focusing on the biological reduction of methane emission by direct-fed microbials could be the sustainable methane mitigation approaches.

This paper proposes an efficient beamforming technique to mitigate the beam squint effect in wideband low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems. Based on the dynamic-subarray with fixed-true-time-delays (DS-FTTD) architecture, the proposed method optimizes the beamforming structure for multi-user transmission using statistical channel state information (CSI). Unlike the original DS-FTTD design, which assumes point-to-point communication and relies on instantaneous CSI, the proposed scheme is tailored for the practical constraints of LEO systems. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly improves beamforming gain and system throughput compared to conventional methods.

With the recent advancement in baseband integrated circuits and radio frequency (RF) technology, there is a strong demand to minimize the size of array-based microwave systems. However, array aperture miniaturization often leads to strong mutual coupling in the arrays. To date, mitigating and/or compensating the mutual coupling (nonlinear) effect remains a technical challenge. For instance, realizing microwave orientations in the presence of strong mutual coupling is a challenge. In this paper, we propose a unified electromagnetic machine learning (EMML) technique for overcoming this challenge. Antenna current’s Green function (ACGF) is employed for characterization of the EM response of elements in form of digital signal processing (DSP) module with the inclusion of mutual coupling effect among the elements. An EMML framework is then formulated and combined with the DSP module based on ACGF, to consequently come up with a nonlinear mutual coupling mitigation framework that provides better decoupling capability than the previous linear techniques. EMML is verified by application to a multiple signal classification (MUSIC)-based direction-of-arrival estimation scenario, and compared with the conventional methods. The results obtained show the validity, effectiveness of the EMML method. This method can be further used in coupled array-based beam forming, steering, and nulling applications.

The high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is the main challenge facing asymmetrically clipped optical (ACO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We propose a new hybrid technique that incorporates a modified selective mapping (SLM) and companding called low complexity hybrid selective mapping (LCHSLM) for PAPR mitigation in ACO OFDM systems. It is demonstrated through computer simulations that our proposed system significantly reduces the PAPR compared with the conventional SLM or companding alone. In addition, LCHSLM achieves a significant reduction in complexity compared with conventional SLM without bit error rate (BER) degradation.

The increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has resulted in climate change and global warming. Human activities in many sectors, including agriculture, contribute to approximately 9.2% of total GHG emissions from Annex I countries. An argument on issues of livestock being the highest contributor to GHG emissions has grown since FAO’s 2006 report Livestock’s Long Shadow. The issue has continued growing, conflicting the importance of the industry in terms of food security and livelihoods, thus, monitoring GHG emission from this sector is vital. The most commonly used methods for calculating GHG emissions from the livestock sector are life cycle assessment (LCA) and the GHG inventory. Although the LCA presents information on the impacts of the livestock industry on the environment, the GHG inventory is the main tool used internationally for GHG reporting. This review comprehensively discusses the source of GHG emissions from the livestock industry and its estimation methodology, as well as the current strategies for mitigating these emissions.

Architects are facing increasing risks that result from heightened expectations of benefits and performance when designing green buildings compared to traditional buildings. This study aims to explore the possible risk factors for architects in green building projects in South Korea and assess risk mitigation measures. To attain this goal, 14 risk factors and 12 mitigation measures were determined through an extensive literature review. A questionnaire was administered to architects practicing green building design and criticality index was employed to assess major risk factors and mitigation measures. This study identified 'adoption of new technology and process', 'green building certification results', 'building products and materials', and 'energy saving uncertainty' as the major risk factors of green building projects. Additionally, the questionnaire proposed 'contract indicating each party's role, liability, and limitations clearly', 'utilizing integrated design process', and 'understanding client's goal in green building projects' as the three most effective risk mitigation measures in designing green buildings. There are few studies that focus on architects' perceived risks concerning green building projects; this study contributes to a deeper knowledge and attempts to fill the current literature gap, which would benefit South Korea's green building design practice by aiding in the development of better risk management strategies.

Steering vector and covariance matrix estimation mismatch along with moving jammer/platform, can affect the performance of null-steering beamformer. In this paper, by utilizing null-widening, null-deepening and diagonal loading shrinkage in space?time adaptive processing (STAP) structure, two methods for nullifying GNSS (global navigation satellite system) jamming/interference in cruise moving platforms are introduced. The enhanced performance of the proposed methods is investigated through numerical simulations. The results indicate improvement in the number of acquired GNSS satellites, in heavy jamming (GNSS denied) scenario, by reconstructing and acquiring at least 87% of satellites.