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Planetary Science has been revealing more and more facts over the last half century how apparently chance events led to the ideal environment for life to evolve to humans and allows them to develop science. This implies that the purpose of creation includes the emergence of intelligent life who can reveal the secrets of the creation process and the creator’s motivation. Discoveries in planetary science provide some of the simplest and persuasive examples of Intelligent Design.

Nowadays, interdisciplinary research has become mainstream research in the scientific field. We learned that none of the existing things could survive nor develop without reciprocal relationships with others. Science can also develop in the same manner. In this 1st ICHJA conference, I would like to share two recent research topics: 1) the development of bone anabolic reagents in the basic study and 2) the happiness level-based cancer marker search in saliva to show that interdisciplinary research is a key to proceeding the medical and dental field of work.

Due to economic demands to further increase the efficiency of mechanical components, it is essential to exploit the full potential of the fatigue restoration mechanism. Restoration of fatigue strength of the used mechanical components is as like the rejuvenation of the human organism. Basic experimental studies on the restoration of rotary bending fatigue (RBF) and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength showed that nearly 75% of fatigued specimens were restored by UNSM to more than 100% fatigue cycles of new test specimens. The fatigue strength of the used large-size (more than 500 mm in diameter) rolling bearings for the steel mills and cement industry was restored by UNSM, which showed similar performance in terms of function and service life. The fatigue strength of the corroded fatigue test specimens of Al alloy for aircraft structure was also restored by UNSM. It showed that the average service life of the restored corroded specimens was longer than the average service life of the uncorroded new specimens. This study reviews the fatigue restoration studies and introduces a research plan to shed light on the fatigue strength restoration mechanism which is expected to introduce a new perspective and paradigm to solve these issues.

To regulate and prevent global warming, companies in each country participate in carbon emission reduction through technological development such as resource and energy saving. As a result, companies need substantial resource reduction, such as recycling and reusing materials, parts, and equipment. In particular, in companies in critical industries where expensive components are used, remanufacturing-related technology development is being carried out. Remanufacturing is to dismantle and disassemble aged equipment or discarded products due to long-term use, replace and re-process the degraded parts through cleaning, inspection, and diagnosis of features, and then reassembling to show performance close to that of a new product. It refers to a series of processes made because remanufactured products reuse a large part of the production factors used to produce new products, and costs can be reduced. The cost of manufacturing remanufactured products can be reduced by 40 ~ 65% compared to creating new products. It can also contribute to zero carbon and climate temperature reduction of the earth. This paper describes the development process of remanufacturing technology for large bearings used in steel rolling lines, and the analysis of economic savings effects through remanufactured bearings is discussed.

This paper introduces the selected Korea R&D project on “Service life extension and restoration of Al 7XXX alloys by nanocrystal surface modification systems” this year. The final goal is to develop a portable UNSM device and process technology using ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technology. It is intended to solve the problem of corrosion and corrosion-fatigue of aluminum alloys used in aircraft structures. A portable surface strengthening device of other technologies has already been developed. However, it was necessary to develop a portable type product of the UNSM technology, which has strengths in improving compressive residual stress, corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. There was also a demand from global aircraft manufacturers. Through this development, we plan to advance into the MRO service of aircraft manufacturers and the maintenance/repair of domestic military aircraft and KAI. We expect a sustainable economy and development by contributing to resource saving.

Recently, many issues have arisen due to battery fires. In the Battery Management System (BMS), a system for protecting an existing battery, the voltage of the battery was measured by physically connecting each battery cell and the MCU. However, if a battery voltage operating at up to 1,000 volts incorrectly affects a control board operating at 5–24 V, the control part of BMS would fall into an inoperable state, and in severe cases, Stable BMS operation would be required to lead to a battery fire. Previous studies proposed and designed an indirect measurement technology that physically isolates the battery and control unit. The battery indirect measurement technology in previous studies confirmed that the battery cell monitoring value changed significantly according to changes in the external environment. Accordingly, in this paper, accurate measurement results even in changes in the external environment were studied on the environment.If an accurate value is not derived from the battery monitoring system, the battery may be overcharged or overdischarged during operation of the battery system, and thus the battery system may not ensure an accurate operation, causing a problem such as battery explosion. In addition, battery state data values, such as State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH), and the like, may cause malfunction of the battery system, causing confusion to the user. In this paper, the reference voltage Ref of the low drop out (LDO) is in the same circuit as the circuit that measures the existing battery cell voltage to move to change characteristics such as external environmental changes.A parallel compensation circuit was proposed to operate as an LED, an algorithm that could accurately read a battery cell voltage even in a change in an external environment was presented based on the circuit, and the algorithm was presented to have an accurate result, and a stable operation result was ensured with an error within 5 mV.

This study examines the Victory over Communism (VOC) movement that the Unification Movement led until the fall of the Soviet Union. Investigating this international movement, the research focuses on how the same VOC movement operated similarly or differently in two distinct national settings of South Korea and the United States. Specifically, we examine coalition strategies of the VOC movement with its respective government. We collected archival data for the VOC movement and conducted interviews with former VOC activists in both countries. Our findings show similarities and differences in the ways in which each VOC movement collaborated with its government. Their similarities are: 1) Both VOC movements were able to build a more cooperative relationship with a particular administration when a president had a strong desire to defeat communism. 2) Both movements contributed to a government’s anti-communism initiative by offering the most needed resources for each government at the time. Their differences are: 1) The coalition relationship was more independent in the U.S. VOC movement than in the Korean movement, presumably due to the different social and political contexts of a democratic country versus an authoritarian state. 2) Relatedly, the coalition type was different with the Korean movement forming a “linking coalition” of a vertical network with the government, as opposed to the U.S. movement establishing a “bridging coalition” of a horizontal network with its government.

The value of Chasity, Purelove or Absolute Sex is crucial in Unification Movement. Marital love is located at the center of the ideal of true family in the teachings of Family Federation for World Peace and Unity, and this marital love is maintained through chastity before marriage and fidelity after marriage. Since sexual purity is an important value of the FFWPU, the Purelove movement is one of the many social movements developed by the FFWPU. The purpose of this study is to review activities of ‘Korea Youth Purelove Movement’ and suggest policy implication of the movement. I chose ‘Korea Youth Purelove Movement’ as a case, since the Founder of FFWPU used the KYPM for providential reasons on the importance of youth chastity based on Unification Principle and Unification Thought. In addition, KYPM is one of the places where the Founder’s ideology of Purelove met with public. Therefore, this KYPM’s activities are organically linked to the establishment of department of Pure Love and the development of ‘Pure Love Studies’ Also, I reckon there are still KYPM has contributions left in the school-based sex education in Korea. This study reviews the contents of activities of the KYPM in the three dimensions of structure, culture, and teacher-student interaction derived from previous research. It also suggests a direction of future activities as a venue that can apply Purelove studies to real life. Previous studies on the subject of Purelove studies have been developed at the general level. They researched the academic definition of Purelove on the Unification Thought and the Founder’s teachings. Some studies have applied its practical application. More concrete and specified researches in the field of Purelove should be conducted.􀀅 In particular, compared to international research trends, Purelove is devalued as an outdated value linked to patriarchy in the research of school-based sex education. Purelove needs to be thoroughly studied and given meaning again as a value that establishes the safety and health of adolescents.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of heart in the Essential of Unification Thought. Unification Thought views “Sim-Jung or heart” as the most essential part of God's attributes and defines heart as 'the emotional impulse to seek joy through love'. On the other hand, in Korean culture, ‘Sim-Jung’ is ‘an emotion or emotion that cannot be expressed in words that occurs inside a person’. However, there are conflicting interpretations among scholars of the Family Federation of Korea regarding the applicability of the doctrine and the texts of Rev. Sun Myung Moon in the Family Federation of the concept of heart in Unification Thought. One of them is the view that it is connected to the meaning of heart commonly used in Korean culture, pointing out that the concept of heart that appears in the texts and doctrines of the Family Federation is not interpreted as the heart of Unification Thought. On the other hand, from a different angle, some say that Shim-Jung in Unification Thought should be understood as “an identity that fundamentally defines God’s original image,” rather than viewing it as a specific one among the various forms of simple Heart. Therefore, this thesis saw that it is necessary to study whether these two concepts are completely different and independent concepts, how they are related to each other, and what meaning Shimjung is used in the Family Federation. To this end, we looked at how Simjung was used in the Family Federation using autonomous linguistics and cognitive linguistic methods.In addition, as a result of synthesizing and logically organizing the concept of heart described in Unification Thought, it could be divided into four types. The first type is Sim-jung or heart of an unbearable urge to love and to have the object of love, and this also includes the meaning of a more internal nature than God's internal nature. The second type is Sim-jung or heart in a relationship in which love is given and joy is obtained through the object of love. The third type is Sim-jung or heart in a relationship where love cannot be given or received when the object of love is lost or cannot stand in the position of the object. The fourth is of Sim-jung or heart wanting to regain the object of love. According to this type, the use of heart was classified in the texts of Rev. Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja Han Han. As a result of the above, it was concluded that the concept of Heart of the Family Federation is a higher level concept than the concept of Heart understood in Korean culture, and accordingly, the concept of Heart commonly used in Korean culture is human heart, which originated in the heart of God.

Even before emerging churches were of interest and settled, the COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed the situation of the Korean church. House churches that embrace the characteristics of emerging churches have been forced to emerge. Of course, even before Corona, house churches existed as "small churches within a church" rather than as independent house churches, but the corona pandemic became a stimulus for the revitalization of house churches. This paper is a study to suggest ways to overcome the crisis of the church, which is aggravated by postmodern culture and the COVID-19 pandemic, which is aggravated by distancing, non-face-to-face, individualism, and weakening of the sense of community. House church worship that combines the ecclesiology and pastoral style of emerging churches was proposed as an option.

In medicine, we hope to realize a peaceful world based on the latest scientific evidence and full of creativity to protect people's health, but in the world, there are still various conflicts among nations, races, politics, and religions, and poverty and disease are still prevalent. In order to solve all these problems, it is important that the Divine Character of God dwells within the family. In other words, "parental love" must become the core of the "family relationship," and the family consciousness must become one, centering on the subconscious with spiritual awareness. I present the following three steps derived from the treatment theory based on Unification Medical-Psychological Science in order to build a parent-child relationship that meets the creation purpose. Step 1 (Origin): Each individual clarifies the goal of completing the family. Step 2 (Division): The couple realizes the reality that men and women are not the same in nature. Step 3 (Union): The couple becomes one, and complete in the image of God. Through the above process, the "Creation of a family environment" will be created and become the foundation for world peace.

There are needs of alternative and complementary medicine to reduce severity of depression and secondary constipation. Biological marker of depression is a low level of Serotonin. Its function is to elevate mood and increase sympathetic function. Lexapro is one of the commonly used medications for depression. Its mechanism selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. It increases the low level of serotonin. One of the possible side effects of Lexapro is constipation. Due to effects of Lexapro on the intestines to reduce its function, constipation happens as secondary. Acupuncture has been known as musculoskeletal treatment including low back pain. Some articles address its effects in psychiatric and gastrointestinal including serotonin level and peristalsis on the intestinal tract. Body & Brain yoga exercises (BB) and acupuncture treatment might be helpful for reducing both depression severity and possible side effects of medications, including constipation. The BB yoga protocol includes exercises and breathing for increasing intestinal movements and abdominal temperature. The intestinal movements help to excrete the waste and toxins from the intestines and to enhance the functions of internal organs. Through the vagus nerve, this change can deliver signals to the brain stem to induce the secretion of serotonin in the brain. Combination of BB yoga and acupuncture might be helpful for reducing depression severity and secondary constipation by stimulation of intestines, part of brains.

Since the basis of treatment is to normalize the bad point, diagnosis tends to look for the bad point. The author focused on the fact that the human mind prefers to be praised for its good points rather than pointed out its bad points, and applied it to the diagnosis and treatment of physical symptoms. In other words, if there are several bad spots, leave them as they are. Then, by looking for a good point and concentrating my consciousness and qi there, I observed the change in symptoms.

The WHO African Region is severely affected with 3.4% of adult population living with HIV. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a country experiencing recurrent armed conflicts for two decades and where sexual viole nce has been used as a weapon of war by terrorist militia groups, the HIV prevalence is estimated to be 1.2-6%. T o our knowledge, there is no recent scientific reports on the scope of HIV infection in Congolese teenage school students. This research p roject comprised two studies: a knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey on HIV/AIDS prevention conducted in schools and comm unities, and a 12-month prospective observational study conducted in voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centers in two Congolese provinces, Kinshasa and Kongo centr al. We assessed the knowledge and practices regarding preventive measures for sexual transmission of HIV infection, and searched to determine behavioral, sociocultural, and faith-based factors associated with HIV/AIDS KAPs and HIV seropositivity. In the HIV/AIDS KA P s u r v e y , 59.8% o f the 3,869 participants were females (41.2% of males) , 55.4% were teenage school students. Mean age of the participants was 18.3 (+/- 5.2) years; 58% of school students lacked appropriate knowledge on the 6 highrisk behaviors for HIV infection. Overall, “forced sex history” was reported by 28.7% of participants, including 42.2% of teenage school stu dents; of them, 50.8% of forced sex incidents occurred at age < 15 years. Overall HIV positive test rate was 11.1% (10.7% in school stude nts); it was 11.5% in conventional Christian communities (catholic, protestant), 12.9% in participants from liberal Christian/spiritual communities, 12.5% in Muslims, 0% in those from Unificationist community and 12.3% in non-believers. In p r o s p e c t i v e observational study, of the 506 subjects tested there were 2.8% of positive HIV tests (3.2% in school students. In the KAP survey, HIV ser opositivity was positively associated with gender (OR=1.46 (0.5); p<0.05), age of first sex (OR=1.79 (0.6); p<0.01 and history of forced se x (OR=1.59 (0.3); p<0.05); and it was inversely associated with knowledge on risk behaviors for HIV/AIDS (OR=1.97 (0.4); p<0.01) and “religious affiliation (nonconventional vs conventional Christian; OR=1.91 (0.1); p<0.05). In VCT centerbased prospective observational study, HIV seropositivity was positively associated with age (OR=1.47 (0.2); p<0.05) and occupation (sch ool students vs. others; OR=2.57(0.2); p<0.05). Findings from this research project showed that forced sex and religious affiliation are associated with HIV seropositivity in Congolese teenage school students. It is imperative to improve HIV awareness and implem ent school-based health and moral education program targeting the major local risk behaviors.

Modern medicine is about to reach a new historical turning point. Western medicine has developed by subdividing the human body and scientifically analyzing it at the cellular and genetic levels. However, Western medicine has been unable to overcome "aging," and has been forced to change direction from "medical treatment to cure" to "medical treatment to support," and from "life extension" to "quality of life (QOL). And now, Japan, the world's largest super-aging country, is about to enter a society of unprecedented proportions, and the world is watching to see how Japan will overcome this predicament. Against this context, a new movement is promoting home medical care. Home medical care is holistic, providing not only medical care but also support for family, social, and spiritual issues surrounding the patient, and can advocate a new value system that provides total management to better the patient's life until the end of life. It also has the aspect of an academic opportunity to consider the ideal way to send patients out into the spiritual world. Based on the clinical experience of home medical care, I will discuss its attractiveness and potential from the viewpoint of unification medicine.

Heavy elements, heavier than lithium-7, are synthesized through stellar evolution. One of the important research subjects in nuclear astrophysics is to study how the elements in the universe, which consist of our environment including ourselves, are synthesized through stellar evolution. In the present extended abstract, we review our recent works on a theoretical framework to estimate the reaction rate of radiative alpha capture on carbon-12 in the red giant stars. We construct an effective field theory, which is based on the methodology of quantum field theory, for the process, and apply the method to the study of nuclear reactions related to the radiative alpha capture on carbon-12. We discuss the significance of our results and the foresight of the application of the theoretical framework to other nuclear reactions in stellar evolution.

Streptomycetaceae family genomes contain a higher number of CYP genes as compared to other bacterial species. Especially, the CYP105 family is widely distributed and involved in biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites and modification of structurally associated xenobiotics. Here, we identified CYP105D17 associated with the predicted lanthipetide biosynthesis gene cluster from Streptomyces laurentii. The actual function of the gene cluster is still unknown, and CYP105D17 showed 81.8% identity with already characterized CYP105D18 from the same strain. The molecular weight of the protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE to be ≈ 49 kDa. CYP105D17 also catalyzed the N-oxidation of papaverine in the presence of co-substrate (Hydrogen peroxide) H2O2 like CYP105D18. The optimum rate of papaverine N-oxide conversion by CYP105D17 was in the presence of 20 mM H2O2. Kinetic analysis for papaverine N-oxidation showed Km and Kcat values 302 ± 33 μM and 1.6 ± 0.08 min -1, respectively. The catalytic efficiency of CYP105D18 for papaverine N-oxidation was 0.31 sec- 1 μM-1. The structural model of CYP105D17 was generated using 7DLS as a template. Papaverine was buried in the complete hydrophobic core in CYP105D18. T239 was involved in the active site of CYP105D17 and Val231 was replaced with Ileu231 from CYP105D18. CYP105D18 was able to catalyze testosterone while CYP105D17 was unable despite the high structural similarity. Even with the high similarity with CYP105D18, CYP105D17 possesses low H2O2 tolerance and low catalytic efficiency towards papaverine N-oxidation. This provides insight into the biochemical properties, substrate preference, and detailed structural comparison of more closely related proteins.

Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide that is abundantly present in nature. Its presence in cells as several effects, especially because it acts as a natural defender of proteins and membranes. It utilized in food, cosmetics, and medications because of its excellent water retention properties. Following its esterification with fatty acids of different chain lengths, trehalose has also been shown to have anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and antiinflammatory properties. Trehalose plays a structural part in the bacterial cell wall’s adaptive reactions to stressors including osmotic variations high temperature. Additionally, it was proposed that when bacterial cells are exposed to harsh environment challenges such as heat, cold, desiccation, or reactive oxygen species, these organisms biosynthesize high concentrations of both intra- and extracellular trehalose to help them to survive. Therefore, we analyzed Variovorax sp. PAMC28711 isolate from Antarctica, which was predicted by bioinformatics tools (RAST, Prokka, KEGG, CGView Server, and MetaCyc) to predict the enzymes involved in the different pathways of trehalose production. Furthermore, TLC analysis was carried out to characterize various trehalose biosynthesis pathways. According to the findings, it revealed that our polar bacteria Variovorax sp. PAMC28711 have potential to produce trehalose through three (OtsA/B, TS, and TreY/Z) pathways. We anticipate that this strain could be of potential use for manufacturing trehalose in the industrial scale.

Recently, microorganism studies increases have provided potential applications and challenges for all organisms. Understanding how the microorganisms' diverse metabolisms have an essential effect on other organisms is crucial. Isolated bacteria from cold environments and has the potential to play various roles at low temperatures. The genetic pattern analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in isolated bacteria from cold environments can help to determine how they adapt and survive in extreme environments. In a genome sequence-based, this study provides insights into the diversity of redundant patterns of CAZyme for finding new compounds and active enzymes that can endure the cold environment of microbial. Genome-wide comparisons confirmed that AA3, AA4, CE1, CE4, CE9, CE14, GH3, GH13, GH23, GT2, GT4, GT51, and CBM48 families of CAZyme were highlighted from isolated bacteria genomes from the cold environment. The CAZyme pattern of cold environment microbial can infer that energy is obtained from polysaccharides found in crustaceans, algae, and grasses in cold environments, such as glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin. These overall results explained the genome sequence based CAZyme pattern analysis of cold environment microbial. The most visible patterns were groups of enzymes that could degrade the main components of a fungal cell wall or the shell components of crustaceans. Thus, in this study provides a way for isolated bacteria from a cold environment to utilize polysaccharide or carbohydrate degradation as an energy source to generate energy in cold environments and provides a foundation for understanding survival adaptation mechanisms under cold adaption.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is a “geological scandal.” It is one of the richest country in the world. Its reserve in minerals is estimated to 24 trillion USD dollars without taking into consideration its national parks and its rivers. Yet paradoxically, the DRC is classified among the poorest country in the world. It has failed to take off economically. As the country strives to take off, it relies heavily on the exploitation of its natural resources with a corollary of environmental degradation. This paper will briefly highlight some of the background, analyses and critiques of the EKC theory. It will then attempt to apply the theory to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We shall look at two key sectors, namely the mining and forestry sectors. The objective is to see if we can confirm the EKC hypothesis and see if a preliminary conclusion can be drawn about the connection between income and environmental quality in the DRC. The paper gives some recommendations.

The global scientific and policy community has agreed that climate change is already a reality. Poverty in Africa has worsened since the climate change debate started and now more than 100 million facing a cute water, food and nutritional crisis. The continent is at risk due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture and donor support for more than three decades. Farmers in Africa routinely engage in the practice for subsistence, rather than agribusiness. Environmental degradation associated with unregulated land use, drought, and inadequate safety net policies has negatively impacted vulnerable communities and hence difficulties to achieve the SDGs goals and objectives of poverty reduction. In this paper, we shall be examining, how climate change has affected the poor in Africa with objective of advocating for pro-poor policy that will enhance their adaptability, social transformation and resilience. Previous studies and experience on the effect of climate change suggests that the best way to address climate change impacts on the poor is by integrating adaptation responses into development planning. Such development programming can be easily promoted in the poor environment rather than relocating them. Poor people in African can be categorized into three classes: -1) rural poor directly connected to their natural environment and its resources, 2) urban poor directly depending on the labour skills, 3) women because of their extreme burdens. We shall share the experience gained through literature reviews and scholarly observations in communities in Africa. In order to carry out the purpose of this study, the effect of climate on the poor in Africa was examined in relation to water, energy, food, shelter, governance, institutions, and infrastructures. It is argued that climate effect on the poor in Africa impact most the rural poor and women because of their high exposure. This calls for honest debates, discussions and pro-poor policy on climate change adaption in order to support a multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary and multifaceted approaches to drive adaptability, social transformation and resilience of the poor.

COVID-19 pandemic is impacting environmental, socioeconomic and health determinants worldwide. Accor ding to a recent WHO’s report, 90% of world population are annually exposed to high air pollutants levels, which impairs cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic health in humans, causing approximately 4.2 million premature deaths. Airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5m (PM2.5), which exerts severe toxic effects in the respiratory tract. Exposure to ambient air pollution (AAP) increases sensitivity to certain respiratory pathogens. Furthermore, coron avirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can induce metabolic disorders such as diabetes, a condition known as high risk factor for severe COVID-19. This study explored the associations between COVID-19 epidemiological indicators, atmospheric PM2.5 and metabolic disorders among 38 countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Freely accessible and anonymous databases from WHO, “Our World in Data” and OECD website were used and analyzed with the use of Stata statistical software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for regional comparisons in regard to outcome variables (case fatality rate (CFR) and years of life lost due to COVID-19 (YLLs)), whereas multiple regression and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine country-level predictors of COVID-19 fatality in 2020. Mean population was 35,875,100 (+/-9,641,900) for a mean GDP per capita of 40,246.5 (+/-23,826.9) USD; there were 1,559,488 (+/-4,253,585) COVID-19 cases reported and 43,579.5 (+/-19,386) deaths for a CFR of 2.12 (1.3)% and YLLs of 566.8 (556.3) per 100,000. Mean annual atmospheric PM2.5 and NOx were relatively high, 13.3 (6.2) and 6,033 (1,331.9) g/m3. Overweight and obese population rate was 60.1 (3.7)%, and diabetes prevalence rate, 6.9 (0.4)%. In the multivariate regression analysis, rate of overweight and obese population (p<0.05) and diabetes prevalence (p<0.01) were positively associated with CFR, whereas the latter was positively associated with PM2.5 (OR=1.68 (1.6); p<0.05) and diabetes prevalence (OR=1. 98 (1.5); p<0.01) in the logistic regression analysis. COVID-19 YLLS were associated with diabetes prevalence onl y (OR=1.4 (0.2); p<0.05). There is need for an integrated preventive approach that also includes targeting AAP an d metabolic diseases in order to reduce COVID-19 fatality worldwide.

The digital architecture in which data is siphoned to Europe and the US creates a situation in which Africa is not in control over sovereign decision-making relating to the health of its citizens and cannot access the data that pertain to its subjects as a resource for information, knowledge and development. Methods: The study was carried out using a case study approach with four health facilities in Kenya, to help identify the contribution of the FAIR data concept to producing a sustainable outcome for health data management in Kenya, while also discussing the potential challenges that may need to be overcome to realize the full potential of FAIR data for a sovereign management of the health data in Kenya. Expected finding is for this article to present the experience of reversing this trend by using guidelines to make data Findable, Accessible (under well-defined conditions), Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) as a basic architecture in health data. The data is created and held in the facility where the data is produced under the regulatory framework of the county and national state jurisdiction. This delivers a resource in which the data remains as an asset for the health facility, both in terms of providing improved health care as well as contributing to other use of the data. The discussion features the economic aspect of this data also is geared towards where the data is produced in Africa to generate (self-)employment and benefits in Africa.

A large portion of South Africa’s Black population remains restricted by intergenerational education and economic disadvantages. Just 10% of Black individuals have a high value qualification, and poverty is a daily threat for 76% of South Africans. This risk is greatest among the Black population. In the face of adversity, private transfers between family members are important in the provision of economic and social security. Media discourse on “black tax” has highlighted the responsibilities that individuals face to financially support their family networks. The term typically refers to financial contributions that Black professionals are expected to make to less fortunate family members. While young white South Africans might enter the labor market with generational wealth and additional support from their parents, young Black South Africans face an additional “tax” on their income in the form of support offered to their families. The term, however, is contentious. A recently published book of essays on the topic, which delves into the lived experiences of the book’s contributors and their kin, queries whether black tax is a “burden or Ubuntu”. The contributors’ stories are testament to the prevalence of private networks of support, although opinions vary about whether “black tax” is a burden or ubuntu. The word ubuntu, common to many indigenous languages and cultures in South Africa, literally translates as ‘humanity’, but encompasses the idea that “I am because you are and since we are, therefore I am”. My humanity is inextricably bound up in yours. We belong to a bundle of life. A person is a person through other persons. It largely speaks to concern for others and/or community wellbeing, which can in turn govern solidarity, mutual exchange and reciprocity. It is against this culture of humanity that opponents of the term “black tax” advocate for terms such as “collective family responsibility” instead Economic development is the creation by which the economic wellbeing and quality of life of a nation, region, local community or individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives. Individuals earn income from which savings are made and subsequently invested, expanding income earning bracket, leading to prosperity. Ubuntu concept is critical rallying spirit of social integration and cohesion in black Africa without economic blue print. Ubuntu promotes high percentage of dependents compromising savings. A unifying spirit across the continent under different names including; “Ujamaa” in Tanzania, “Harambee” in Kenya, “Teranga” in Senegal, and “Gada” in Ethiopia. The concept develops the internality (inner person) at the expense of externality (economic wellbeing). The integration of the Internality and externality results in the holistic, leading to Interdependance, Mutual prosperity and Universal values.

Land degradation is a significant challenge facing human beings in farming production and sustainable development. Proven strategies for the rehabilitation of degraded areas are urgently needed before circumstances become irreversible. Diverse forms of restorations have been commonly practiced to rehabilitate and restore degraded lands and other environmental problems. The aim of this study was to review the perceived and actual socio-economic benefits and challenges of restoring degraded lands. Rehabilitation interventions affected livelihoods positively by producing more forage for animals, wood products, and cash income through small-scale microenterprises and sale of forest products as well as avoidance of economic losses sue to soil degradation. However, biophysical and institutional challenges, lack of clear and negotiated benefit-sharing mechanisms are the main limiting factors for sustainability. These constraints primarily call for the need to have practical and interactive community participation and involvement of the private sector in restoration projects. Immense examples in Africa, China, Australia, Europe and South Korea exhibit the power to enhance or deter development when restoration of degraded lands is take seriously or otherwise. Hence effective restoration strategies accompanied by active involvement of the local communities and strengthening their subsequent management system is indispensable. Sustaining the positive impacts of restoration requires negotiating goals among stakeholders, developing contextualized management plan, enhancing economic returns beyond the restoration phase, and defining clear and negotiated by-laws.

The role diasporas in the development processes in the countries of origin has received significant attention in the academic and policy debates on the migration and development-nexus. In Africa, diaspora remittances have surpassed Official Development Assistance (ODA) and currently competing with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in terms of volumes, consistency and reliability, motives, mode of implementation and envisioned development outcomes in postcolonial Africa. African Diaspora remittances continue to serve as a major source of foreign exchange and, has acted as a buffer during economic crisis including recent impact of Covid 19 by playing an important safety net role for the most vulnerable populations. In some African countries, remittances have also emerged as a major share of the GDP compared to the main economic activities such as tourism, and resource exports. The significant socio-economic effects generated by diaspora remittances notwithstanding global economic crises, and the diasporas’ ability to function in parallel to donor agencies in mitigating development challenges in the countries of origin, therefore, gives the impetus to explore the extent to which the remittances by the African diasporas could be leveraged to spur development in Africa beyond aid. The call to rethink Africa’s development beyond aid is also underscored by the history of Africa’s experiences with development aid and its outcomes 60 years on. Contrasted with the US Marshall plan for the reconstruction of Europe after the second world war, concerns have been raised about why aid is not working in Africa. What is different and what underpins this difference and indifference in the case of development aid in Africa and its outcomes? What kind of development intervention models would best serve Africa in its trajectory of development ? An attempt is made in this paper to address these questions through juxtaposition and critical analysis of the features of Africa diaspora remittances and development aid.

A ‘paradigm shift,’ firstly introduced by Thomas Kuhn in 1962, is a widely known concept that when a leading scientific paradigm (normal science) is no longer able to explain new phenomena, a new paradigm arises to replace the old perspective. Theology also experiences a similar shift. Since any theology develops in communication with the spirit of the age, culture, and ultimate concerns in life, theology continuously changes as the times change, and especially when revelation as the source of theology is newly given or a new way of interpreting it is risen, theology goes through a big change that might well be called a theological paradigm shift. ‘The Holy Community of Heavenly Parent’ (otherwise known as the Unification Church) has been experiencing huge changes. The founder Rev. Dr. Sun Myung Moon passed away in 2012 and the co-founder and his wife Dr. Hak-Ja Han Moon has recently led the entire community. Before Rev. Moon passed on, Unification theology had mainly been formed by his words, but ever since the co-founder Dr. Han’s words have been highlighted as the new revelation for theology. This means not only that the revelation as the source of the Unification theology is newly given, but also that a theological context that influences ways of interpreting the words is changing from ‘the only begotten son’ centeredness to ‘the only begotten daughter’ centeredness. Dr. Han’s proclaiming herself to be the only begotten daughter acted importantly in this process. This paper aims to grasp a theological paradigm shift centered on the proclamation of the only begotten daughter and to reveal its meanings. By analyzing some differences between the only begotten son-centered theology to the only begotten daughter-centered theology. this paper tries to provide a complementary point of view to understand where and how the Unification theology evolves.