Earticle

In this study, we investigated the effect of solid culture medium on the production of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris. The regression equation was expressed as follows: Y1= 755.3-58.6625X1+4.79432E-14X2-46.6625X3-5.66269E-14X1X2- 0.025X1X3+1.62475E-14X2X3-160.6625X1 2+0.0125X2 2-206.9625X3 2, where, Y represents the value of cordycepin content (μg/g), X1 corresponds to the weight of M. alternatus in solid culture medium (g/bottle), X2 to the water content of the solid culture medium (%), and X3 to the culture period (day). The solid culture medium was optimized using the response surface methodology, and the optimal medium composition was as follows: the weight of M. alternatus in solid culture medium and water content were 16.2% and 100.7% (20.14 mL water/20 g solid culture medium), respectively, with a culture period of 39 days. Under these conditions, the cordycepin content of the fruiting bodies reached 150.0 μg/g (actual value). The supplementation of M. alternatus in solid culture for improved cordycepin content of C. militaris seems to be a promising alternative to wild and solid cultivation.

미래 전장의 전쟁수행 역량은 AICBMS(AI, Cloud, Bigdata, Mobile, Security)라 일컫는 4차 산업혁명의 차세대 기술을 적 용하여 혁신적인 국방력을 확보할 수 있는가에 달려 있다 해도 과언이 아니다. 또한, 미래의 군 작전환경은 네트워크를 기반 으로 모든 무기체계가 하나의 통합된 정보통신망 내에서 실시간으로 전장정보를 상호공유하며 작전을 수행하게 되는 네트워 크 중심전(NCW)으로 급변하고, 유·무인 복합전투체계 운용범위로 확대되고 있다. 특히, 초고속, 초연결성을 책임지는 통신 네 트워크는 여러 전투 요소를 연결하고 정보의 원활한 유통을 위해 높은 생존성과 다계층(국방 모바일, 위성, M/W, 유선) 네트 워크 기반의 전력 운용의 효율성을 요구한다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 제원이 고정된 기존의 단일매체, 단일경로 전송과는 달리, 가용한 통신 유무선 인프라 다매체를 동시 사용하여 통신량 폭주시 부하분산과 RNN(Recurrent Neural Networks) 알고 리즘을 이용한 인공지능 기반의 전송기술로 다매체다중경로(MMMP-Multi-Media Multi-Path) 적응적 네트워크 기술 개발하는 것이다.

The performance capability of the future battlefield depends on whether the next-generation technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, called ABCMS (AI, Bigdata, Cloud, Mobile, Security), can be applied to secure innovative defense ca pabilities It is no exaggeration to say. In addition, the future military operation environment is rapidly changing into a net work-oriented war (NCW) in which all weapon systems mutually share battlefield information and operate in real-time wi thin a single integrated information and communication network based on the network and is expanding to the scope of o peration of the manned and unmanned complex combat system. In particular, communication networks responsible for hig h-speed and hyperconnectivity require high viability and efficiency in power operation based on multi-tier (defense mobile, satellite, M/W, wired) networks for the connection of multiple combat elements and smooth distribution of information. Fro m this point of view, this study is different from conventional single-media, single-path transmission with fixed specificati ons, It is an artificial intelligence-based transmission technology using RNN (Recurrent Neural Networks) algorithm and lo ad distribution during traffic congestion using available communication wired and wireless infrastructure multimedia simult aneously and It is the development of MMMP-Multi-Media Multi-Path adaptive network technology.

4 commercial enzymes namely, Alcalase, Bromelain, Flavourzyme, Neutrase were used for hydrolysis of soy protein. Each obtained hydrolysate were evaluated as potential serum substituents. The degree of hydrolysis affected cell growth. Cell growth promoting effect was varied with the enzyme used. The soy protein hydrolysate prepare with Alcalse show the most significant effect on cell growth therefore it was used for following experiments. With various components which is used commonly used for serum free media, effective components were screened by using Plackett-Burman design. Insulin, hydrocortisone and soy protein hydrolysate were selected for further optimization. Determining optimal concentration for these three components was conducted by response surface method. The optimized serum free media showed significant cell growth supporting effect compared with commercial serum free media and IMDM supplemented with 5% FBS.

Whey based medium was optimized for the production of viable Lactobacillus crispatus KLB 46 isolated from the vagina of Korean women. Among the various nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, beef extract, and proteose peptone no. 3 supplemented to whey, beef extract showed the highest viable cell production. The addition of Tween 80 to the whey based medium increased viable cell concentration. As beef extract supplementation is not economically attractive, corn steep liquor was added as a supplementary nitrogen sources. When corn steep liquor was supplied with beef extract with the ratio 5：1, the viable cell count was 3.11 × 109 CFU/mL. Also, the addition of mineral salts containing sodium acetate (5 g/L), potassium phosphate dibasic (2 g/L), magnesium sulfate (0.1 g/L) and manganese sulfate (0.05 g/L) to the whey medium increased viable cell count further (5.00 × 109 CFU/mL).

B otryococcus braunii has an outstanding ability to produce hydrocarbon. However, it is a slow-growing green microalga. Statistical optimization for growth media was performed for a faster growth and for a higher concentration of hydrocarbon. The effect of media composition on the growth of B otryococcus brauni LB572 was examined using fractional factorial design(FFD) and central composite (CCD). The media components examined include sodium carbonate, potassium phosphate, calcuim chloride, magnesium sulphate, ferric citrate, and sodium nitrate. All the cultures were cultivated under 5% CO2 balanced with 95% air and under 50 μE/m2s of light intensity. The results indicated that potassium phosphate and magnesium sulphate were major factors. The optimum concentrations of potassium phosphate and magnesium sulphate were found to be 0.058 and 0.09 g/L, respectively, for growth and 0.083 and 0.1 g/L, respectively, for hydrocarbon production. The growth-optimized media was able to support two times higher cell concentration and 1.5 times faster growth rate. The hydrocarbon production with hydrocarbon-optimized media also showed an enhanced production than that with original BG-11 medium.

The hydrated gel hyaluronic acid (HA) comprises repeating units of glucuronic acid and N- acetylglucosamine. HA production has a lot of significance in the present day scenario owing to its clinical applications. Fermentative optimization is carried out in two steps. Statistical optimization of media components for the production of HA using Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was studied using a mutant strain Streptococcus zooepidemicus 3523-7. Initial optimization was carried out using L27 - orthogonal array. The significance of each factor with respect to HA production was identified using Taguchi design (Glucose, Yeast extract, K2HPO4, NaH2PO4, NaCl, NH4Cl, 1M MgSO4 and Trace metal mix (TMM)) and the productivity was increased 1.34 folds (738 to 988 mg/L) over native production medium. The outcome of Taguchi results indicates the glucose, yeast extract, K2HPO4 and NH4Cl are most influencing factors in the production of HA. Final optimization was carried out using RSM (Central Composite Rotatable Design) and the production was significantly enhanced to 1.4 folds (988 to 1386 mg/L). For the first time statistical optimization was carried out using a mutant strain Streptococcus zooepidemicus 3523-7 and high yield (1386 mg/L) of HA was achieved.

Fibrinosis, platelet aggregation and thrombosis were the leading hurdles in the patients alleged from myocardial infarction and stroke. Various nutritional factors were influencing the production of multifunctional recombinant staphylokinase variant (Msak – RGD – Hirulog) from salt inducible E.coli GJ1158, which was constructed in our lab. One-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the constituents like carbon and nitrogen sources for the best medium composition. Initial optimization was carried out by using L27 - orthogonal array method. The significance of each factor with respect to MRH production was identified by Taguchi (Dextrose Mono Hydrate (DMH), Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, TMM, NH4Cl, Yeast extract and 1M MgSO4) and the specific fibrinolytic activity was increased 1.34 folds (20,058 to 22,763 U/mL). The outcome of taguchi results indicates the dextrose mono hydrate, yeast extract, Na2HPO4 and KH2PO4 are influencing in the production of MRH. Final optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (Central Composite Rotatable Design) and the activity of MRH was significantly enchanced to 1.17 folds (22,763 to 26,758 U/mL). For the first time, cost effective media constituents for enhanced production (960 mg/L) of multi-functional MRH and its activity (26,758 U/mL) was studied.

In recent black yeast (Aureobasidium pullulans) have been known as microorganisms that produce a large amount of β-1,3-1,6-glucan (exopolysaccharides) and have been used for health foods and cosmetics for some time as a source of exopolysaccharides (EXPs)1). To achieve production of higher EXPs, we have optimized a media. EXPs were precipitated by using ethylalchol from the culture supernatant, after the culture medium was removed from the cell. The maximum glucan concentration was obtained after 80 hours at 30 ℃ and pH 4 using czapek medium. The best carbon source for EXPs is sucrose among six different carbon sources2). There was a distinguishable morphological change in mycelium grown between organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. Especially, organic nitrogen sources play an important role in a lot of EXPs production and morphological change3),4). To investigate the best nitrogen source, several nitrogen sources, namely extract of ashbya gossypii , beef extract, malt extract, corn steep powder, corn steep liquor, yeast extract and soytone peptone, were examined. As a result, extract of a. gossypii was good substitute to yeast extract as organic nitrogen source.

Different types of nutritional factors are influencing the production of recombinant staphylokinase variant from Msak - Hirulog pRSET-A GJ1158, which was constructed in our lab. The optimal conditions for the production of recombinant staphylokinase variant by using submerged fermentation at 370C for 6 hours after induction with 300 mM NaCl at flask level with a working volume of 100 ml. Initially, all nutritional factors were selected by one factor- at-a-time method. The significance of each factor with respect to recombinant staphylokinase production was identified by Taguchi (7 factors viz.,glucose, K2HPO4, TMM, KH2PO4, NH4Cl, yeast extract and MgSO4)and the enzymatic activity was increased remarkably by 1.32 folds compared to the test tube level (7580 to 10,081 U/mL). Based on taguchi results glucose, K2HPO4, TMM and KH2PO4 are the most influencing parameters. The outcome of taguchi design showed that the further optimization using response surface methodology (Central Composite Design) with 30 experiments increased the yield of 1.98 folds (10,081to 19,928 U/ml). For the first time we optimized the components concentration for enhanced production of sak variants and having maximum activity.

Lutein is presently produced from marigold. Its market is divided into food colorant, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and animal and fish feed. But mass culture of marigold need large land area and it is easily influenced by season and climate. Microalgae have received enormous interests as one of the most promising alternative source of lutein since they can be cultivated in bioreactors and thus are a continuous and reliable source of the product. In this study, one of the species of microalga, Chlorella vulgaris is used that can be a primary food source by providing high nutrition quality. Statistical optimization of growth media was performed for a higher concentration of lutein by C. vulgaris heterotrophically cultivated. The effect of media composition on the lutein concentration of C. vulgaris was examined using fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD). The results show that lutein productivity increased in lutein-optimized media. Although speculative, this result may prove the potential of C. vulgaris as a lutein source.

Neonatal diarrhea of pigs is caused by porcine Rota virus. Thus, the development of an optimum process for a safe and effective Rota virus vaccine is keenly required. For an effective vaccine, high virus titer is needed, and vaccine should be produced in a serum free medium for a safe vaccine. Therefore, the production of Rota virus vaccine was tried using MA104 cells in a serum free medium, and the kinetics of cell growth and optimum condition for Rota virus production were investigated. Maximum virus titer of 6.39x106 pfu/㎖ was achieved by the addition of 0.2% trypsin 20 / ㎕ ㎖ at infection time and 3㎕/ ㎖ during post-infection period, with MOI of 0.1, infection time of 3 day, harvest time of 3 day. Cell growth kinetics showed that the maximum cell density with serum containing medium(RPMI1640 with 3% FBS) was about 25% higher than that with serum free medium(VP-SFM). Thus two approach; Rota virus production in no-serum medium (MEM-a) and serum free medium(VP-SFM) were tried. The maximum virus titer of 6.75x106 pfu/㎖ was observed in no-serum medium, and titer of 6.39x106 pfu/㎖ in serum free media. The optimum production strategy will be discussed based on virus titer and operability of bioreactor, and optimum production conditions will be suggested.

With the continuous development of computer science and technology, image processing and analysis gradually form the scientific system. Although history of image processing is not long, it attracts many researchers study on it. Digital media image widely exists in many fields, such as education, video, advertisement, and so on. Process digital media image is an important part of image processing. When analyze the digital media image, we want to extract the image part we care from the original image and then method for image segmentation is quite important. That is to say that the image segmentation will divide the image into a number of regions with specific and unique nature. How to keep the original characteristics of the digital media image is quite important in the image segmentation. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for digital media image segmentation, and it is also can be used in the image processing. The algorithm is based on asynchronous particle swarm optimization algorithm to obtain the adaptive threshold; take the inertia factor into the algorithm, the optimal threshold has been acquired for the image segmentation. Compared with other particle swarm optimization algorithm, the algorithm has the advantages of stable, easy to converge to the optimal solution, and high segmentation speed.

Bacillus subtilis WB700에서 P43 프로모터를 사용하여 staphylokinase를 생산하기 위하여 배지 최적화 및 회분식 배양과 유가식 배양 두가지 시스템을 비교하였다. 여러 가지 질소원 중에서는 tryptone이 가장 좋은 질소원 이었으며, MSR 배지를 사용한 경우 tryptone 15 g/L일 경우에 최적조건임을 알아내었다. MSR 배지에서 포도당을 제한 기질로 사용할 경우는 5 g/L일 때가 SAK의 발현에 최적 조건이었다. MSR 배지를 기본으로 이용하여 포도당 공급을 조절함으로 서 발효조 내의 DO를 30%로 유지한 결과 오히려 MSR 배지를 이용하여 회분식 발효를 한 경우보다 좋지 못한 결과를 얻었으며, 이는 B. subtilis 숙주의 영양요구적 특이성과 P43 promoter의 stress 발생시 주 발현되는 특성 등에 기인한 것이라고 사료된다. MSR 배지를 이용하여 회분식 발효를 하였을 때 SAK 활성은 2880 unit이었고, 이때 배지 내로 분비된 SAK 농도는 455 mg/L이었다.

To produce staphylokinase (SAK) in B. subtilis WB700, media optimization was carried out and the operation of batch and fed-batch fermentation were compared. Tryptone is a good nitrogen source and its optimum concentration in modified super rich(MSR) media is 15 g/L. When glucose is used as a limiting carbon source in the MSR media, 5 g/L of an optimum glucose concentration was identified for the SAK production under the control of P43 promoter. As the expression of P43 promoter is controlled by the limitation of oxygen, the SAK production was controlled at the 30% DO level in the fed-batch fermentation. Unexpectedly, batch fermentation using MSR media showed 1.5 times higher yield of SAK than that of the fed-batch fermentation. The main cause of the results comes from not achieving higher cell concentration in the fed-batch fermentation and the optimum expression level of P43 promoter under oxygen or nutrient limitations. We could not achieve the increase in cell concentration by any means in batch culture as well as fed-batch culture. The highest yield in the batch culture was 2880 units of SAK activity and 455 mg/L of secreted SAK.

The media compositions and culture conditions were optimized for mycelial growth of Coriolus versicolor and Lentinus edodes. Media composition for optimal growth of Coriolus versicolor was 2.0% glucose 0.4% peptone and 0.6% yeast extract. Media composition for optimal growth of Lenttnus edodes was 2.0% glucose 2.0% starch 0.4% bacto-soytone and 0.6% yeast extract. The media supplemented with KH2PO4, 0.046% KH2PO4 0.1% and MgSO4, .7H2O 0.05% supported better mycelial growth than the media without mineral salts. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth ranged from 25℃-28℃. The optimum pH range for mycelial growth of Coriolus versicolor was 5.2~5.6 while that of Lentinus edodes appeared to be 5.75.

암모니아 가스는 환경오염 중 가장 피해가 큰 물질로 가축 뿐만 아니라 사람에게도 많은 피해를 준다. 본 연구의 목적은 Bacillus subtilis IB101을 이용하여 암모니아 가스의 제거효율이 좋은 조건과 최적으로 배양할 수 있는 생산배지의 최적화에 대하여 알아보는 것이다. 암모니아제거 효과가 우수한 균주인 B. subtilis IB101의 암모니아가스 제거 효능이 좋은 성장단계를 알아보았으며, 기본배지의 구성성분 중 (NH4)2SO4의 농도에 변화를 주어 각각 다른 (NH4)2SO4 농도의 배지에서 배양된 cell이 암모니아가스 제거에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 그리고 온도 및 pH에 따른 암모니아 가스 제거 효능의 최적조건을 알아보았다. B. subtilis IB101의 대량 배양을 위한 배지 조성을 얻기 위하여 Placket-Burman design과 one factor at a time method를 이용하여 기본배지의 구성성분의 영향에 대하여 살펴보고 최적의 배지조성을 알아보았다. Exponential phase 단계인 B. subtilis IB101을 접종한 것이 stationary phase 단계인 B. subtilis IB101을 접종한 것보다 암모니아 가스 제거 효율이 약 20% 정도 우수하였다. 30oC, pH 4의 배양조건에서 암모니아 가스 제거 효율이 가장 높았다. 기본 배지 구성성분 중 (NH4)2SO4의 농도의 변화에 따른 암모니아가스 제거 효율에는 영향이 없었다. 최적화된 배지의 구성성분은 yeast extract 10 g/l, soluble starch 2.5 g/l, MgSO4 6g/l, CaCl2 1.55 g/l, (NH4)2SO4 5 g/l, KH2PO4 0.75 g/l, 대두 분 8 g/l이었다.

Ammonia gas is one of the major pollutants which cause environmental pollution and damage to the human and the livestock. The objective of this study was to investigate the important parameters for the development of efficient removal of ammonia gas by Bacillius subtilis IB101 and to optimize the medium composition for the mass production of B. subtilis IB101. The ammonia gas removal efficiency was evaluated at different growth phases and by changing culture conditions (temperature, pH). The effect of (NH4)2SO4 concentration in preculture medium was examined. Medium optimization for the mass production of B. subtilis IB101 was performed by using Plackett-Burman design and one factor at a time method. The removal of ammonia gas was more efficient at exponential phase by 20% than at stationary phase. The ammonia gas removal was the highest at pH 4 and 30 oC. There was not any significant influence of concentration of (NH4)2SO4 on the removal of ammonia gas. The components of optimized medium for the production of viable Bacillus subtilis IB101 was yeast extract 10 g/l, soluble starch 2.5 g/l, MgSO4 6 g/l, CaCl2 1.55 g/l, (NH4)2SO4 5 g/l, KH2PO4 0.75 g/l, soy bean meal 8g/l.

최근 사물인터넷의 데이터가 대용량화됨에 따라 실시간 시스템의 메모리 전력 소모가 급증하고 있다. 이는 실시 간 시스템이 태스크 전체를 항상 메모리에 올려놓고 처리함으로 인한 DRAM 용량 증가에 기인한다. 본 논문은 최근 각광 받는 고속 스토리지를 활용하여 실시간 태스크의 일부를 스토리지에 내려놓고 필요시 메모리에 올리는 전력 절감 기술을 제안한다. 또한, 이를 CPU의 동적 전압조절 기법과 결합하여 CPU와 메모리의 전력 절감을 동시에 최적화한다. 제안하는 기술은 CPU의 유휴시간을 최대한 줄이는 전압 모드를 결정하는 동시에 메모리 크기를 최소화하는 스왑 비율 을 결정하여, 태스크의 데드라인을 어기지 않으면서 전력 소모를 최소화하는 최적의 조합을 탐색한다. 시뮬레이션 실험 을 통해 제안하는 기술이 실시간 시스템의 전력 소모를 크게 줄임을 보인다.

Recently, as the size of IoT data grows, the memory power consumption of real-time systems increases rapidly. This is because real-time systems always place entire tasks in memory, which increases the demand of DRAM significantly. In this paper, we adopt emerging fast storage media and move a certain portion of real-time tasks from DRAM to storage. The part of tasks in storage are, then, loaded into memory when they are actually used. We incorporate our memory/storage power-saving into the dynamic voltage/frequency scaling of processors, thereby optimizing power consumptions in CPU and memory simultaneously. Specifically, the proposed technique aims at minimizing the CPU idle time and the DRAM memory size by determining appropriate voltage modes of CPU and the swap ratio of memory, without violating the deadlines of all tasks. Through simulation experiments, we show that the proposed technique significantly reduces the power consumption of real-time systems.

유기용매상에서 Bacillus licheniformis에서 생산되는 protease를 이용하여 라세믹 -methylbenzy lamine의 광학분함을 행하였다. 이 반응은 아설 제 공자로 활성 에스대르를 샤용하여 라서l믹 아민을 광 학선택적으로 아마드로 변환시킨다. 이 반응의 반응 속도와 광학선택성을 증가시켜주기 위해 효소를 완 충액에 녹여 pH를 맞춘 후에 동결건조시키거나, 동결건조시 염이나 lyoprotectants를 첨가시키는 방 법, 적당한 유기용매의 선정, 에스테르 구조의 디자 인 등의 방법을 사용하였다. 그 결과. 30배의 초기 반응속도의 증가 및 12배의 광학선택성이 증가하는 결과를 보였다.

Optical resolution of racemic -methylbenzylamine was carried out by using Bacillus licheniformis protease in organic media. Enantioselective amidation of racemic amino with an ester as an acyl donor was successfully employed to resolve the racemate. To enhance reaction rate and enantioselectivity, pH-adjustment by lyophilization of enzyme dissolved in buffer, colyophilization with salts or lyoprotectants, selection of solvents and molecular design of esters were investigated. The optimization of the resolution reaction achieved about 30-fold increase in initial reaction rate and about 12-fold increase in enantioselectivity, respectively.