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This study investigates the deployment and utilization of Information and Communication Technology-enabled Emergency Medical Services (ICT-EMS) in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea, with an emphasis on community-level intervention. This study analyzed the impact of this system on patient transfer efficiency and hospital selection processes using semi-structured interviews. Interviews with sixteen participants reveal strengths such as enhanced record-keeping and improved data accessibility, particularly beneficial during mass casualty incidents. However, technical issues, manpower shortages, and environmental challenges pose significant hurdles. Despite these challenges, ongoing enhancements aim to streamline the system and expand its coverage. The study provides valuable insights into the integration of technology in emergency response systems, emphasizing the need for continued improvements to optimize efficiency and effectiveness. Future research should explore broader evaluations and stakeholder perspectives to further enhance ICT-EMS implementation.

Previous studies on English spelling have investigated the types of spelling errors and their frequencies, and studies on why learners made those errors have been called for. This study aimed to identify factors leading to errors in the English-spelling of Korean elementary school students. The factors were investigated by using the following methods: A total of 130 students from O Elementary School were given three types of word-writing tasks: dictation of single words, dictation of short sentences, and writing words as many as the students can based on pictures depicting familiar scenes. The errors in their writing samples were classified into five types. The students were interviewed about why they made those errors. The results showed that the errors were influenced by the factors: the students’ first language, background knowledge, pronunciation, and morphological reasons. The results suggest that if teachers understood these factors, they would be able to explore better teaching methods for reducing errors in English spelling, and that future research could apply these factors for further investigations.

The role of the court interpreter is to allow minority language speakers to receive fair trial, just as any mainstream language speaker would, by removing the language barrier that hinders it. However, court interpreters come to surpass their original role and undertake several other social roles due to the nation's institutional restrictions, expectations and demands. News reports point out the need to have expert court interpreters in Korea. The study describes the social roles that court interpreters take on during trial proceedings in Korea based on discourse analysis on actual trial records and interviews with court interpreters. Results of the study show that court interpreters in Korea undertake various roles, such as the role of assistant for the institution and the role of spokesman for the minority language speaker among others. It was also observed that the court interpreter's role as an assistant for the institution, which is to ease communication, can affect the defense of the accused and have an influence on court proceedings and judgment in great and small scale. The study adds weight to the need for an official certification system for court interpreters and the need to assign them a socially recognized position.

Criminal court trials in Korea guarantee the free assistance of an interpreter to defendants who are unable to understand or speak the language used in court according to Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Interpreters assisting them must be capable of interpreting at a professional level in order to guarantee them a proper defense. However, it is also important to have court interpreting norms in the form of a manual to guide interpreters towards making right ethical choices during their task. Existing education booklets for court interpreting norms in Korea are different from court interpreting manuals of advanced countries in terms of how they are written and explained. In the study, Chinese interpreters were interviewed in an effort to figure out how they perceive court interpreting norms regarding interpretation accuracy. Results of the research showed that all interpreters were aware of the court interpreting norms in Korea, but had been applying it in different adapted forms in order to satisfy institution expectancy norms.

본 논문은 최근 이슈가 된 바 있는 영화 <디 인터뷰>를 제국주의적 관점의 도상충돌 개념으로 다루어 비판하고자 한다. 영화 <디 인터뷰>는 저예산의 헐리웃 B급 영화로서 속된 성적 코드로 버무려진 전형적인 미국식 유머의 영화이다. 영화 <디 인터뷰>는 미국식 저급한 유머와 조롱을 통해 일방적인 메시지 해석에 면죄부를 선사한다. 유머로써 본심을 드러내는 이중화법을 이용하고 있는 것이다. 이런 식으로 미국사회는 영화라는 장르를 통해 제국주의적 사회담론을 분출시켜 왔다. 이러한 과정은 시스템화되어 저예산 영화로 저급한 영화적 문법의 공식을 체계화했으며, 이에 영화 <디 인터뷰>도 그 과정을 뒤따른다. 오히려 B급 영화의 문법은 제국주의적 메시지를 은연중에 전파하고 대중들의 머릿속에 각인시키고 있는 바, 그 대상이 은밀할 수 록 더욱 집요해지는 경향을 보인다. 정보 강국의 미국이 은밀한 변방의 국가 수장을 음지에서 꺼내어 조롱꺼리로 삼는 전략은 푸코 식으로 해석하자면 통제 영역으로 끌어들이기 위한 사전작업이라고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 작업의 일환으로 영화 <디 인터뷰>는 폭로적 성격을 지닌 예능 프로그램을 통해 북한을 드러내고자 한다. 이러한 전략 속에서 엿 볼 수 있는 제국주의적 메시지를 본고는 아르스 에로티카(ars erotica)와 스키엔티아 섹슈알리스(scientia sexualis)의 개념으로 분석해 보고자 한다. 푸코의 저서 󰡔성의 역사 1󰡕에서 언급되는 이 두 용어에는 실질적으로 비기(秘技)와 통제 사이를 꿰뚫는 통찰이 녹아있다. 이러한 관점으로 영화 <디 인터뷰>의 내용을 면밀히 검토해 보고 도상의 충돌로 인해 야기되는 미국식 유머의 의도가 과연 무엇인지 그 대상과 전략을 분석하는 것이 본고의 주제라 할 수 있다.

This article is willing to critic a film <The interview> which takes notice of Sony hacking incident. <The interview> is a traditional american humor B movie to mix with sexual code. But <The interview> shows double strategy of America's humor style. <The interview> is using the double strategy that will reveal their true intention as humor. In general, American society has been ejected by the imperialist social discourse through film genre. This process has been systematized cinematic grammar to the low-budget film. <The interview> also follow the same process. However, B-movie has been applying a systematic process and using the ideologic message which was stamped on the head of the masses. As part of this work, <The interview> is intend to reveal the North Korea through the entertainment program as the disclosure. Foucault is mentioned in the book, <la volonté de savoir 1>. Also his insight inform that <The interview> is intended to show closely American humor caused by ‘the icon collision’. As a result, the purpose of this article is to analyze the intention of American humor caused by the icon collision.

본 연구는 대학에서 레포츠과학부를 전공하는 학생들을 대상으로 영어회화를 지 도하는데 있어 한국계 미국인 교수가 직면하는 어려운 점들을 탐구하였다. 주된 연구 방법으로 질적 사례연구를 적용하였다. 연구 참여자는 한국계 미국인 교수 1명과 영어회화를 수강하는 레포츠과학부 전공 신입생 2명이다. 레포츠과학부를 전공하는 학생들에게 영어회화를 지도할 때 직면하는 어려움에 대하여 원어민 교사의 인식이 나 생각을 영어회화를 담당하고 있는 교사와의 심층 면담을 통해 주로 도출하였다. 지지하는 증거 자료를 확보하기 위하여 해당 과목을 수강하고 있는 두 명의 학생에 대한 추가 면담을 실시하였다. 주 자료는 면담을 통해 확보하였고 Nvivo 2를 사용하 여 코딩을 하고 분석을 하였다. 영어회화 학생 지도의 어려움에 관하여 사회문화적 (10.5%), 심리적(16.4%), 제도적(35.2.4%), 언어적 요인(37.6%)의 네 가지 상위 범주 가 도출되었으며, 연구 참여자들은 이러한 요인들을 영어회화의 주요 장애요인으로 지목하였다. 이러한 요인들 중에서 특히 영어회화를 담당하고 있는 원어민 교수는 언어적 요인의 하부 노드인 단어지식의 부재를 결정적인 요인으로 지목하였다. 연구 결과를 토대로 대학에서 레포츠과학부 전공 학생들을 지도하는 원어민 교사나 교재 개발자를 위한 제언을 제시하였다.

This study explores difficulties of a Korean-American Teacher in language learning and teaching to the university students majoring in physical education taking an English Conversation class. The study followed a qualitative case study approach. Participants were one Korean-American teacher and her two physical education students in a freshman English Conversation class. The primary sources of data were collected from a series of in-depth interviews of the teacher in order to better understand about her perceptions and ideas concerning difficulties when she teaches the English Conversation to the physical education majoring students. After the teacher’s interviews, interviews with two students were also conducted to validate the findings from the teacher interviews. These data were coded and analyzed via Nvivo 2. Emerged patterns, which later were developed into themes, are sociocultural, institutional, psychological, and linguistic factors. The participants of this study nominated these factors as obstacles in teaching and learning to speak English. Among these factors, the teacher voices the lack of the ability of word knowledge as one of the most dominating factors. The implications of the findings are provided for the native-speaker teachers teaching physical education students and the textbook developers in a Korean university setting.

It has been determined that two-way evacuation routes that connect houses to evacuation sites should be developed to protect residents of historic preservation areas from future disasters. These routes are required because traditional buildings and other historic spatial elements are located close to each other. It is important to understand residents' perceptions of evacuation routes that connect their houses to temporary safe places to develop evacuation system strategies that include effective two-way evacuation routes. This paper describes a procedure used to construct a two-way evacuation route database designed to preserve two study areas that was based on an interview survey conducted with area residents. The resulting database contained residents' perceptions of evacuation routes. The database contains categorized spatial problems related to these routes that can be used for future research.

Purpose. Korean American women have twice the rate of cervical cancer than white women and demonstrate low rates in participation in cervical cancer screening. This study was to describe the perceptions about cervical cancer and factors related to cervical cancer screening among Korean American women. Method. Focus group methods. Results. Five themes emerged. First, knowledge about cervical cancer; misconceptions about cervical cancer, its causes, reproductive anatomy and the treatment Second, perceived meanings of having cervical cancer; most of the women felt that cervical cancer represented a loss of femininity and existential value of woman-hood. Third, knowledge about cervical cancer screening; regular medical check-ups were necessary for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. Forth, experiences and perceived meanings of cervical cancer screening; the participants expressed their feelings; embarrassment, fear, shame and shyness. Fifth, practices of cervical cancer screening; various intervals in participating in cervical cancer screening. But they mentioned several deterrents, language, insurance, time constraint, embarrassment, fear of the screening results, misbelief about susceptibility, lack of health prevention behavior, and lack of information written in Korean. Conclusion: Results emphasize the critical need for culturally appropriate health education to encourage participation of Korean American women in cervical cancer screening.

The present study examined the accuracy with which police officers identified the types of questions asked during investigative interviews with alleged child abuse victims. Factors affecting their accuracy were also explored. One hundred and twenty Korean police officers were asked to classify 50 questions into one of five categories (invitations, facilitators, directives, option-posing and suggestive prompts). The overall accuracy rate was 65.6%; invitations were correctly classified most often (85.5%) whereas suggestive questions were least accurately identified (42.3%). Police officers tended to overestimate their use of invitations by incorrectly identifying directive questions as invitations. Suggestive questions were mistakenly identified as option-posing questions (22.2%), directive questions (15.1%), and even invitations (5.6%). Being trained to use the NICHD Protocol was the only factor significantly predicting higher accuracy.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to explore home visiting therapists' self-perceived role, problems, and supplement points of the home-based rehabilitation (HR) program based on the community-based rehabilitation (CBR) model. Methods: Four home visiting physical therapists, who conducted the HR program, participated in this study. After completion of the HR program, in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire for participants to explore their self-perceived role, problems, and supplement points of the HR program. Results: Participants regarded the role of the HR program as for "the linkage between recipient & society", "maintenance & improvement of recipients' physical function", and "education of recipient about the way of self rehabilitation". The problems and supplement points were derived from all phases of the HR program, including "human & material resources", "training program for human resources for HR service", "selection of recipient of HR service", "contents of the intervention for HR service", and "duration of HR service". Conclusion: These findings indicate that participants well recognized the intention of the HR program based on the CBR model, and suggest that high-quality human resources with rich expertise and experiences, a training program for HR service led by experts, and selection of recipients led by experts are necessary for an effective HR program. In addition, strategies and capacities specified to HR service should be identified, and applied to the training program for human resources for HR service. The results of this study could provide useful information when the government decides on the next guideline for home visiting health service.

Purpose: Community child centers (CCCs) were introduced to provide after-school activities and care, including meal services to children from low-income families. The assistant cooks, who have the main responsibility for making and serving food at CCCs, are a major factor influencing the eating habits of children using CCCs. In this study, we tried to identify and understand who the assistant cooks are, what their job responsibilities are, and what they need in order to be able to provide children with healthy meals. Methods: Three focus group interviews were held with 17 workfare program participants who worked as assistant cooks at CCCs, and content analysis methods were applied using the NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software. Results: The assistant cooks reflected on their perceptions of the children's health at the CCCs, their own cooking style, and their role at the CCCs. Additionally, barriers to the optimal provision of their services were pointed out, and improvements were suggested. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used as a fundamental resource for the development of tailored interventions that consider a child's unique environment to address health disparities, specifically with respect to childhood obesity.

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to explore self-perceived objectives, effects, determinant factors of satisfaction and demands on home-based rehabilitation service (HBRS) based on a community-based rehabilitation (CBR) model in community-dwelling disabilities. Methods: This research was conducted through in-depth interview. HBRS was conducted by four physical therapists for one hour a day, once a week, for eight weeks. After an eight-week intervention period, in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire for five recipients of HBRS and six care givers. Results: For the physical effect, some participants experienced positive effects, whereas others did not due to the short-term intervention period. For the social and emotional effects, 'occurrence of motivation for exercise', 'change of surroundings' and 'sorriness for the therapist' emerged as keywords. For the determinant factors of satisfaction, 'movement-inducing therapy', 'therapy from the specialist', 'development of friendship & social network', and 'learning the way of self-rehabilitation' emerged as keywords. For further demands on HBRS, participants stated that 'sufficient time for therapy', 'user opinion-reflected therapy', 'additional instructions for therapeutic exercise & activities of daily living', and 'active promotion for HBRS' were necessary. Conclusion: Participants were satisfied with the physical, social, emotional, and educational aspects of HBRS. In particular, the participants regarded educational aspects as the significant factor throughout self-perceived objectives, determinant factors of satisfaction and the demands. This result suggests that when providing HBRS to community-dwelling persons with disabilities, therapists should recognize the necessity and significance not only of the physical, but also the educational aspect of HBRS.

This paper discusses the utilization of multi-dimensional (MD) analysis (Biber, 1988; 1995) to examine linguistic variation in learner speech represented by transcribed interviews from the Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage (LINDSEI). LINDSEI is the first large-scale corpus of spoken learner English with sub-corpora of interview responses from eleven different mother-tongue backgrounds. The primary goals of this study are: to extract and identify the linguistic dimensions of learner speech from LINDSEI, to functionally interpret these dimensions, and to compare how these dimensions are distributed across speakers’ eleven first language backgrounds. Results show that the four primary functional dimensions of learner speech are: Involved Conversational Style vs. Informational Production; Complex Statement of Opinion; Formal, Academic Focus of Discussion vs. Informal, Non-Academic Discourse; and Personal Narrative Prose vs. Non-Narrative Discourse. Interesting differences are observed in how these dimensions are used by learners across first language backgrounds and interview tasks.

The present study explored the experiences of six elementary teachers as they had strived to develop expertise in teaching English since it was introduced as a regular subject in 1997. The focus was on what they have done for their professional development, what they perceive to have influenced on the acquisition of expertise, and how they reflect on their professional growth over time. Two rounds of life story interviews were conducted with each teacher, and they were all recorded on digital audiotape and transcribed verbatim. Interviews centered on uncovering teachers’professional histories, teacher education experiences, past and current work with children, conceptions of themselves as an English teacher, critical incidents in their teaching careers, and their future career plans. Five themes emerged from the content analysis of the interview data. They include teacher development as social development; the unique challenges of being and becoming an English teacher; learning for and from students; developmental concerns and needs in teachers’ career cycle; and the impact of policy changes on teachers. The study concludes with some implications for educating in-service teachers.

This study aimed to explore viewers perceptions and practices in relation to consuming OTT content. Based on understanding of users of OTT (Over the Top) services through in-depth interviews, this study tried to define binge-watching, and also to understand the tendency to binge-watch and motivations for it. We defined binge-watching as a behavior which occurs when people watch three or more episodes of the same series in one sitting using the same platform. Most participants enjoyed it personally and conveniently as leisure activities. Some participants in this study pathologically perceived binge-watching and tended to attribute the causes of such a binge-watching behavior to external factors rather than attributing them to their own predispositions or inclinations. Motives for binge-watching were classified into two main groups: For some, it helped them feel emotionally stable or improve their negative emotional status, while others watched out of curiosity about what was going to happen in the next episode. For the first group, we found that although binge-watching helped individuals to relieve emotions such as boredom or depression, it did not help them to escape from reality. In this study, users were found to perceive binge-watching in diverse ways. While previous research has focused on analyzing consumer behavior within a specific frame when studying binge-watching, this study recognizes the significance of individuals perceiving binge-watching differently and exhibiting varied behaviors for various reasons.

This small-scale interview-based case study conducted in Thailand has pursued a dual thesis. The primary objective is that of an examination into the perceptions among Thai college students in Thailand towards selected English language learning strategies, their own learning experiences prior to entry to their English-medium college, and finally their beliefs concerning native- and non-native teachers of English. Its findings show a surprisingly diversified set of experiences and influences towards English language learning and their teachers existed among students upon entry to the college. A second focus of the study, that of an enquiry into a suitable methodology for this sample size and cultural setting, reveals that a semi-structured interview format was practical for the various levels of linguistic ability and conceptual awareness among students interviewed in English. Also, of some significance is the adapted methodology employed for ‘reducing’ the large amount of interview data collected. This dual focus to the study has served the purpose of not simply revealing the attitudes towards English language learning of a small group of Thai college entrants, but also informs teacher-researchers in similar settings as to appropriate interview technique and data reduction.

The study of tourism experiences has gained significant attention for its potential to drive tourism prosperity. This interest is particularly relevant in the context of Chinese tourists, who accounted for a significant share of global tourism spending before the COVID-19 pandemic nearly one-fifth. As the world gradually recovers from the effects of the pandemic, the rebound in the tourism sector must be effectively capitalized on, and destinations must actively improve their services to attract more tourists seeking enriching experiences. This study utilizes a comprehensive mixed-methods approach combining text mining and interviews to explore the success factors that contribute to Chinese tourists’ overall tourism experience during their trip to South Korea and Japan. The study specifically targets new Chinese tourists and identifies their changing preferences and expectations. To provide a deeper understanding of the findings, the study utilizes a tourism experience conceptual model to systematically analyze the key tourism experience elements, covering both positive and negative factors, encountered by Chinese tourists in Seoul and Tokyo. Based on these insights, the study aims to provide city-specific practical recommendations to help local tourism industry stakeholders enhance their services and provide visitors with a more rewarding experience. By examining the specific tourism experiences of Chinese travelers, this study not only contributes to the existing literature but also provides actionable insights that can be applied to a variety of destinations to guide their continued growth and improvement.

The purpose of this study is to provide foundational data for obesity management program using a chatbot by identifying the educational needs of high school girls. Data collection was carried out using focus group interviews with recruiting via social media. Interviews were conducted with three groups with a total of nine participants. All interview content was recorded and transcribed verbatim by the researcher, and the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The study identified a total of 39 concepts, which were categorized into 16 subcategories and seven main categories. The seven main categories for a weight management program using a chatbot that participants desire were: : “Setting Weight Loss Goals,” “Emotional Regulation and Stress Management,” “Dietary Planning and Coping with Failures,” “Maintaining a Sense of Achievement After Exercise,” “Alleviating Concerns about Appearance,” “Privacy Protection and Confidentiality,” and “Effective Media.” Additionally, high school girls expected that using a chatbot would make it easier to address their questions and concerns related to weight management. Based on the results of this study, developing a chatbot-based obesity management program for high school girls and to verifying is needed.