Earticle

본 연구는 비교문화관점을 바탕으로 레빈슨 사이코패시 자기보고 검사에 대한 타 당화 연구를 실시하여 문화권에 따른 LSRP의 유사점과 차이점을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국과 미국 두 국가의 일반인 및 수감자 데이터를 사용하였다. 측정동일 성 검증을 통해 LSRP가 사이코패시 측정도구로써 공통적으로 사용할 수 있는지를 탐 색하였다. 그리고 잠재평균분석을 통해 한국과 미국에서 나타나는 하위요인 간의 차 이점을 확인하였고, 차별기능문항 분석을 통해 문항에 따른 차이점을 확인하였다. 그 결과 일반인 집단에서는 형태동일성과 부분측정단위동일성이 확립되었으며, 수감자 집단에서는 형태동일성과 측정단위동일성이 확립되었다. 잠재평균분석결과, 표본의 집단과 관계없이 이기주의 요인과 냉담성 요인은 한국에서 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다만 반사회성 요인은 한국에서 유의미하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 차별 기능문항을 탐색한 결과, 이기주의 요인과 반사회성 요인의 일부 문항이 차별기능문 항인 것으로 나타났으나 냉담성 요인에서는 차별기능문항이 존재하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 비교문화관점을 바탕으로 LSRP를 타당화함으로써, LSRP의 측정 동일성을 검증한 국내 첫 번째 연구로써 큰 의의를 가진다.

This study attempted to examine the similarities and differences of LSRP according to culture by conducting a study on the validity of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale based on the cross-cultural point of view. To this end, data on the general public and inmates in two countries, Korea and the United States, were used. Through measurement equivalence, we explored whether LSRP can be commonly used as a psychopathic measurement tool. In addition, the difference between the sub-factors appearing in Korea and the United States was confirmed through the latent mean analysis, and the difference according to the items was confirmed through the analysis of the differential function items. As a result, configural invariance and partial metric invariance were established in the general public group, and configural invariance and partial metric invariance were established in the inmates group. As a result of the latent mean analysis, it was found that the factors of egocentricity and callousness were significantly higher in Korea regardless of the group of samples. However, the antisocial factor was found to be significantly lower in Korea. As a result of searching for differential functional items, it was found that some of the items of egocentricity and antisocial were differential functional items, but there were no differential functional items in the callousness factor. This study is of great significance as the first study in Korea to verify the measurement equivalence of LSRP by validating LSRP through cross-cultural point of view.

본 연구는 한류의 효과를 국가적 차원에서 조명하여, 유형별 한류가 국가브랜드 태도에 미치는 영향을 문화적 요인들의 조절효과를 중심으로 살펴보고자 했다. 국가 간 연구를 진행하기 위해 사용한 자료들은 한국문화산업교류재단의 ‘2015년 해외한류 실태조사’를 중심으로 하였으며, 호프스테더의 6가지 문화적 차원 점수를 보조 지표로 사용하였다. 분석 결과, 다양한 한류 콘텐츠들은 경제한류(패션/뷰티, 음식)와 문화한류(드라마, 영 화, K-Pop)로 유형화할 수 있었다. 다음으로는 조절효과 검증을 위해 다중집단비교분석 을 진행한 결과, 경제한류는 단기지향적인 문화보다 장기지향적인 문화, 사치스러운 문 화보다 절제된 문화에서 국가브랜드 태도에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 문화한류는 개인주의 문화보다 집단주의 문화에서 더 큰 영향력을 보였다. 이와 같이 한 류의 유형별로 조절효과를 갖는 문화 차원들이 각각 다르게 나타난 것은 전략적인 한류 커뮤니케이션에 있어서 한류콘텐츠의 형태와 대상 국가의 문화적 특성을 복합적으로 고 려해야 함을 보여주는 결과라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 국가 간 연구의 풍부함을 더 했다는 학문적 의의 외에도, 특히 한류가 아시아권을 넘어 전 세계의 일상으로 그 영향력 을 넓힌 오늘날 더욱 효과적인 커뮤니케이션을 수행하기 위한 실무적 시사점을 가질 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Korean Wave on national brand attitude by focusing on the moderating effect of cultural dimensions. In order to conduct research among countries, KOFICE’s ‘2015 Korean Wave Consumer Survey’ was mainly used and 6 cultural dimension scores of Hofstede were used as supplementary index. As a result of analysis, various Korean wave contents could be typified into Economic Korean-wave(fashion/beauty, food) and Cultural Korean-wave(drama, movie, K-Pop). As a result of multi-group comparative analysis, it is found that the Economic Korean-wave has a greater influence on national brand attitude in a restrained culture than a indulgent culture, and shortᐨterm oriented culture than a longᐨterm oriented culture. In addition, the Cultural Korean-wave has more influence in the collectivism culture than the individualism culture. The results showing that the type of Korean Wave content and the cultural characteristics of the target country should be considered in a complex way in strategic Korean wave communication. These results are expected to have practical implications for more effective communication in addition to the academic significance of adding the abundance of cross-national research, especially in the context of the Korean Wave spreading its influence over everyday life throughout Asia and beyond the world.

본 연구는 외상사건 이후 경험하게 되는 배신감, 자기비난, 공포, 소외감, 분노, 수치심과 같은 주요 외상 정서에 관한 한국과 미국의 문화적인 차이를 비교하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 여섯 가지 외상 관련 정서를 측정하는 DePrince, Zurbriggen, Chu 그리고 Smart(2010)의 외상정서평가 척도(Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire; TAQ) 문항의 내적합치도와 측정모형의 적합도를 검토함으로써 번안된 TAQ가 신뢰롭고 타당함을 확인하였다. 다음으로, 구조방정식 모형 중에서 다중지표 다중원인(Multiple-Indicators Multiple-Causes; MIMIC) 모형을 통해 외상 정서를 경험함에 있어서 한미 집단 간에 유의한 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 한국과 미국에서 각각 외상 경험이 있는 대학생 266명, 223명을 대상으로 TAQ와 PDS(Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale)를 실시하여 자료를 분석한 결과, 미국 집단의 소외감이 한국보다 유의미하게 높은 수준을 보인 반면, 공포는 미국보다 한국 집단에서 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 각각의 외상 정서가 외상 후 스트레스 증상에 미치는 영향력을 탐색하고 그 문화 간 차이를 살펴보기 위해 위계적 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 한국에서는 공포와 배신감이, 미국에서는 공포와 소외감이 유의미한 예측변인임을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의와 제한점을 기술하고 후속 연구를 위해 제언하였다.

This study is aimed to cross-culturally examine the differences of trauma related emotions such as betrayal, self-blame, fear, alienation, anger, and shame between Korea and the U.S. Total of 489 college students(Korea 266, U.S. 223) who have experienced various types of traumatic event responded to Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire(DePrince, Zurbriggen, Chu, & Smart, 2010) and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale(Ahn, 2005). First, using MIMIC(multiple-indicators multiple-causes) model, a special type of SEM (Strucutral Equation Modeling), we examined the differences of trauma related emotions between two samples, controlling for effects of type of traumatic event, gender and posttraumatic stress response. The MIMIC analysis showed that compared to Korean sample, the U.S. sample had higher score for alienation and lower score for fear, with medium effect sizes. Then, regression analysis was conducted to identify effects of trauma related emotions on PDS in each group. The result indicated that fear and betrayal (Korea), fear and alienation (U.S.) were significant predictors of PDS when the type of traumatic event was adjusted. The clinical implications and limitations of these results as well as suggestions for further research were discussed.

Social Media 상의 Electronic word-of-mouth(eWOM)는 다양한 사업 경영에 있어서 핵심적인 마케팅 도구로 인식되고 있다. 환대산업에서는 이 Social Media eWOM를 이해하는 것은 잠재적 고객들에게 국제적으로 쉽고 빠르게 다가가는 핵심요인이라 볼 수 있다. 그러나 환대산업분야에서의 Social Media eWOM의 효율성을 국제적 관점에서 평가하는 실증 연구는 아주 부족한 실정이다. 환대산업시장의 경쟁적인 특성을 고려하면, 마케팅 종사자들은 Social Media eWOM의 효율성의 평가는 물론, 외국인 고객을 촉진하고 수익성을 증대하기 위한 문화적 요소에 의한 효과의 평가하여야 한다. 본 연구의 핵심 목적은 환대산업에서 Social Media eWOM가 문화적 가치에 영향력을 검증하는 것이다. 본 연구는 중국, 한국, 미국의 세 나라를 비교 하여 나라마다 Social Media eWOM에 관여하는 정도의 차이의 존재를 실증하였다. 본 연구는 환대산업 마케터에게 국제적 Social Media 마케팅 전략에 중요한 의미를 제공할 것이라 기대된다.

Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in social media has been recognized as one of the most influential marketing tools across various businesses. Understanding eWOM in social media is critical to reach potential global consumers easily and quickly in the hospitality industry. However, few empirical studies in hospitality attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of eWOM in social media from a global perspective. Given the competitive climate of the hospitality market, it is meaningful for hospitality marketers toevaluate the effectiveness of eWOM in social media and the influence of cultural factors to promote customers and increase profitability globally. The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of cultural values on social media eWOM in the hospitality industry in China, Korea, and the USA. The result of this study indicates Chinese and American people engage more than Korean people when they try to purchase hospitality product and service This study particularly provided a cross-cultural study of comparison among these countries and the findings of this study are expected to provide important practical assistance for global marketing strategies in social media.

The implementation of Knowledge Management Systems does not guarantee knowledge sharing within organizations because knowledge sharing cannot be mandated. Although previous investigations have attempted to identify the motivational factors that facilitate knowledge sharing, the results of these studies cannot be easily applied across organizations due to the highly context‐specific nature of knowledge sharing. Societal culture, as well as organizational culture, affects knowledge sharing behavior. This is why successful knowledge sharing initiatives in the United States, for example, may prove ineffective in another country with a very different culture like China. Therefore, it is clearly important to understand the effects of different societal cultures on individuals’ knowledge sharing behaviors. The principal objective of this study is to deepen our understanding about the impact of national culture on an individual's knowledge sharing intention. In order to achieve this goal, field data was collected from 197 employees from a variety of companies and organizations in two countries-Sweden and China. In a collectivistic culture such as China, anticipated reciprocal relationships have been shown to directly affect individuals’ attitudes toward knowledge sharing, and the organizational climate has also been shown to affect subjective norms to a significant degree. Subjective norms can influence intentions to share knowledge indirectly through attitudes. In the highly individualistic culture of Sweden, one’s sense of self‐worth and anticipated reciprocal relationships have been shown to profoundly affect individuals’ attitudes towards knowledge sharing. In both countries, anticipated extrinsic rewards have been shown to exert no detectable effects on respondents' knowledge sharing attitudes, and subjective norms and organizational climate have been de-termined not to affect knowledge sharing intentions directly. Rather, in both cases, knowledge sharing intentions have been shown to be directly affected by attitude.

In the trend toward globalization, cross-cultural teams in organizations are becoming more and more common. In particular, the influence of China and Western Europe on the global economy is getting increased. With this trend, it is important to understand cross-cultural characteristics for group decision making in managerial environments. This study aims at analyzing cross-cultural differences between China and Western Europe in light of the effect of group discussion in group decision making. An experiment simulating a decision of a car purchase was conducted. A total of 48 subjects (24 Chinese and 24 Western Europeans) assigned in decision groups were asked to judge relative importance ratios of nine factors affecting their purchase decisions using the AHP program developed for the experiment. Three dependent variables (consistency, satisfaction, and consensus) were measured. Chinese were slightly more consistent than Western Europeans in discussion-involved group decision making. In terms of decision satisfaction, Western Europeans were more satisfied with discussion-included decisions than discussion-excluded decisions. Chinese, on the contrary, did not show a significant difference. There was no significant difference between two cultures in decision consensus.

E-learning is a planned effort towards providing interactive and experiential learning having flexibility in terms of time, place, pace, participation and accessibility. Globalization has set the stage for a social transformation of the world economy driven by technological innovation, emphasizing knowledge-based processes. While the tertiary education enrolments in wealthy nations have gone up incrementally, the same cannot be said to be right about developing economies. E-Learning can streamline enrolments to higher education, in developing nations by being a cost-effective and flexible alternative. The objective of this paper is to draw attention to the similarities in the national culture of these two countries and compare students’ perception on e-learning in India and Sri Lanka along eight dimensions viz., viability, dependability, flexibility, inclusivity, power, pertinence, challenge and equitability. The results reveal that e-learning is equally popular among students from both countries, and they have a high perception score towards e-learning on each of the measured eight dimensions. Hence results are indicative of an opportunity of tapping the potential of e-learning in reaching out to a broader audience of underprivileged students and onboarding them into the knowledge economy.

Enterprise systems are gaining interests from both practitioners and researchers because of their potential linkages to organizational and individual user’s productivity. However, there are few papers that investigate enterprise systems management and implementation issues based on the end users’ perspective with the cross-cultural mechanisms, although currently the enterprise systems involves end-users with the different cultural backgrounds. Thus, this research-inprogress paper applies enterprise systems adoption issue to the cross-cultural end user perspectives based on the innovation diffusion theory, self-determinant theory, and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions.

The Chain Interaction (CI) analysis of texts produces an index which is a formal (in contrast to functional) measure of cohesion as well as coherence of texts (cf. Halliday & Hasan, 1989). This study is an attempt to (1) explore the local and/or micro-linguistic texture of English newspaper editorials and catalog what Halliday and Hasan (1989, p. 94) refer to as the “Cohesive Harmony Index” (CHI) of texts, and (2) examine whether there is significant micro-textual variation from one culture to another within the same text type. To this end, a total of 90 editorials electronically culled from three English newspapers (30 editorials each) published in three different socio-cultural environments by native speakers of English (The Washington Times), and non-native speakers (The Iran News, and The Pakistan Today) were text-analyzed. The results of a CI analysis of texts demonstrated that, in terms of the cohesive harmony in texts, there was statistically no significant difference (α = .05) between editorials written by (non)native editorial writers, in whatever socio-cultural and socio-political context they were produced and disseminated. In other words, the CHIs of editorial texts turned out to be analogous suggesting that the editorial texts produced by non-native speakers of English enjoy almost the same degree of linguistic cohesiveness as native texts.

Adopting an audience-centred approach in business writing is considered fundamental to successful business communication and is widely advocated by leading textbooks of the field targeted at both university students and professionals. Thill and Bovee (2013) explain this approach embraces a ‘you’ attitude whereby the emphasis of the message is placed on the reader rather than the writer. Although a large pool of literature on writer-reader interaction has developed under concepts such as metadiscourse, appraisal, stance, and evaluation; these generally place a focus on writer as opposed to reader-orientated aspects of language. Moreover, the attention from linguists have overwhelmingly been directed towards academic writing. This study uses corpus analysis to explore features of audience involvement in the letter to shareholders of Chinese and U.S. companies. Utilising the engagement framework (Hyland, 2005), I examine how corporate leaders attempt to explicitly recognise the presence of their readers and construct relationships with this complex and diverse set of stakeholders. The results reveal engagement features are an integral element of both Chinese and U.S letter to shareholders; however the density was noticeably lower in the Chinese sample. While this does not necessarily render the Chinese discourse less audience-centred, it does represent a cultural divergence that has implications for the learning and teaching of business communication and ESP. Currently, U.S.-centric textbooks and guides dominate but with China’s prominent commercial position entrenched there is a need to develop a greater understanding of Chinese business communication styles so that students and professionals globally can benefit from such insights.

This paper explores the development and implications of Sino-Korean cross-cultural digital teaching resources within the context of globalization. By examining the creation, application, and collaborative efforts involved in these resources, the study highlights the significant role of digital teaching tools in enhancing cross-cultural understanding and facilitating educational cooperation between China and South Korea. Findings indicate that these resources not only bolster intercultural communication but also serve as a model for regional educational strategies adapted to global dynamics. The research underscores the necessity of integrating digital innovations with cultural sensitivity to foster a more inclusive and effective educational environment. Recommendations are provided for policymakers and educators to leverage these insights towards improving the quality and reach of education in a globally connected landscape.

본 연구의 목적은 한국과 독일대학생들의 여가생활과 삶의 질에 대한 관련성을 비교․분석하는데 있다. 구체적으로 한국대학생 368명, 독일대학생 348명을 대상으로 우선, 각 문화의 대학생들이 주로 하는 여가활동유형, 여가활동유형에 따른 여가만족도와 삶의 질과의 차이, 여가시간과 삶의 질의 관계에 대해 살펴보았다. 둘째, 여가동기, 여가태도에 있어 한국과 독일대학생 간에 차이를 비교하였다. 마지막으로 삶의 질과 여가동기, 여가태도, 여가만족도간의 관계를 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국대학생은 독일대학생에 비해 ‘놀이 및 오락’활동에 많이 참여하고 있지만, 이러한 여가활동에 대해 비교적 만족스러워하지 않는 경향이 있으며, 오히려 ‘관광 및 여행’활동과 ‘사교’활동 그리고 ‘스포츠 및 건강’활동을 하는 경우, 여가만족도와 삶의 질을 긍정적으로 평가하는 것으로 드러났다. 독일대학생들은 ‘스포츠와 건강’활동에 가장 많이 참여하고 있으며, 활동시간이 증가할수록 생활만족도가 높아지며, 삶에 대한 부정적인 정서경험을 덜 하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 여가동기에 대한 두 집단 간 차이를 살펴본 결과, 한국대학생들의 경우 휴식을 취함으로써 일에 대한 에너지를 얻고, 기분 전환을 하고자 하는 동기(휴식동기)가 독일대학생들에 비해 강한 반면, 자신의 능력을 개선하거나 자랑하고 싶어하는 동기(유능동기)는 상대적으로 약한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 여가태도에 있어서도 한국대학생은 인지적, 정서적 요인이 높게 나타난 반면 독일 대학생은 행동적 측면에서 높게 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural differences of relationship between leisure life and quality of life. For this goal, 368 Korean and 348 German university students completed a questionnaire measuring relationship between leisure life(leisure activities, leisure motivation, leisure attitude and leisure satisfaction) and quality of life(life satisfaction and negative affectivity). Based on analyzing these data, We found 4 prominent results; First, there were cultural differences between leisure activity and leisure satisfaction and quality of life. Specifically, although many of the Korean students were usually participating an 'indoor activities' such as internet surfing, card game, billiard etc, they were unlikely to satisfy those activities. On the other hand, majority of German students(29.2%) were participating sports activities, which was positively related with leisure satisfaction and quality of life. Second, the result showed that Korean students were to have a stronger ‘psychological rest motivation' in leisure life than German students. While German students were to have a stronger ‘competent motivation' than Korean students. Third, Korean students showed discrepancy between cognition and behavior of leisure attitude. When it comes to the cognitive aspects of leisure attitude, Korean students were more likely to consider leisure as a valuable activity than German students. In that the behavioral aspects, German students were more willing to participate leisure activity and consume time and money than Korean students.

자기고양 편파와 심리적 적응의 관계를 파악하기 위하여 두 가지 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 연구 1에서는 자기고양 편파를 측정할 수 있는 객관적인 척도를 제작한 후, 한국 대학생들의 자기고양 편파 경향과 심리적 적응의 관계를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 한국 대학생들에게서 자기고양 편파와 심리적 적응은 유의미한 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 연구 대상에 노동자를 포함시켜 개인주의 문화권인 독일과 비교한 연구 2에서도 한국인의 자기고양 경향과 심리적 적응의 상관은 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 집단주의 문화권에서는 자기고양 편파 경향이 나타나지 않으며, 심리적 적응과도 관련이 없다는 기존의 연구 결과와 상반된 것으로서 매우 흥미로운 현상이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 자기고양 편파 경향의 문화적 차이를 좀더 심도 있게 파악하기 위해서는 더욱 세련된 측정 방식과 다양한 비교문화 연구가 필요한 것으로 보인다.

Two investigations were carried out to understand the relationship between self-enhancement bias and psychological adjustment. In study 1, a scale for measuring the self-enhancement bias was constructed and the relationship between self-enhancement bias and psychological adjustment was examined in Korean college students. The relationship between two variables was significant in Korean college students. At study 2, college students and laborers in Korea and Germany participated to examine the relationship between two variables. It was significant both samples. This is very interesting result because it is reverse the existing outcomes that there are no self-enhancement bias and no relationship between self-enhancement and psychological adjustment in collective cultures. It is need to develop more refined measure tool and to do comparison with various cultures for more profound research on self-enhancement bias and cultural difference.

性格次元의 特徽을 測定하기 위한 檢査尺度를 標準化하고 韓國人과 英國人의 性格次元 特徴을 比較하기 위하며 아이젱크 性格檢査 (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, EPQ)를 우리말로 번역하여 1,200名의 成人과 1,214名의 年少者들에게 實施하였다. 蒐集된 資科는 集団別로 分離하여 主成分要因分析을 하여 强靭性, 情緖性, 外向性-内向性 및 虚僞性 次元要因을 抽出하였다. 要因分析의 過程에서 몇개의 問項들은 다른 要因으로 移勤되기도 하고, 負荷量이 크게 떨어져 탈락되었기 때문에 檢査尺度에 變化가 있었음에도 불구하고 각 檢査尺度의 信頼度는 만족할 만큼 높았고, 檢査尺度間의 相互相關係數는 예기한 데로 매우 낮거나 혹은 逆相關關係를 이루고 있는 것으로 보아 性格要因의 獮立性이 확증된 合理的 關係가 있는 것으로 생각할 수 있다. 要因比較指數가 높은 것으로 보아 서로 다른 두 文化集團에서 抽出된 性格次元的 要因은 매우 유사하다는 점을 알 수 있다. 다른 한편 韓鼷成人은 英國成人에 비해 强靭性, 情緒性 및 虚僞性 次元의 點數는 意味있게 높으나 外向性-内向性 次元의 點數는 意味있게 낮다. 韓國年少者는 英國年少者에 비해 虚僞性 次元의 點數는 意味있게 높으나 情緒性 次元과 外向性-内向性 次元의 點數는 意味있게 낮다.

The English version of the Adult and Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaires (EPQ) was translated into the Korean language. 90 items of the senior version of the EPQ were administered to 661 males and 539 females in Korea, and 81 items of the junior version of the EPQ were administered to 638 boys and 576 girls to compare the dimensional structures of personality in Korean and English adults and children respectively. It was found that identical factors emerged from the Korean population as had been found in the English population. Several items from the original English EPQ were switched to other scales in the Korean version of the EPQ. Although some items which constitute the Korean scales changed and the lengths of the scales were shortened, the reliabilities of all scales were satisfactorily high, intercorrelations of each scale were reasonably low, and the indices of factor comparisons were satisfactorily high. These suggest that major personality dimensions were similar in Korea as in English subjects and that the Korean version of the EPQ is potentially useful. Results of this comparative study have shown that Korean adults scored higher on the scales of psychoticism, neuroticism, and lie but lower on the scale of extraversion than English adults. Korean children scored higher on the lie scale but lower on the scales of extraversion and neuroticism than English children. Korean girls scored higher on the scale of psychoticism than English girls.