Earticle

Asian lacquer is a material that has been used in Asia from ancient times to coat the surface of objects. It is a durable material, but is known to be weak to ultraviolet light (UV). Here, to understand the deterioration characteristics of Asian lacquer due to UV, the changes were analyzed using ultraviolet photometry, IR, and pyrolysis/GC/MS (pyrolysis/GC/MS), after exposing the lacquer coating film to UV (λ= 340 nm). In the ultraviolet photometry, the surface exposed to UV showed fluorescence. In IR analysis, the powder sample showed little change after exposure to UV, but on the surface, C = O groups increased, while C―H groups decreased significantly. Analysis with pyrolysis/GC/MS revealed that the composition of organic acid increased significantly. Carboxylic acids having 9 or less carbon atoms and dicarboxylic acids were significantly increased compared to carboxylic acid having 16 carbon atoms. In addition, urushiol with the oxidized side chain was also increased. This shows that the penetration depth of UV is the limiting factor for deterioration, and that the deterioration of lacquer due to UV proceeds with the destruction of carbon–carbon single and double bonds and the subsequent formation of carboxylic acid.

이 연구에서는 국가지정 목조건축문화재를 중심으로 현장에 남아 있는 전통 단청안료 의 성분을 분석하고 사용된 원료특성에 따른 안료의 현황을 파악하여 통계적으로 고찰하였다. 적색 안료는 석간주, 연단, 주사가 높은 점유율을 보이는 것으로 천연 및 인공 무기안료의 사용 률이 높았다. 황색 안료는 유기안료(등황추정), 황토, 금이 높은 점유율을 보였다. 유기안료 및 금의 경우 발색도를 높이기 위해 백색으로 밑칠을 하였는데 주로 연백 안료가 사용되었다. 녹 색 안료는 하엽, 뇌록, 삼록이 높은 점유율을 보였다. 하엽과 뇌록은 단일 물질로 확인되나 삼록 은 물루아이트와 같은 구리 산화물과 납 계열 백색 원료를 혼합하여 조색한 것을 알 수 있다. 청색 안료는 다른 색상에 비해 안료의 점유율이 낮았다. 군청, 회청, 석청이 높은 점유율을 나타 내는 것으로 천연 및 인공 무기안료가 주를 이루었다. 특히 군청, 석청과 같은 고가 안료의 사용이 궁궐단청에 집중되는 것이 특징이다. 백색과 흑색 안료는 단청 채색에서 점유율이 낮은 편이나 분선이나 먹선에 사용되어 단청의 완성도에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 백색 안료는 백 토, 연백이 높은 점유율을 보이고 채색용뿐 아니라 채색안료의 밑칠 안료로 활용된 것을 알 수 있다. 흑색 안료는 먹을 주요 성분으로 한 유기 원료가 95% 이상으로 대부분을 차지하며 하부의 채색층에 따라 다양한 양상을 보인다. 이를 통해 단청에 사용된 채색안료는 무기안료의 사용비중이 매우 높고 무기안료에서도 인공 안료보다 천연 무기안료의 사용률이 높은 것을 문화재 현장 분석데이터를 기반으로 확인할 수 있었다.

In this study, the composition of traditional Korean Dancheong pigments existing in national-designated wooden architectural heritages was analyzed, and the current status of pigments according to the raw material characteristics used was statistically examined. As for the red pigment, Seokganju, Yeondan, Jusa had a high share, and natural and artificial inorganic pigments had a high usage rate. As for yellow pigments, organic pigments(estimated Deunghwang), Hhwangto, and gold showed a high share. In the case of organic pigments and gold, Yeonbaek was used as a based pigment to increase color development. As for the green pigment, Hayeob, Noerok, Samrok showed a high share. The Hayeob and Neorok are identified as a single raw material, but it can be seen that the Samrok is made by mixing copper oxides such as moolooite and lead-based white raw materials. Blue pigments have a lower share of pigments compared to other colors. As for the blue pigment, Guncheong, Hoecheong, and Seokcheong showed a high market share, and natural and artificial inorganic pigments accounted for the majority. In particular, it is characteristic that the use of expensive pigments such as Seokcheong and Guncheong is concentrated on the Palace Dancheong. White and black pigments have a low share in Dancheong coloring, but the white and black lines play a very important role in the perfection of Dancheong. It can be seen that the white pigment has a high share of Baekto(white clay) and Yeonbaek, and is used not only for coloring but also as a based pigment for color pigments. Most of the black pigment is made up of more than 95% organic raw material containing carbon as its main component, and it shows various aspects depending on the lower pigment layer. Through this, it was confirmed based on on-site analysis data of wooden architectural heritage that the color pigment used in Dancheong had a higher percentage of use of inorganic pigments and that the use rate of natural inorganic pigments was higher than that of artificial synthetic pigments in inorganic pigments.

본 연구는 청원 만수리 유적에서 출토된 동제병(銅製甁) 3점을 대상으로 금속학적 연구 및 납(Pb)동위원소비를 이용한 산지추정을 하여 당시 제작 기술체계의 한 측면을 알아보고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 선정된 동제병 3점은 자연과학적 분석방법을 이용하여 성분분석(ICP) 및 미세조직관찰(Optical·SEM-EDS)을 하였으며, 납동위원소비(TIMS·선형판별분석법)를 이용해 납의 산지추정을 하였다. 성분분석결과 3점 모두 Cu-Sn-Pb 삼원계로 밝혀졌으며, 구리(Cu) 67.83%~74.89%, 주석(Sn) 7.68%~10.17%, 납(Pb) 5.21%~10.86%의 조성비를 나타내고 있다. 미세조직 관찰결과 3점 모두 α상 기지에 부분적으로 공석상인 α+δ가 관찰되며, 열처리 등이 물리적 작업흔이 없는 주조품으로 확인된다. 개재물로는 납(Pb), 황(S), 철(Fe)이 관찰되는 데 납(Pb)은 주조성을 높이기 위한 것으로 생각되고 황(S) 그리고 철(Fe)은 원광석에 함유되어 있던 것으로 제련과정을 거치는 동안 우연히 포함된 것으로 추정된다.. 즉 제련에 공급된 원광석의 종류는 황화물계로 황동석(CuFeS2) 혹은 반동석(Cu5FeS4)을 원료로 사용했음을 알려주는 것이다. 또한 동제병 3점 모두 α상 내에 strain line이 관찰되는데 이는 제작 당시 물리적인 요인에 의해 형성된 것으로 추정된다. 동제병 3점 각각의 납(Pb)동위원소비를 분석하고 이미 확보된 방연광 납(Pb)동위원소비 데이터를 비교하여 납(Pb) 원료의 산지를 추정하였다. 그 결과 동경 1·2는 중국남부에 그룹에 속하였으며, 동제병 3은 어느 그룹에도 속하지 못한 미지의 방연광으로 추정되었다. 이와 같은 청동기에 대한 과학적 분석이 축적되면 지역에 따라 청동기를 통해 이루어졌던 문화를 추적하는데 도움이 될 수 있으며 나아가 우리나라 청동기 문화를 체계적으로 이해할 수 있는 근거가 마련될 것으로 생각된다.

In this paper, the results of the metallographic investigation and provenance study from three copper bottles excavated at Mansu-ri site in Cheongwon are presented. ICPS, metallography and SEM-EDS were used in order to assessthe production technology, and lead isotope analysis was used to infer the possible provenance of the copper bottles. The compositional analysis of the samples shows three main elements: Cu (67.83-74.89%), Sn (7.68-10.17%) and Pb (5.21-10.86%). In addition, optical examinations revealed two main phases: an -phase and a partial +β phase. The metallic phase is clearly indicative of a casting process without any heat treatment or cold working. Various non-metallic inclusions are observed, including Pb, S (Sulfur) and Fe. It appears that Pb was intentionally added to facilitate the casting process. On the other hand, S and Fe were included by accident in the melting process of copper ore. It appears that chalcopyrite or bornite was used as ore. The lead isotope ratios of the samples were compared with the existing data, and the results suggest that copper bottle no. 1 and no. 2 may have come from the southern part of Mainland China. Copper bottle no. 3, on the other hand, did not fall into any discrete field. It may be suggested that the accumulation of such results from the scientific analysis of copper artifacts will provide a basis for the systematic understanding of the Bronze Culture of the Korean peninsula.

Background: Gastrodia elata Blume is a saprophytic perennial plant in the Orchidaceae family, because of its agricultural and medicinal effectiveness, researchers focus on its genome and chemical components. However, cytogenetic information based on the chromosome structure and composition to construct chromosomal backbone for genome sequencing research and for the development and breeding of plants is very limited. Methods and Results: We determined the metaphase chromosome composition of the G. elata genome by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 45S rDNAs and telomeric repeat probes. The nuclear genome of G. elata was organized into 2 n = 36, with relatively small (2.71 - 5.50㎛)chromosomes that showed gradual decrease in size. Conglutination phenomenon was observed among the metaphase chromosomes, and it was distinguished from that in other plant metaphase chromosome spreads. One pair of signal was detected for each 5S and 45S rDNA in the pericentromeric region and interstitial region on the short arm of chromosomes 10 and 4, respectively, and telomeric DNA signals were detected in the terminal region of most chromosomes. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first FISH chromosome composition result in G. elata and could be useful in more comprehensive molecular cytogenetic and genomic analyses as well as breeding programs of the medicinal plant G. elata.

This purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional composition about Auricularia spp., which has been used to Auricularia auricula-judae(black and brown) and Auricularia polytricha. First, the contents of total polyphenol and beta-glucan were analyzed. Subsequently, the contents of free sugars, amino acids and organic acids were analyzed by HPLC. In addition, the content of vitamin D from these strains was also measured and the D3 of this vitamin D was anlyzed. In conclusion, Auricularia spp. showed evident differences in the nutritional composition.

This study was carried out to determine the basic mycelial culture conditions for Poria cocos growth. According to colony diameter and mycelial density, suitable media for mycelial growth were Malt yeast extract, Potato dextrose agar, Yeast extract agar, and Yeast malt agar. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was between 25 and 35oC, and the optimum pH value was between 4 and 7. Carbon and nitrogen sources were fructose and yeast extract. The optimum C/N ratio was about 10 to 1 with 2% glucose. Other minor components for optimal growth were thiamine-HCl and nicotinamide as vitamins, acetic and lactic acid as organic acids, and MgSO4·7H2O and FeSO4·7H2O as mineral salts. Wolfiporia cocos is a well-known traditional medicine in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries owing to its numerous therapeutic properties. With the aim to determine the morphology and genetic characteristics of W. cocosten strains of W. cocos were cultivated in vitro, and subsequently, rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA was performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the morphology of fruit bodies of W. cocos in Korea. W. cocos were cultured on PDA agar at different temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, and 28°C) under 12-hour light (600 Lux) / 12-hour dark photoperiod condition for 1 month. Appearance of fruit body was the highest at 28°C condition in all the strains investigated. Honeycomb-like structure on sclerotia was observed in Andong 01, Andong 02, Andong 03, KFRI 1104, KFRI 1105, KFRI 1106, KFRI 1107, KFRI 1108, and ASI 13007 strains. The KFRI 1103 strain formed cosmos petal-like structure on sclerotia. The average size of basidiospores was recorded as 7.55 μm in height and 3.35 μ in width. The purpose of this study is to supplement the disadvantages of the buried method and groundfill method using plastic bags through cultivation method by the glass bottle. We inoculated Poria cocos strain (ASI 13007) cultured in PDA medium in sterilized sawdust medium (oak sawdust: rice bran = 8: 2) of a 50 mL conical tube and incubated for 14 days at 25 °C. Then, the pine tree was put into a 1000 mL glass bottle, sterilized, and inoculated with sawdust seed. As a result, sclerotium was induced on the pine tree in a 1000 mL glass bottle. This result indicates that the cultivation method using glass bottles can produce Poria cocos of good quality relatively. This study was carried out to discriminate the geographical origin from Korea and Chinese Wolfiporia extensa. By proximate composition analysis, both were identified as similar, showed oxygen was 45.32-48.07%, carbon was 38.09-40.12%, hydrogen was 6.05~6.78% and nitrogen was 0.16-0.23%. Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. No significant differences were found as well for the antioxidant activity between Korean and Chinese product. However, the contents of inorganic components ED-XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer) were significant different in Chinese and domestic W. extensa. The Potassium and iron in Chinese and domestic W. extensa were 47.60±8.78% and 14.5±3.86% as well as 33.14±17.27% and 9.13±4.83%, respectively. From the above resuls, the analysis of inorganic components by ED-XRF may be used for discrimination of the geographical origin of W. extensa.

Although bamboo is a herbaceous plant, it shares many characteristics with wood, making it a versatile material for various timber applications. Its rapid growth rate also makes it an ideal species for bio-circular forest establishment, adding to its afforestation value. As the climate warms, bamboo's growing range is expanding, and its role as a carbon sink is increasing due to its fast growth. However, after harvesting bamboo's culm parts, a large amount of branches and leaves remain, which have limited uses and incur significant costs for disposal. A potential solution to this issue is to propose utilizing of bamboo by-products, which are produced in large quantities on-site, as ash. The ash of the plant contains many inorganic nutrients. This study analyzes the nutrients contained in the ash from bamboo by-products (branches and leaves), and investigates its effects on plant growth. We evaluated the usability of ash recovered after incinerating (500℃<) bamboo (Phyllostachys pubesens) by-products. The analysis revealed that the incineration ash contained high concentrations of potassium (>80,000 ppm), calcium (>50,000 ppm), phosphorus (>20,000 ppm), magnesium (>20,000 ppm), manganese (>10,000 ppm), and iron (>10,000 ppm), with aluminum, sulfur, sodium, and silicon also identified as major elements. In the plant growth evaluation, the survival rates of Alnus incana were similar across all treatments (94%-100%), but root induction decreased in the ash-treated group. In contrast, the survival rate of Rhododendron mucronulatum was lower in the ash-treated groups, and no root induction occurred. A. incana adapts well to a wide range of soil pH, while R. mucronulatum typically thrives in acidic soils. The high cation content of the ash likely increased the pH of the medium, affecting the growth of R. mucronulatum. Based on these results, future studies will focus on selecting appropriate plants and adjusting concentrations and pH levels to further assess the potential of bamboo by-product ash as a soil fertilizer. Through these efforts, we aim to minimize the environmental impact of bamboo by-products and maximize their practical value as a renewable resource.

The study aims to assess composition, diversity and population indices of natural regeneration of woody species in Jebel El Gerrie forest reserve, Blue Nile State, Sudan. We conducted field work between December 2018 and January 2019. We used random sampling to collect vegetation data in the forest where we made a total of 90 circular sample plots (radius 17.84 m) and distributed them proportionally to the area of each of the four density-based vegetation classes of the forest i.e. high density (C1), medium density (C2), low density (C3) and crop land (C4). In each sample plot we identified all regenerating tree species and counted their regeneration frequencies. We calculated ecological metrics of regeneration frequency, density, abundance, richness, evenness, diversity and importance value index (IVI) and drew abundance rank curve. Results revealed that out of fifteen mature tree species present, natural regeneration of 8 species, which belong to 6 families, was observed. The relatively most frequently naturally regenerating and abundant species were Anogeissus leiocarpa and Combretum hartmannianum. Richness, evenness and diversity of regenerating species were 1.33, 0.82 and 1.7, respectively. One-way ANOVA (=0.05) of mean regeneration densities disclosed that there were significant differences (F3,86=16.77, p=0.000) between C2 & C3 (p=0.000) and C2 & C4 (p=0.000). While regeneration of seven tree species were absent, two, two and four species were of good, poor and fair regeneration status, respectively. A comparison of mean density of natural regeneration with that of parent trees reflects a poor regeneration status of the forest. The study provides empirical results on the regeneration status of species and signifies the need for management interventions for species conservation and restoration, maintenance of biodiversity and sustainable production.

The constituent elements of artistic beauty in art design represent the expressive forms of design art and the externalization of artistic innovation. Within the realm of contemporary art design, jewelry design, as an art form integrating aesthetics, craftsmanship, and functionality, exhibits unique manifestations of its beauty components. This paper employs contemporary art jewelry design as a specific case study, utilizing artistic beauty theory as its analytical framework and adopting the case study methodology to delve into the artistic beauty inherent within this field. The analysis systematically examines six core elements—line, material, color, form, structure, and emotion— through the lens of representative works, elucidating how these elements interact to collectively shape the artistic appeal of contemporary art jewelry. The findings reveal that contemporary art jewelry design transcends the traditional singular pursuit of material value. Instead, it manifests the multidimensionality and profundity of artistic beauty through formal innovation, material experimentation, chromatic expression, structural exploration, and potent emotional narratives. This study not only deepens the theoretical understanding of the composition of beauty in art design but also provides aesthetic insights for the innovative practice of contemporary jewelry design, highlighting the pivotal role of artistic beauty in bridging functional requirements and spiritual experiences.

This study proposes a strategy for the creation and management of urban forests in Paju Heyri art village. Urban forest composition attributes (4 categories and 16 items) were extracted and the questionnaire was asked to the level and the current level for tourists, local residents and workers in Paju Heyri art village. And the priority order for the creation of urban forests was derived through the difference between the present level (performance) and the required level (importance) and the requirements analysis procedure. In this study, the priorities of each item of urban forest formation attributes were determined. The t-test alone had limitations, so we calculated the Borich needs which were not covered by the existing Importance - Performance Analysis (IPA). We used the Locus for Focus Model, which is a method for visually confirming the difference between the current level and the required value for the required level in the 4-quadrant coordinate plane. The results of this study show that the seven priorities can be used as a useful tool for the formulation of urban forests and operational strategies and can be a basic research for the activation of urban forests in the future.

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reproducibility of impedance body fat measurement devices measuring the body com-position of Korean male and female adults using three bioelectrical im-pedance analyzers. We compared two methods for evaluating body composition: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and bioelectri-cal impedance analysis (BIA). Subjects were 200 healthy adult Korean males and females whose mean±standard deviation (range) age, standing height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 44.1±14.5 years, 172.8±7.4 cm, 76.0±12.8 kg, and 25.4±3.3 kg/m2, and 44.5±14.7 years, 158.7±5.8 cm, 58.3±8.3 kg, and 23.2±3.0 kg/m2, re-spectively. As a result, first of all, the reproducibility of the bioelectrical impedance analyzer had very high coefficients at r=0.998, r=0.997 be-tween men and women, respectively. The correlation coefficients among three comparisons for lean body mass (LBM) were provided the following coefficients: r=0.951 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC720, r=0.950 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC360, and r=0.946 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC380 in men. In the results for women, they also had the very high fol-lowing coefficients: r=0.956 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC720, r=0.946 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC360, and r=0.957 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC380 in LBM. In conclusion, this research showed a higher correlation in terms of accuracy compared to existing BIA-based body composition measurement techniques, and the accuracy of LBM was improved with high correlation coefficients through the algorithm that was improved using the multifrequency BIA method in the ACCUNIQ BC products.

The feeding strategies are important to improve milk production, milk quality and cost-efficiently. It has been studies that the amount of concentrated fed should depend on the milk yield. However, there is no evidence of difference in colostrum composition based on different levels of feed. Here, we investigate the correlation between feeding levels and colostrum protein. We observed significant changes of colostrum protein between two groups, which were eating the standard diet and high-energy diet. Milk proteins, colostrum, were collected from the day of calving and 3rd day of calving. The change of milk protein was analysis using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and these proteins were identified using PMF analysis. Five protein were identified in milk from the day of calving. The level of αS2-casein precursor and β-casein were higher in the colostrum from high-energy diet group than standard-diet while, IgG3 heavy chain constant region, non-classical MHC class Ⅰ antigen isoform X2 and β-casein A2 variant were higher in colostrum of standard diet group. Twelve proteins were identified in milk from 3rd day of calving. All of these protein highly observed in colostrum from standard diet group than high-energy diet. In addition, Most of this protein known as immune-related factor and colostrum of standard diet group contain many of those factors than high-energy group, although we observed the mature milk yield is a slightly lower in the group of standard diet. On other hand, excess supply of diet can lead the milk production, which has less immune-related factor in colostrum.

Recent studies of Japanese EFL student writing have revealed characteristic weaknesses in a variety of language areas: compositions that were organized as one extended paragraph, a discourse structure that appears illogical to a native speaker reader, a lack of credible support or an overreliance on an emotional response to the topic. This study collected English writing samples from a cross-section of Japanese high school and college learners and considered them in terms of a native speaker’s expectations. Features such as composition organization, paragraph structure, transition signals, vocabulary, collocations, and style were analyzed across a wide range of language proficiency with the aim of identifying students’ difficulties in writing and exploring how these are resolved in tandem with English language development. Writing samples were collected from six levels of Japanese EFL learners and a group of native speakers. These were compared and any specific problem areas or patterns which may be generally applicable to Japanese students were identified. The results revealed that some features develop naturally and others require conscious learning under formal writing instruction. Possible implications of the results are discussed as they pertain to assisting teachers in creating a more precise and effective composition writing curriculum.

본 연구는 자동차와 화장품 기업의 페이스북 브랜드 팬 페이지로부터 405개 게시물을 수집하여 분석하였다. 화장품과 자동차는 경험재와 탐색재의 대표 제품으로, 경쟁강도가 높은 시장에서 활발하게 SNS 커뮤니케이션 활동을 수행하는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 분석 결과, 텍스트 길이와 제품 유형 간의 주목할 만한 연관성을 발견하였다. 긴 게시물은 특히 경험재의 맥락에서 두드러지며, 텍스트 길이가 소비자 참여 행동(좋아요, 댓글 및 공유)에 미치는 긍정적인 영향이 탐색재보다 경험재에서 두드러졌다. 또한, 탐색재의 게시물에서 이미지 활용이 더 많은 것으로 관찰되었다. 더불어 본 연구에서는 이미지 개수가 소비자 참여 행동에 미치는 영향에 대한 혼재된 결과를 발견하였다. 구체적으로, ‘좋아요’에 대해서는 이미지 개수의 긍정적인 영향이 탐색재에서 두드러진 반면에, ‘댓글 과 공유’에 대해서는 이미지 개수의 긍정적인 영향이 경험재에서 두드러지는 것으로 나타 났다. 본 연구 결과는 SNS 상에서의 소비자 참여 행동을 다양하게 해석함으로써 학문적으 로 의미가 있으며, 소셜 미디어 마케팅 전략을 최적화하려는 기업에게는 실무적 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

The research analyzed a dataset comprising 405 posts from automotive and cosmetics products. The choice of them not only highlights their distinct product types (experience and search goods) but also underscores their shared characteristics, such as operating in highly competitive markets and actively engaging in SNS. The findings highlight the associations between text length and product type. Longer posts were particularly prominent in case of experience goods, and the positive impact of text length on post performance metrics(Likes, Comments, and Shares) was more pronounced for experience goods than search goods. Furthermore, a higher prevalence of images in posts is observed for search goods. However, the study uncovers mixed insights regarding the impact of image quantity on post performance metrics. Specifically, it reveals that for Likes, the positive impact of image quantity is more pronounced for search goods. Conversely, for Comments and Shares, the positive impact of image quantity is more pronounced for experience goods. These findings hold academic significance in elucidating the dynamics of online consumer engagement and offer practical insights for businesses.

The contents of raw materials which are components of mixed substrate for mushroom cultivation were analyzed to optimize the composition. The pure protein(amino acid) level of soybean meal was the highest, 44.02% followed by those of soybean curd residue(31.5%) and cotton seeds meal(30.6%). The non protein nitrogen(NPN) contents in crude protein of main nitrogen materials were 2.4% for soybean meal and 5.6% for dried soybean curd residue, while those of wheat bran and rice bran used as the carbon source were relatively higher, 17.6% compared to that of nitrogen supplying media. Crude protein content per price was 6.0 for rapeseed meal, indicating that it is high crude protein content per price. Nitrogen-free extract(NFE) considering as an ingredient for mycelial growth were high in alphacorn(72.9%) and wheat bran B(57.2%). Acid detergent fiber(ADF) was high in corncob, 51.88%, its use for cultivation of brown rot fungi including Lentinus lepideus should pay attention because the fungi lack complete lignin degradation activity.

2011년 창덕궁의 대조전에서 내부 수리 공사 도중 훼손된 적의본이 발견되었다. 적의본에 채색되어 있는 7가지 채색 안료에 대해 P-XRF와 Micro-XRD를 이용하여 과학적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과, 연단과 군청, 코니칼사이트 또는 화록청, 바륨화이트의 혼합 안료, 석황, 연백 등이 사용된 것으로 추정된다. 또한 중앙박물관 소장 적의본과 폐슬본과의 성분 안료를 비교 검토한 결과, 중앙박물관 소장 적의본과 폐슬본은 창덕궁 대조전에서 검출된 연단 이외에도 적색에서 진사나 유기안료가 사용되었으며, 녹색과 황색 등에서는 창덕궁 대조전 적의본과 같은 안료 성분이 검출되었다. 또한 1920년대에 녹색 안료로 화록청과 같은 서양의 합성안료가 우리나라에서도 사용되기 시작한 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 20C에 궁궐에서 사용된 안료의 성분에 대한 과학적 연구결과로 향후 동시대 회화안료의 비교 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Damaged the Jeoguibon (patterns of the Queen's ceremonial robe) was found during repair work of Daejojeon, Changdeok Palace in 2011. Analytical study on seven colors painted in the patterns has been conducted by P-XRF and Micro-XRD analysis. The result displays that red lead, ultramarine blue, conichalcite or mixed pigment of emerald green and barium white, orpiment and white lead had been used on the patterns. Comparison of the pigments used for the Pyeseulbon (patterns of the Queen's belt ornament covering knees in the front) housed in National Museum of Korea has revealed that not only red lead but also cinnabar and organic pigment had been used in the Jeoguibon and the Pyeseulbon housed in National Museum of Korea. In addition the same pigments has been examined in green and yellow parts of both the Jeoguibon in Daejojeon and the Pyeseulbon housed in National Museum of Korea. The result has shown that western's synthetic green pigment such as emerald green was introduced and used in 1920's. The scientific result from this study expects to be used as useful referencing data for the comparative understanding on pigments used in palace during the 20th century.