Earticle

Polyphenolic compounds are reported to have various pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Although numerous papers explore their functional roles in many different cellular actions, not many studies handle their structural features in anti-inflammatory responses. In this study, therefore, we examined structural role of substituted transstilbenes in their NO inhibitory and NF-${\kappa}B$ suppressive activities. Of 10 compounds tested, 4 compounds (cinnamic acid, resveratrol, piceatannol and curcumin) displayed NO inhibitory activities in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, these compounds blocked LPS-induced cytotoxicity of RAW264.7 cells. All NO inhibitory compounds also inhibited $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation, a hallmark for NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. However, these inhibitory compounds exhibited distinct suppressive pattern in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$- or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 activation. According to structure-activity relationship study, polarity and size of ring B seem to be important for diminishing NO production. Therefore, our data suggest that substituted trans-stilbenes can be developed as novel anti-inflammatory drug or further developed as lead compounds for another improvement.

The interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx is responsible for a specific antiviral state against a broad spectrum of viral infections that are induced by type-I interferons (IFN α/β) in different vertebrates. In this study, the Mx gene was isolated from the constructed mullet cDNA database. Structural features of mullet Mx (MuMx) were analyzed using different in-silico tools. The pairwise comparison revealed that the MuMx sequence was related to Stegastes partitus Mx with an 83.7% sequence identity, whereas MuMx was clustered into the teleost category in the phylogentic analysis. Sequence alignment showed that the dynamin-type guanine nucleotide- binding domain (G_DYNAMIN_2), central interactive domain (CID), and GTPase effector domain (GED) were conserved among Mx counterparts. The transcriptional expression of MuMx was the highest in blood cells from unchallenged fish. The temporal mRNA profile showed that MuMx expression was significantly elevated in all tissues, including blood, spleen, head kidney, liver, and gills after the injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) at many time points. Moreover, MuMx expression increased slightly, in the blood, spleen, and head kidney at a few time points after the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Lactococcus garvieae (L. garvieae). Results of the subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the MuMx protein was highly expressed in the cytoplasm. The analysis of the gene expression of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) under conditions of MuMx overexpression confirmed the significant inhibition of viral transcripts. The cell viability (MTT) assay and VHSV titer quantification with the presence of MuMx indicated a significant reduction in virus replication. Collectively, these findings suggest that Mx is a specific immune-related gene that elicits crucial antiviral functions against viral antigens in the mullet fish.

This study investigated the alternate use of English by Korean speakers of English in informal Korean written texts to see (1) in what situations and for what purposes Korean adult speakers of English living in the United States, code-switch into English, in the context of their own personal writing in Korean, and (2) what are the linguistic or structural features of the alternate language forms that they might produce. For this study, data were collected from 4 Korean female adults living in a mid-sized southern city with different goals for residency in the United States. Personal documents and unstructured interview were employed as a data collection method. The results showed that the structural features of the written code-switching might be explained by the typological difference between Korean and English with respect to the head position in given phrases, in that the head position ‘head-initial’ or ‘head-final’ has been considered to be a crucial factor determining the basic word order of a given language. On the other hand, it was found that the participants' perceived reason for using English content words in the Korean informal texts or adopting English word order might be for bridging the gap between their native language and their American life. It was suggested that the functional feature of the alternate use of English and Korean might be followed from that fact that memos on the datebooks should be efficient and economical, i.e. easily recognized and quickly produced.

개인이 맺고 있는 사회적 관계와 속해 있는 사회적 연결망은 개인의 가치 태도와 행동에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 역동적이고 지속적인 사회적 상호작용을 통해 개인은 자신과 비슷한 성향 및 태도를 보이는 타인과 관계를 맺고 서로 영향을 주고받는다. 그동안 많은 연구들이 사회적 연결망과 개인의 행동 간의 관계를 살펴보았으나, 대부분 친구 관계에 초점을 맞추었다는 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 청소년의 친구와 도움의 관계를 바탕으로 두 사회적 연결망의 구조, 개인 간 상호 작용, 사회적 영향의 특성을 살펴보고 차이를 검증하였다. 종단적 사회연결망 분석을 통해 살펴본 결과, 친구 연결망은 도움 연결망에 비해 밀도와 군집을 형성하려는 응집성이 높은데 반해 도움 연결망은 상대적으로 느슨하고 개방되어 있으나 중앙성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 비슷한 성향의 사회적 타자와 관계를 맺으려는 특성은 친구 관계에서 보다 강하게 나타났으며, 사회적인 영향은 두 연결망 간에 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 연구 결과는 사회적 관계가 개인에게 미치는 영향을 검증하는데 있어 사회적 연결망의 구조적 특성을 살펴보는 것이 필요하며, 가까운 친구뿐만 아니라 도움을 주고받는 관계를 포함한 다양한 사회적 관계를 함께 고려해야 함을 강조한다.

Social relationships and social networks have significant influence on individuals’ beliefs and behaviors. Through ongoing and dynamic social interactions, individuals connect with similar others and socialize their attributes. Although extensive research has investigated the interdependent changes of social networks and individual attributes, most research has focused on networks of friends. The current study examined and compared the network structural features, social interaction, and social influence between early adolescents’ friend and help networks. Results with longitudinal social network analysis indicated that friend networks were characterized by high density and peer group clusters, while help networks were characterized as loose-knit networks with high centrality. Also, homophily selection was more salient in the friend networks, while the magnitude of social influence did not vary between the two networks. Results underscore that examining structural features of social networks as well as considering different social ties are important for advancing our understanding of social influence processes.

Kevin O’Rourke (1939-2020) was an Irish-born Columban Father and one of the most respected translators of Korean siga 詩歌 (poetry and song), especially sijo 時調poems. He translated more than 2,000 works of siga and received various awards and honors, including a presidential citation in 2009. Nevertheless, there are few studies that discuss his view of how siga should and can be translated. Against this backdrop, the present study investigates his English translation of Yun Sŏndo’s “Ŏbu sasi sa” 漁父四時詞(The Fisherman’s Calendar), a 40-verse sijo cycle that depicts a fisherman’s life in the four seasons. The main focus is on the sijo formats (chang 章division, line breaks, indentation, refrains, etc.) employed in his 1987 translation and his 1988/2001 revisions, respectively. These formats are also compared with those used by six other translators who rendered into English either part or the whole of the same original.

이 글은 2023년에 출간된 서귤 작가의 만화 『애욕의 고전소설』에 나타난 이 작품의 고전소설 대중서로서의 특징을 살펴보고, 이를 토대로 고전소설 대중화를 위한 콘텐츠 제작의 하나의 방안을 모색해 본 것이다. 고전소설은 현재 시점에서도 생각해볼 수 있는 많은 화두를 던진다는 점에서 중요한 자원이다. 이러한 고전 소설을 기반으로 이에 대해 소개하고 감상을 공유하는 콘텐츠는 고전소설과 현대 독자를 매개해주는 역할을 한다는 점에서 매우 중요하다. 이 글에서는 『애욕의 고전소설』의 구성 방식을 통해 이 작품의 대중 콘텐츠로서의 특징을 살펴보고, 이를 토대로 고전소설 대중화를 위한 콘텐츠 제작의 한 방법을 제안했다. 이 콘텐츠의 경우, 교과서에 수록되어 독자들이 친숙하게 알 수 있는 작품을 전체 수록 작품의 약 2/3 분량으로 배치해 콘텐츠에 대한 진입장벽을 낮추고 있으며, 각 개별콘텐츠의 서두와 말미를 현대 상황으로 제시하고 그 가운데 고전소설 내용을 배치함으로써 고전소설을 현대적 시점에서 바라볼 수 있도록 구성하고 있었다. 또한 인스타툰과 같은 만화 매체 특성상, 매우 짧은 분량에 압축적으로 정보를 제시하면서도 독자의 흥미를 견인할 수 있도록 함을 알 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 고전소설 대중화를 위한 콘텐츠를 제작할 때에는 정보를 제시하는 것과 함께 무엇보다 현대 독자의 재미를 유인할 수 있도록 짧은 분량의 콘텐츠에 내용을 압축해 보여줄 필요가 있다는 점과 고전소설에 대한 감상을 공유할 수 있는 이야기판을 염두에 둔 콘텐츠 제작이 필요한 점을 제안했다.

This study examines the characteristics of Seo Gyul’s comic <Classical Novels of love and Lust> as a popular introduction to classical Korean novels and, based on this analysis, explores a possible approach to developing content for the popularization of classical Korean novels. Classical Korean novels remains an important cultural resource because it continues to raise issues that are meaningful to contemporary readers. Accordingly, content that introduces classical works and encourages the sharing of readers’ responses plays a significant role in mediating between classical literature and modern audiences. This study analyzes the compositional strategies of <Classical Novels of love and Lust> to identify its distinctive features as a work of popular content and, on that basis, proposes a direction for producing content that promotes the wider appreciation of classical Korean novels. The comic lowers the barrier to entry by including a substantial proportion of works that readers are likely to recognize through their appearance in school textbooks, thereby providing familiarity alongside less well-known works. In addition, each episode begins and ends with situations drawn from contemporary life, while the narrative of a classical novel is presented between these framing sections, encouraging readers to interpret classical novels from a modern perspective. As a comic, the work also demonstrates how information can be presented in a highly condensed form while maintaining readers' interest through the visual and narrative advantages of the medium. Based on these findings, this study argues that content designed to popularize classical Korean novels should not merely provide information but should also present it in a concise and engaging format capable of attracting contemporary readers. Furthermore, it suggests that future content should be designed with an awareness of creating spaces in which readers can exchange and share their interpretations and responses to classical Korean novels.

This study aims to explore the potential for new designs by incorporating Antonio Gaudi's architectural forms into nail art design. By categorizing Antonio Gaudi's architectural features into geometric shapes, curves, and arches, we created six nail art designs inspired by them. GeoPla reflects El Capricho's geometric forms with checkerboard patterns, enhancing vibrancy with powder, embellishments, and glitter. Lumis draws inspiration from Casa Vicens’ geometric shapes, featuring square-line patterns and floral designs to create a harmonious effect. Heavenve captures the curved forms of Casa Batlló, reflecting its gentle curves and shimmer, aiming to replicate the harmony of the sky and roof. Serenica is based on the curves of Casa Milà, using powder and nuance techniques to evoke clouds around its chimneys. ArcoChurch is inspired by Colonia Güell’s arches, with a gold color scheme and arch shapes adorned with baby angels and floral patterns, conveying a sense of sacredness. Archantila takes cues from Casa Calvet’s arches, emphasizing arch-shaped lines and blue tile patterns to create harmony between architecture and nature. The blending of architectural elements with nail art has resulted in unique designs, showcasing the potential to inspire various design fields through innovative approaches.

本研究旨在将安东尼奥·高迪的建筑风格融入美甲设计, 以探索新的设计可能性. 通过将安东尼奥· 高迪的建筑特点划分为几何形态, 曲线形态和拱形结构, 创作了六款受其启发的美甲设计. GeoPla把El Capricho的几何形态, 作个棋盘格图案的基础, 通过使用粉末, 装饰和闪光增强 了生动感. Lumis从Casa Vicens的几何形态中获得灵感, 以方形图案和花卉设计和谐地表现 出来. Heavenb把巴特罗之家的曲线形态, 表现为模糊效果和闪光, 展现了天空与屋顶交融的意 象. Serenica以米拉之家的曲线为基础, 使用粉末和色调技巧表现了烟囱周围的云朵. ArcoChurch 从科洛尼亚古埃尔圣地的拱形中获得灵感, 整体色调采用金色, 以小天使和花卉图案表现了神 圣感. ArcanTilla则从Casa Calvet的拱形中获得灵感, 在蓝色瓷砖图案上突出拱形线条, 展现 了建筑与自然的和谐美感.

본 논문에서는 강판형교의 주된 두 손상유형인 거더의 휨 강성 저하와 지점부의 손상을 검색하기 위해 가속도-임피던스 특성을 이용한 하이브리드 구조건전성 모니터링 기법을 제안하였다. 하이브리드 기법은 1) 전역적인 방법으로 손상의 발생을 경보하고, 2) 구조물의 구조 부재내의 발생된 손상을 분류하며, 3) 구조 부재에 따라 적절한 방법을 이용하여 세부적으로 분류된 손상을 평가하는 크게 3단계로 구성되었다. 첫 번째 단계에서는 가속도 특성 변화를 모니터링하여 전역적인 손상의 발생을 경보한다. 두 번째 단계에서는 임피던스 특성 변화를 모니터링하여 경보된 손상유형을 분류한다. 세 번째 단계에서는 모드변형에너지기반 손상지수법과 RMSD 기법을 이용하여 손상의 위치와 크기를 평가한다. 몇몇의 손상 시나리오에 의해 측정된 하이브리드 가속도-임피던스 신호를 이용한 모형 강판형교 실험을 통해 제안된 하이브리드 기법의 유용성을 평가하였다. 또한, 온도변화 및 지점손상 조건에 대한 실험을 통해 임피던스기반 손상모니터링의 정확도에 미치는 온도유발 영향을 검토하였다.

In this paper, hybrid health monitoring techniques using acceleration-impedance features are newly proposed to detect two damage-type in steel plate-girder bridges, which are girder's stiffness-loss and support perturbation. The hybrid techniques mainly consists of three sequential phases: 1) to alarm the occurrence of damage in global manner, 2) to classify the alarmed damage into subsystems of the structure, and 3) to estimate the classified damage in detail using methods suitable for the subsystems. In the first phase, the global occurrence of damage is alarmed by monitoring changes in acceleration features. In the second phase, the alarmed damage is classified into subsystems by recognizing patterns of impedance features. In the final phase, the location and the extent of damage are estimated by using modal strain energy-based damage index method and root mean square deviation (RMSD) method. The feasibility of the proposed hybrid technique is evaluated on a laboratory-scaled steel plate-girder bridge model for which hybrid acceleration-impedance signatures were measured for several damage scenarios. Also, the effect of temperature on the accuracy of the impedance-based damage monitoring results are experimentally examined from combined scenarios of support damage cases and temperature changes.

본 연구는 2015 개정 교육과정을 기반으로 개발되어 사용되고 있는 중등학교 영어 교과서의 읽 기 지문에 나타난 고빈도 어휘 뭉치(lexical bundles)의 유형과 특성을 고찰하고, 어휘 뭉치가 갖는 구조적, 기능적 특징을 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 원어민 참조 코퍼스와의 비교·분석을 통해 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 한다. 이를 위해 2015 개정 교육과정 중·고등학교 영어 교과서의 읽 기 지문을 코퍼스로 구축한 후 고빈도 어휘 뭉치를 비교·분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학교 교과서에 비해 고등학교 교과서의 읽기 지문이 다양한 내용과 더 많은 양의 텍스트를 다루므로 예상대로 더 많은 어휘 뭉치가 출현하였으며, 어휘 다양성 또한 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 어휘 뭉치의 구조적 분석을 통해 동사구 결합 유형의 비율이 가장 높은 중학교 읽기 지문은 구어 담화적인 성격을 지녔으며, 전치사구 결합 유형의 비율이 높은 고등학교 읽기 지문은 학술적 인 글의 특성을 지녔음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 중·고등학교 교과서 어휘 뭉치의 기능적 분석 결과 지칭 표현 기능의 어휘 뭉치가 70% 이상의 높은 비율을 차지하였는데, 이는 교과서 읽기 지문이 문어적 특징을 지녔음을 보여준다. 한편, 중학교 교과서의 고빈도 어휘 뭉치 유형이 고등학교 교과 서에서 나타나지 않는 경우가 있었고, 원어민 코퍼스에서 빈도 높게 쓰인 표현이 교과서에서는 쓰 이지 않은 경우와 원어민들의 사용 빈도에 비해 교과서에서의 사용 빈도가 지나치게 높은 어휘 뭉치도 있었다. 이는 영어 학습자들이 영어를 이해하고 표현하는 의사소통 능력을 꾸준히 향상시 킬 수 있도록 어휘와 어휘 뭉치 표현이 학년별, 학교급별 연계와 위계를 고려하여 반복적으로 접할 수 있도록 나선형으로 제시될 필요가 있으며, 실제 의사소통 상황에서의 활용 빈도와 중요도를 고 려한 어휘 뭉치를 교과서에서 균형적으로 다룰 필요가 있다는 것을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate structural and functional features of three- and four-word lexical bundles used in reading texts of Middle and High School English textbooks and compare the features of three- and four-word lexical bundles with those in BNC Baby. The structural and functional features of the lexical bundles were explored through concordance analysis by the modified versions of Biber et al. (2004)'s taxonomy. The results indicated that reading texts of High School English textbooks (HSET) used more diverse words compared to the texts of Middle School English textbooks (MSET). The frequency analysis of the lexical bundles revealed that HSET used more lexical bundles than the MSET counterpart. The structural analysis of the lexical bundles showed that lexical bundles that incorporated NP/PP were the most dominant in both HSET and BNC Baby, whereas lexical bundles that incorporated VP were pervasive in MSET. The functional analysis indicated that all three corpora relied heavily on referential expressions, most of which were dominantly used in institutional writing (Biber & Barbieri, 2007). In line with the previous studies, the findings also imply that it is necessary to make the list of high frequency lexical bundles present in secondary school English textbooks. Following this, teachers can then make use of the high frequency lexical bundles in classes in order to help students enhance their communicative competence.

Many plant polysaccharide have immunomodulatory and anti-tumour activities. In the present study, water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from an edible plant seed mainly by hot water extraction, 75% ethanol precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and tentatively named as PSP-F1. The PSP-F1 was shown to be a mixture of three major polysaccharides with molecular mass of approximately 1,200, 640, and 300 kDa, respectively, as estimated by size-exclusion HPLC analysis. The HPAEC-PAD analysis for neutral sugar composition and showed that PSP-F1 consists of arabinose (Ara) and xylose (Xyl), as the major neutral sugars, and other minor neutral sugars such as rhamnose (Rha), galactose (Gal), and glucose (Glc). HPLC analysis for uronic acids showed that galacturonic acid (GalA) presents as the major uronic acid and glucuronic acid (GlcA) was the minor one. Together with the neutral monosaccharides and uronic acids composition, the FT-IR and NMR analysis suggested that PSP-F1 appears to be a mixture of pectin type and heteroxylan polysaccharides. The results showed that the PSP-F1 (0-100 μg/ml) significantly induced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and upregulation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38) phosphorylation. The secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages is mainly caused by MAPK cascade activation. These results demonstrated that the PSP-F1 isolated from a plant seed is a mixture of pectin type and heteroxylan polysaccharides, which are typical for plant cell wall polysaccharides, and that it effectively stimulates macrophages to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, by upregulation of MAPKs phosphorylation. The results of this study suggests that PSP-F1 may be potential immunostimulator for health benefits and as a pharmaceutical component.

The structural properties of cellulose are significantly changed with the progress of hydrolysis reaction. The effects of changes on such properties of cellulosic substrate as crystallinity, amicessibility of enzyme to the active site of cellulose surface, and particle size on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis have been studied. Among those physical studies, the apparent surface active site of cellulose particle was found to have the most significant effect on the hydrolysis kinetics. Based on the experimental results, the adsorption affinity of enzyme and hydrolysis rate were mainly influenced by the surface roughness of cellulose particle. The extent of accesssible active site may be expressed as the change of particle diameter. The Langmuir isotherm was proposed in terms of enzyme activity to explain the actual action of enzyme protein.

가구는 각 시대의 문화와 생활양식을 반영하는 조형물로써 건축양식과 밀접한 관계를 갖고 있다. 이러한 가구의 합리적, 조형적, 기능적 관점에서 구조적 역할을 새롭게 발견한 모더니즘 건축가들은 수평과 수직에 의한 기하학적 유동 공간 및 구조의 다양성을 통해 새로운 건축적 질서를 확립하였다. 건축의 영역이 가구의 모든 세부적인 것을 포함해 더 넓은 세계를 포옹해야 한다고 주장한 르 꼬르뷔제(Le Corbusier)는 기하학적 원리에 따른 그리드를 디자인에 적용시키며 시각적 구성력을 가진 구조적 체계를 가능하게 하였다. 특히 사각형그리드의 구조적 체계는 표준화를 무시하는 독특한 형태를 가지고 있는 한글의 배경을 정리하여 주며, 한글 글자체를 규칙화시킴으로써 효과적인 활자제작을 가능하게 하였다. 본 연구 작품은 기하학적 조형성을 가진 한글의 자음과 모음을 사각형그리드시스템에 적용하여 한글가구를 제작함으로써 공간에 따른 경계 영역의 특성, 기능에 따른 복합적 특성, 시각에 따른 의미전달의 특성 등 한글글자체가 갖는 기능성과 조형성을 통해 모더니즘 가구에서 나타난 구조적 특성과 일치됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 사각형그리드시스템을 활용한 한글의 시각적 특성을 가구제작에 적용하여 획일화된 가구가 공간 속에 들어가 디자인의 요소로서 다양한 구조적 변화를 통해 새로운 공간조형을 창출하여, 한국적 디자인으로서 발전가능성을 보여주었으며, 한글의 꾸준한 개발과 함께 미래 산업사회에 기여할 수 있도록 노력하고자 한다.

The furniture is the structure reflecting the culture and the lifestyle in each era and it is closely related to the style of architecture. Architects of Modernism who newly discovered the structural roles from the rational, structural and functional perspectives have established the new architectural order through the geometric flow space caused by the horizontal and vertical structure and a variety of structures. Le Corbusier claimed that the area of architecture should embrace the wider world including all details of furniture and he enabled the structural system containing the visual configuration power by applying the grid complying with the geometric principle to the design. The structural system of square grid by these geometric principles organizes the background of Hangul which has unique shapes ignoring the standardization and makes a rule of Hangul characters. Thus, it could produce the effective types. Since the work of this study makes Hangul furniture by applying consonants and vowels of Hangul which have the geometrical formativeness to the square grid system, we found the consistency with structural features appearing in the furniture of modernism through Hangul’s unique functional and formative properties such as characteristics of the border region, complex characteristics caused by functions and characteristics of delivery of meaning by the vision. It showed the possibility of development as Korean design, since the uniform furniture can enter the space and create new space structure through various structural changes as an element of design by applying visual characteristics of Hangul utilizing the square grid system to the manufacture of modern furniture. Through this study, we can recognize the limitless potential of Hangul design and strive to contribute to the future industry society together with steady development of Hangul.

국문요약 아피찻퐁 위라세타쿤의 첫 번째 장편 영화 <정오의 낯선 물체>는 픽션도 다큐 멘터리도 아닌 매우 독특한 형식과 구조를 보여주는 영화이다. 초현실주의자들의 ‘우아한 시체’ 놀이의 개념에서 출발했다고 알려져 있는 이 영화의 구조적 특징은 그 출발점으로 기능했던 방법론의 한계와 범위를 뛰어넘는다. 그리하여 본 논문에 서는 이 영화의 구조적 특징들에 대한 분석을 바탕으로 ‘우아한 시체’ 개념을 어떻 게 뛰어 넘고 있는지를 분석하는 것을 논의의 출발점으로 삼고자 한다. 초현실적주 의의 방법론을 뛰어넘는 가장 중요한 지점은 허구와 실재 사이의 구분의 무화 지 점에 있다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 이 영화는 여기에서 멈추는 것이 아니라 실재/허 구, 인물/시네아스트의 경계와 자기동일성을 넘나들며 자유간접적인 상태로 들어간 다. 자유간접적인 상태란 결국 인물들과 작가가 끊임없이 서로에게로 다가감으로 써, 이전의 상태에서 다른 상태로 이행함으로써 ‘타자’가 되는 생성을 의미한다. 이 생성에 붙들어 매어져 있는 것은 실제 인물들의 ‘이전’과 ‘이후’의 시간이며, 그들의 삶의 ‘이전’과 ‘이후’의 시간들이, 사적인 것과 정치적인 것 그리고 개인적인 것과 집단적인 것이 직접적으로 접촉하는 막 혹은 경계에서 이중적인 생성이 이루어진 다. 물론 이 이중적 생성은 그냥 자동적으로 주어지는 것이 아니라, 작가라는 ‘중계 자’를 통해서 이루어진다. 따라서 영화 작가는 이 모든 경계들을 넘나드는 생성을 작동시키고, 실제 인물들의 삶과 그들이 꾸며낸 언표들의 생성을 배치함으로써 자 신의 영화적 전략을 수행한다. 아피찻퐁 위라세타쿤은 이러한 영화적 전략 속에서 자신의 역할을 비인칭적으로 탈인격화시키고 있으며, 그러한 탈인격화라는 조건에 서만 집단적 언표의 배치가 가능함을 인지하고 있다고 할 수 있다. <정오의 낯선 물체>에서 아피찻퐁은 집단적 언표의 배치를 통해 동질적 실체로 주어지지 않은 민중의 생성을 꾀하고 있으며, 이는 고전적 정치 영화와는 매우 다른 미학적 형식 들을 바탕으로 수행된다. 민중의 현재적 삶의 모습과 꾸며낸 이야기들을 통한 다양 한 실험을 통해, 아피찻퐁은 영화라는 매체가 과연 미학적으로 어느 지점까지 변화 가능한 것인지를 탐구하고 있다. 하지만 중요한 점은 아피찻퐁에게 현대 영화의 다 양한 실천적 전략들을 통한 미학적 탐구는 동시에 정치적인 실험으로서의 함의를 획득하고 있다는 것이다. 지금 지구상에서 미학적으로 가장 멀리 나간 영화 감독 중의 하나라는 아피찻퐁에 대한 평가는 미학적으로 가장 멀리 나감으로써 정치적 으로도 멀리 나간 영화 감독 중의 하나라는 평가로 수정되어야 할 것이다.

The Modern Political Cinematic Implications through Analysis of Structural Features in Mysterious Object at Noon by Apichatpong Weerasethakul －Centering on Deleuzian concept of ‘fabulation’ and ‘assemblage of colletive utterances’－ Lee, Ji-young Korean National University of Arts Mysterious object at Noon is the first feature film of Apichatpong Weerasethakul, which shows very unique form and structure of the film that is not fiction nor documentary. The structural feature of this film, which is known as being started from the surrealistic concept of ‘Exquisite Corpse’, surpass the limit and range of surrealistic methodology. In this context, I will take this analysis as my starting point for discussion in this paper；this analysis that will show how the structural feature of this film surpass the surrealistic methodology of ‘Exquisite Corpse’. The important moment that can surpass the surrealistic methodology would be the indiscernability of the real and the fiction. Anyway, Mysterious object at Noon goes beyond this indiscernable moment, it achives the very special form of a ‘free indirect discourse which crosses and transcends the frontier and the identity of reality/fiction, character/cineast. A free indirect discoursive state means ‘becoming another’, which is acomplished by characters and cineast who are going over crossings and frontiers each other and transforming from ‘before’ state to ‘after’ state. These ‘before’ and ‘after’ time of real characters attache to the ‘becoming’, the double becoming is acomplished in a membrane in which immediate contact of the ‘before’ and ‘after’ time, the 41 political and the private, the collective and the individual. Of course, the double becoming is not the given automatically, it is achieved by the author/cineast, who is ‘intercessors’. Therefore cineast carry out his/her cinematic strategies by activating becomings that go over crossings, by constituting assemblages of the lives and fictive utterances of the real characters. Apichatpong Weerasethakul seems to be a cineast who depersonalizes apersonally his own role and knows the assemblage of the collective utterances is possible only under condition of depersonalization. In Mysterious object at Noon, Apichatpong Weerasethakul seems to make an attempt on ‘becoming people’ who are not given as homogeneous entity by constituting the assemblage of the collective utterances. Futhermore, his attempt is performed by aesthetic forms which is completely different from classical political cinema. He seems to explore to what extent cinema could be chageable aesthetically through various experiments of modern lives of people and their invented stories. However, It is the important point that his aesthetic exploration through various practical strategies of modern cinema also implies political experimental exploration. The appraisal that he is presently one of the extremest film director on Earth from an aesthetic point of view should be modified into the another appraisal that he is one of the extremest film director on Earth from an aesthetic point of view as well as political point of view.

The beta2-adrenergic receptor (${\beta}2AR$) belongs to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, which is the largest family of cell surface receptors in humans. Extra attention has been focused on the human GPCRs because they have been studied as important protein targets for pharmaceutical drug development. In fact, approximately 40% of marketed drugs directly work on GPCRs. GPCRs respond to various extracellular stimuli, such as sensory signals, neurotransmitters, chemokines, and hormones, to induce structural changes at the cytoplasmic surface, activating downstream signaling pathways, primarily through interactions with heterotrimeric G proteins or through G-protein independent pathways, such as arrestin. Most GPCRs, except for rhodhopsin, which contains covalently linked 11 cis-retinal, bind to diffusible ligands, having various conformational states between inactive and active structures. The first human GPCR structure was determined using an inverse agonist bound ${\beta}2AR$ in 2007 and since then, more than 20 distinct GPCR structures have been solved. However, most GPCR structures were solved as inactive forms, and an agonist bound fully active structure is still hard to obtain. In a structural point of view, ${\beta}2AR$ is relatively well studied since its fully active structure as a complex with G protein as well as several inactive structures are available. The structural comparison of inactive and active states gives an important clue in understanding the activation mechanism of ${\beta}2AR$. In this review, structural features of inactive and active states of ${\beta}2AR$, the interaction of ${\beta}2AR$ with heterotrimeric G protein, and the comparison with ${\beta}1AR$ will be discussed.

The trichomes on leaves of three species of Mentha such as M. spicata, M. suaveolens, and M. piperita var were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Simple non-glandular trichomes and peltate glandular trichomes were distinctively occurred on these leaves. In M. spicata, short and sharp non-glandular trichomes were dominantly appeared on adaxial surface, whereas capitate glandular trichomes were commonly localized on abaxial surface. In M. suaveolens, non-glandular trichomes were identified with simple unbranched and branched. Unbranched trichomes which were sharp and pointed in shape occurred on adaxial surface, however, branched and v-shaped trichomes appeared abundantly on abaxial surface. Peltate trichomes consisted of a large eight-celled head. Small capitates trichomes consisted of a cylindrical head with an one-celled uniseriate stalk. In M. piperita var, single non-glandular trichomes and peltate trichomes were present on adaxial surface. Small capitate trichomes consisted of a globose unicellular head with a two- or three-celled uniseriate stalk. Peltate trichomes were distinctly present on abaxial surface, whereas they were not observed on adaxial surface. The trichomes were less dense in this species. Peltate trichomes consisted of a large eight-celled head, with an enlarged secretory cavity, attached to an one-celled short stalk.

This study explores firm dynamics triggered by exogenous market shocks within the Korean general machinery industry in order to assess the impact of these shocks on productivity growth. The main findings are as follows: 1)vertically integrated with capital-share (VI) firms with extensive business durations showed resilience within the VI structure in the wake of market exogenous shocks, demonstrating their competitiveness by leveraging stable supply chains and reduced transaction costs, despite the presence of agency costs; 2) non-VI (NVI) entrants significantly boosted the productivity growth of the industry and their NVI structure in the midst of market exogenous shocks, showcasing their exceptional productivity capabilities as independent entities within the general machinery industry and its NVI structure.; 3) during the 2010 sharp economic bounceback and the 2020 economic depression, self-selecting VI firms transitioning to a NVI structure significantly increased productivity growth of the NVI structure; 4) sluggish technical progress for the VI structure and a substantial technical retrogression for the NVI structure hindered productivity growth of the entire general machinery industry. 5) Overall, the VI structure outperformed in terms of technical progress and business duration, with VI firms having a greater competitive edge than their NVI counterparts. These findings support the advantageous position of the VI structure in the general machinery industry. Therefore, timely remedies to restore and activate the industry’s growth potential through similarly efficient resource allocation must be implemented to contribute to economic growth for the country.

This study investigates firm dynamics and productivity growth within IT manufacturing industry-specific features. The extensive business duration of vertically integrated with capital-share (VI) firms in their VI structure, despite agency costs, due to synergies from stable supply chains and lower transaction costs; new entrants in the industry and the structures; the strategic shifts that occurred in the non-VI (NVI) structure through self-selection, significantly contributed to productivity growth. The entry and exit impacts of VI firms in the industry and the structure were more pronounced than did NVI counterparts. TFP growth has been led mainly by technical progress and new entrants.

We measured $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of Humic-like substances (HULIS) in urban atmospheric aerosols isolated by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) resin to characterize their chemical structure. HULIS isolated by DEAE resin were characterized by relatively high contents of aromatic protons and relatively low contents of aliphatic protons in comparison with HULIS isolated by HLB resin, while the contents of protons bound to oxygenated aliphatic carbon atoms were similar. These results were consistent with the results of the $^{13}C$ NMR analysis and indicate that hydrophobic components were more selectively adsorbed onto HLB, while DEAE resins selectively retained aromatic carboxylic acids. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the chemical structural features of HULIS were significantly different between spring and summer samples and that these disparities were reflective of their different sources. The estimated concentrations of HULIS in spring were found to be regulated by vehicle emissions and pollen dispersion, while the behavior of HULIS in summer was similar to photochemical oxidant and nitrogen dioxide concentrations. The proportion of aliphatic protons for summer samples was higher than that for spring samples, while the proportion of aromatic protons for summer samples was lower than that for spring samples. These seasonal changes of the chemical structure may also involve in their functional expression in the atmosphere.