Earticle

Deinstitutionalization in the United States was extremely successful for citizens with developmental disabilities in the late 20th century. Positive outcomes, and lower costs, were demonstrated in more than a dozen large scale quantitative studies. Community infrastructure was created before people moved out of institutions, and they moved into secure small homes with the supports they needed, plus well planned work and daytime engagement services already in place for them. However, deinstitutionalization for citizens with mental illness was unsuccessful, because it was done purely to save money, without creation of community supports necessary for secure living and working situations. This article describes the successful outcomes of the developmental disabilities movement, and calls for other nations to avoid the mistakes made in the United States, such as large group homes. It also calls for avoiding the failures of deinstitutionalization among citizens with mental illness.

법정에서의 포렌식 과학 증거 및 전문가 증언이 인정 된 지 오래지만 사 회과학적인 증거(문화적·언어적 측면, 목격자 증언의 신빙성, 각종 증후군 증거 등)는 최근에서야 허용됐고, 일부에서는 여전히 사회과학적 증거의 증 명력에 대하여 논란이 되고 있다. 사회과학적 증거 분야에서의 전문가 증언 은 주로 일반심리학자의 영역이었지만, 현대에 들어서는 언어·사회문화·행 동연구 전문가들의 전문가 증언 또한 법정에 들어오고 있다. 사회과학 분야 의 전문가 및 감정인이 형사재판 절차에 전반적으로 미치는 중대한 영향력 과 전문가 증인의 역할의 중요성이 본고의 주요 내용이다. 저자는 전문가 증인이 법원에 미치는 영향 분석을 통해 법원이 사회과학적 증거를 더 적극 적으로 수용하고 활용하여야함을 강조하고자 한다. 더 나아가 미국 내 형사 재판에서의 증거능력 기준과 관련 사례들을 검토하여, 사회과학적 증거 및 감정인 진술을 자세히 알아봄으로써 사회과학, 인문분야에서의 감정인의 역 할과 그 역동적인 관계의 중요성을 피력하고, 이들이 보다 적극적으로 활용 될 수 있도록 그 방안을 고찰해 보고자 한다.

While forensic scientific evidence has long been admitted into the court, others such as social scientific evidence (cultural and linguistic aspects, credibility of eyewitness testimony, and various types of syndrome evidence) have only recently been allowed in the court, and some are still struggling in getting admitted into the court. Specifically, within the field of soft-science, the expert testimony was mainly the territory of the psychologists; however, more of social, cross-cultural, and behavioral psychologists’ expert testimonies are entering the courtroom in recent period. The knowledge that the social science experts bring into the court, and the critical influence they have on each procedures of the criminal court proceedings is the main focus of the article. Furthermore, the author of the article attempts to emphasize the significance of the role of social science expert witnesses in criminal cases, and through the analysis of such impact expert witnesses give on the court, the author asserts that the court should admit more of the expert testimonies in the field of social science in order to comprehend the case better.

친자관계는 자연적인 혈연관계를 바탕으로 성립되기 때문에 법률상의 친자관계를 진실한 혈연관계에 부합시키는 것이 헌법이 보장하고 있는 혼인과 가족제도의 원칙이다. 한편 사회적으로 이혼 및 재혼이 크게 증가하였고 의학적으로 영아사망률이 크게 감소하였으며 법률적으로 여성의 재혼금지기간이 폐지되어 혼인 종료 후 3백일 이내에 출생한 자(子)가 ‘부(夫)의 친자일 개연성’은 상당히 감소하게 되었다. 그리고 최근의 DNA 검사 기술의 진보는 상당하여 저렴하게 신체에 대한 침습(侵襲)을 하지 않고서도 거의 100%의 확률로 생물학상의 친자관계를 판정할 수 있게 되었다. 혈연관계를 객관적으로 손쉽게 확인할 수 있는 정립된 과학적인 방법이 존재함에도 그에 따른 결과를 무시한 채 현실과 달리 친생추정의 효력이 미치도록 하는 것은 가족법의 근본원리인 혈연진실주의를 지나치게 희생하는 것으로서 부당하다. 또한 이는 ‘친자관계의 신속한 확정’이라는 형식적 측면만을 부각한 채 ‘친자관계를 진실에 부합시키고자 하는 당사자의 의사’라는 실질적 측면을 도회시하는 결과만을 낳게 되는 것이다. 한편 법률상 친자관계가 진실한 혈연관계와 일치하지 않는다는 사실을 알게 된 후에는 부(夫)와 자 사이에 정서적 유대감이 형성되거나 유지되기 어려울 것이다. 이러한 상황에서 친생추정의 법리가 가정의 평화나 자의 복리에 유용하다는 주장은 설득력이 떨어진다. 따라서 유전자 검사 등 과학적인 방법에 의하여 부(夫)의 자가 아니라는 점이 객관적이고 명백하게 증명된 경우에는 친생추정의 효력이 미치지 않는다고 봄이 친생추정제도의 취지 및 사회현실에 비추어 타당할 것이다.

Parent-child relationship comes into existence on the basis of natural blood relationship and therefore, conformity of parent-child relationship on law to true blood relationship is the principle of marriage and family institution guaranteed by the constitution. Socially, divorce and remarriage have much increased; medically, infant mortality rate has greatly decrease; and, legally, period of the prohibition of women's remarriage was abolished and so, probability that a child born within 300 days after marriage termination would be a biological child of husband is considerably reduced. And, recent DNA testing technology is much developed so that it becomes possible to judge a biological parent-child relationship at low cost with almost 100% probability without bodily invasion. Even though there is an established scientific method to easily and objectively check blood relationship, it is unreasonable to disregard the result but to make effect of presumption of paternity different from reality to be valid because it too much sacrifices verismo by blood, the fundamental principle of the Family Law. In addition, it highlights only formal aspect of 'prompt confirmation of parent-child relationship' and it brings about the outcome to ignore actual aspect of “party's intention to conform parent-child relationship to truth”. Meantime, it is difficult for husband and the child to form or maintain emotional connectedness after they become to know that legal parent-child relationship does not comply with true blood relationship. Under such situation, the assertion that legal principle of paternity presumption is useful for domestic peace or child's welfare is unpersuasive. Therefore, considering intention of paternity presumption system and social reality, it is reasonable to believe that effect of paternity presumption is not valid if it is objectively and clearly proved that a child is not the child of husband by a scientific method such as genetic testing.

범죄현장에서 과학수사 증거물들은 채취할 때부터 공판정 제출까지 증거물 관리는 객관적으로 투명하여야 한다(Chain of Custody). 범죄현장에서 공판정 제출까지 증거물 관리가 요건 및 절차에 따 라 이루어지지 않는다면 범죄사실을 증명하는 증거로 활용될 수 없다. 우선, 증거를 확보함에 있어서는, 증거를 확보할 수 있는 권원이 있어야 한다. 임의수사는 대상자의 임의적 동의를, 강제수사는 판사가 발부한 영장을 필요로 한다. 수사단계에서 확보한 인적 증거, 즉 진술증거는 ‘성립의 진정’을 기초로 하 는데, 조서상 진술이 ‘서명’, ‘기명날인’, ‘간인’, ‘적법한 절차와 방법’ 등에 의하여 담겨져 있어야 하고, 조서상의 진술이 실제 진술한 내용과 일치한다는 법정에서 진술자의 진술 또는 영상기록 등을 통한 입 증이 증거능력 요건이다. 물적 증거의 경우에는 형사소송법 등 법규에 구체적인 규정이 없지만, 근래 판례를 살펴보면 인적 증거에서와 같이 채취 당시부터 공판정까지 그 관리가 객관적으로 투명하여야 하고, 사진촬영, 수사서류 등 기록, 해쉬값 추출 관리 등으로 객관성, 투명성을 증명할 것을 요구하고 있다.

The management of evidences must be objectively transparent from the time of the forensic evidences collection at the crime scene to the evidence presentation to the court. If the evidence is managed illegally through criminal procedure, it cannot be used as crime evidence. First, in securing evidence, there must be an authority to secure evidence. Voluntary investigations require arbitrary consent of the subject, and forced investigation requires a warrant issued by a judge. The statement evidence obtained in the investigation stage is based on “the sincerity of establishment (the trust requirement)”, the statement should be contained in the signatures, the signature of the seal, and the legitimate procedures and methods. The statement evidence obtained in the investigation stage must be approved by the stater in the court. In the case of physical evidence, there is no specific regulation in the law such as the Criminal Procedure Law. However, as in the case of statement evidence, the management of physical evidence should be objectively transparent from crime scene to the court. Records such as photographs, investigation documents, Hash Function etc. are needed to prove objectivity and transparency of physical evidence management.

산업스파이 범죄에 의한 기업의 첨단기술 유출수법이 날로 지능화되고 첨단화 되어가고 있다. 그리고 개정된 형사소송법에서 적법절차의 요건이 강화되었고, 법정에서의 증거에 대한 증거능력의 인정절차와 방법이 과거와는 달리 매우 엄격한 수사를 요구하고 있다. 이처럼 많은 변화가 있어 산업스파이범죄와 같은 중대한 경제안보 범죄를 수사할 경우에 증거수집의 절차와 방법에 있어서 적법절차에 따른 과학적인 수사기법이 더욱 요구되어 지고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 수사의 제반 환경의 변화에 맞추어 수사실무 과정에서 중요시 되고 있는 포렌식기법을 중심으로 과학적인 수사기법에 관하여 연구하였다.

Industrial espionage and stealing trade secrets and high end technology are becoming more sophisticated and cutting edge. Also, the revised Criminal Procedural Law strictly requires the due process of law, and the procure for the admissibility of evidence at the court requires very strict investigation. Therefore, when investigating major crimes against economic security, the importance of the scientific investigation technique and the procedure for collecting evidence are more emphasized. Therefore, this thesis researched on scientific investigation technique focusing on digital forensic investigation technique, which has been adjusted to and emphasized during the investigation stage and its surrounding circumstances.

2007.6.1 형사소송법상 증거법의 일부 조항이 개정됨에 따라 과거 진술에 의존하던 수사 관행을 탈피하고, 이제는 디지털, 사이버 등 첨단장비를 활용한 과학적 수사 기법을 통하여 다량의 물증을 확보하여야 한다. 개정된 형사소송법에 의하면 참고인이 작성한 조서를 법정에서 부인할 경우, 수사기관은 영상화된 녹화물을 증거로 제출할 수 있도록 허용하고 있고, 피의자나 참고인의 기억이 불분명한 경우 기억을 환기시키기 위한 목적에서 영상화된 녹화물을 재생하는 것도 허용하도록 하였다. 이처럼 과거와는 달리 법정에서의 증거능력을 인정하는 절차와 방법 등에서도 많은 변화가 있어, 안보사범과 같은 중대범죄를 수사할 경우, 증거수집의 절차와 방법에 있어서 많은 변화가 불가피한 실정이다. 따라서 적법절차에 의한 과학적 수사기법을 더욱 연구·개선시켜야 하는 등 수사 환경도 아울러 많은 변화가 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 수사의 제반 환경 변화에 따라 사진촬영이나 녹음 및 영상녹화, 위치 추적 등과 같은 첨단 장비를 활용한 과학적 수사기법을 중심으로 적법절차에 맞는 그 해결 방법을 연구하였다.

Amendments dated June 1, 2007 to certain clauses in Criminal Procedure Law on June 1, 2007 abolished habitual practice of relying on statement and incorporated uses of the more advanced and sophisticated digital and cyber investigation devices in order to collect diverse evidence. The Amendments permits an investigation agency to provide the court with a video recording as evidence, if a witness denies his or her witness statement in a court, or if a suspected person or witness cannot accurately recall his or her memory. Unlike the past, there have been many changes in determining admissibility of evidence. Therefore, amendments to Criminal Procedure Law governing the collection of evidence during the national security crime cannot be avoided in the future. Furthermore, the changes will require more research and improvement on the due process of the advanced and sophisticated investigation devices. Therefore, this dissertation analyzed the proper due process of law for using the more advanced and sophisticated investigation devices such as an audio and visual recorder, and tracking device in different environments.

Smokers keep smoking despite knowing that tobacco claims many lives, including their own and others'. What makes it hard for them to quit smoking nonetheless? Tobacco companies insist that smokers choose to smoke, according to their right to self-determination. Moreover, they insist that with motivation and willpower to quit smoking, smokers can easily stop smoking. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to discuss the addictive disease called tobacco use disorder, with an assessment of the addictiveness of tobacco and the reasons why smoking cessation is challenging, based on neuroscientific research. Nicotine that enters the body via smoking is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system and causes various effects, including an arousal response. The changes in the nicotine receptors in the brain due to continuous smoking lead to addiction symptoms such as tolerance, craving, and withdrawal. Compared with other addictive substances, including alcohol and opioids, tobacco is more likely to cause dependence in smokers, and smokers are less likely to recover from their dependence. Moreover, the thinning of the cerebral cortex and the decrease in cognitive functions that occur with aging accelerate with smoking. Such changes occur in the structure and functions of the brain in proportion to the amount and period of smoking. In particular, abnormalities in the neural circuits that control cognition and decision-making cause loss of the ability to exert self-control and autonomy. This initiates nicotine dependence and the continuation of addictive behaviors. Therefore, smoking is considered to be a behavior that is repeated due to dependence on an addictive substance, nicotine, instead of one's choice by free will.

The experimental assessment of autogenous tooth bone graft material (AutoBT) was conducted. Several studies on autogenous tooth bone graft material have confirmed the resorption of AutoBT over time and the formation of high-quality new bone.

Purpose The objective of this study was to measure secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in personal computer (PC) rooms with the purpose of determining the strength of scientific evidence supporting the legislative ban on smoking in PC rooms located in the Republic of Korea. Materials and Methods From June to September 2012, particulate matter (PM2.5) and air nicotine concentration (ANC) were measured in the smoking and non-smoking areas of PC rooms in Goyang City, Korea. In 28 randomly sampled PC rooms, field investigators completed an observational questionnaire on building characteristics, smoking policies, and evidence of smoking. The geometric means (GM) of PM2.5 and ANC in smoking and non-smoking areas were compared. Results Evidence of smoking was identified in both the smoking and non-smoking areas of all PC rooms. The GMs of PM2.5 and ANC in both areas were high and did not differ significantly (174.77 !g/m3 and 48.95 !g/m3 in smoking areas; 93.38 !g/m3 and 41.30 !g/m3 in nonsmoking areas). Overall PM2.5 concentrations were 5.5-fold higher than those listed in the World Health Organization guidelines. Conclusion This study supported previous reports that a partial smoking ban did not protect individuals from SHS exposure. Furthermore, the results from our study suggest how research can support policy. Countries in which smoke-free policies are not yet comprehensive may find our results useful.

Schools are one of the critical social infrastructures in a society, the first place for social activity and the most important indoor environment for children besides the home. Poor IAQ in classrooms can increase the chance of long-term and short-term health problems for students and staffs; affects productivity of teachers; and degrade the student learning environment and comfort levels. The primary objective of this paper is to review and summarize available scientific evidence on indoor air quality of schools and related health effects in children. It was found that the indoor air pollutant levels in school buildings varied over a wide range in different parts of the world depending on site characteristics, climatic conditions, outdoor pollution levels, occupant activities, ventilation type and building practices. Among the indoor air pollutants, particulate matter concentrations were found to be very high in many schools. Outdoor pollutant sources also play a major role in affecting the IAQ of the school building. Hence, scientific knowledge on sources of indoor pollutants, quantification of emissions, temporal and spatial dispersion of pollutants, toxicological properties, chemical and morphological characteristics of the pollutants and associated health risk among children in the school buildings are essential to evaluate the adequacy and cost effectiveness of control strategies for mitigating the IAQ issues.

In this study, we investigated that consumers could differentiate between levels of claims and clarify how a visual aid influences consumer understanding of the different claim levels. We interviewed 2,000 consumers in 13 shopping malls on their perception of and confidence in different levels of health claims using seven point scales. The average confidence scores given by participants were 4.17 for the probable level and 4.07 for the possible level; the score for the probable level was significantly higher than that for the possible level (P < 0.05). Scores for confidence in claims after reading labels with and without a visual aid were 5.27 and 4.43, respectively; the score for labeling with a visual aid was significantly higher than for labeling without a visual aid (P < 0.01). Our results provide compelling evidence that providing health claims with qualifying language differentiating levels of scientific evidence can help consumers understand the strength of scientific evidence behind those claims. Moreover, when a visual aid was included, consumers perceived the scientific levels more clearly and had greater confidence in their meanings than when a visual aid was not included. Although this result suggests that consumers react differently to different claim levels, it is not yet clear whether consumers understand the variations in the degree of scientific support.

Although hospitality and tourism research has increasingly grown regarding quantity and quality, there is still little empirical research to uncover the unequal distribution of scientific impact. This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the degree of inequality in hospitality and tourism research performance. Gini coefficients and citation percentile are used to measure inequality. Grounded on resource-based view, data are analyzed at the article-, institution-, and country/region-levels to test the systematic effects on research output. By analyzing 3,224 papers with 20,345 citations, we found an unequal distribution of the hospitality and tourism literature. In addition, the inequality in research performance was intensified at high levels of systems. This study will contribute to the sustainable development of academic research.