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The franchise system, which is now one of the distribution channels growing quickly, has come to a head to be grown up with a variety of changeability and flexibility. Most researches are focused on the chief element of success, even though researches on the system have been carried out. As a matter of fact, however, this research not only in case there is much difference between success and failure among franchises has the same brand, but also the recognition on the essential and appropriate service, product, and atmosphere that consumers think it is widely different, has all but been conducted. This kind of status is caused by this, the system of main office, which intends to be transfer to franchise, is not well initiated, on the contrary, falsely. As meantime, we can focus research on the form of technology transfer that has been overlooked. As it were, The purpose of this research is as follows: Firstly, this is to develop a gauge of technology transfer by implied form with the regular promise that is furnished in franchise system. Second, this is to grasp how this technology transfer has an impact upon future-oriented Relationship Characteristics like the trust bond between the franchise and the head office. Third, this is to understand how much this affects Relationship Performance like the renewal contract or the meaning. To achieve the purpose of these studies, I drew some hypotheses carrying out the study on bibliography. In addition, I conducted the survey of the franchises joined in association. In the concrete, I substantiate the credibility of verification, seeking factor analysis, verification factor analysis, correlation analysis and structural analysis among the 164 valid samples. Research results which are derived from above process can be summarized as follows: Firstly, the formal technology transfer is showed up on the relationship between trust and relationship bond as positive (+) effect, on the other hand, it doesn't have a direct influence on the Relationship Performance as positiveness (+) one. Secondly, technology transfer by implied form based on the trust and relationship bond is showed up as positive (+) effect, but, it doesn't affect the Relationship Performance as positiveness (+) one. Thirdly, Relationship Characteristics like the trust and relationship bond in franchise system reflects it has a positive effect on the Relationship Performance. In addition, as for Relationship Characteristics, the trust and relationship bond of verification result on parameters is completely in effect. The rationales on this paper are as follows: Above all, it is such achievement that I can confirm the presence of invisible technology by implied form which could be behind the manual as well as the process and the fulfillment of the contract in bond between the franchise and the head office, so to speak, those can be said to be one of the features in the franchise system. Moreover, I can obtain the result like this, Relationship Characteristics like the trust relationship bond with the head office must be the determinant of the Relationship Performance.

Objective To analyze whether sufficient energy intake (EI) improves performance of activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with hip fracture admitted to rehabilitation hospitals. The adequate amount of EI for improving performance of ADL in patients with hip fracture remains unknown. Methods This retrospective cohort study included all patients with hip fracture (n=234) admitted to rehabilitation hospitals in Japan. The inclusion criteria for this study were age >65 years and body mass index <30.0 kg/m2. Patients who were transferred to an acute hospital and those with missing case data were excluded. According to the amount of EI, the patients were classified into energy sufficiency and shortage groups (EI/total energy expenditure ≥1.0 and <1.0, respectively). The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and FIM gain were used to evaluate the patient disability level and change in patient status in response to rehabilitation. Finally, FIM gain was calculated as the discharge FIM score minus the admission FIM score. Results The final analysis targeted 202 patients?53 (26.2%) were in the energy shortage group and 149 (73.8%) were in the energy sufficiency group. The energy sufficiency group had a greater FIM gain than the energy shortage group (mean, 25.1±14.2 vs. 19.7±16.4; p=0.024). Furthermore, sufficient EI in the first week since admission (β=0.165; 95% confidence interval, 0.392?5.230; p=0.023) was an independent factor of FIM gain. Conclusion Among elderly patients with hip fracture admitted to rehabilitation hospitals in Japan, the amount of EI during the first week after admission was an independent factor of FIM gain.

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a prevalent condition among Taekwondo athletes, often associated with pain, psychological factors, and impaired physical performance. However, few studies have investigated the relationship among ankle muscle strength, pain, kinesiophobia, and physical performance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Objects: This study aimed to examine the relationship between ankle muscle strength, pain, kinesiophobia, and physical performance in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Methods: Forty Taekwondo athletes with CAI participated in the study. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and kinesiophobia was measured with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11). Physical performance was evaluated using the single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ) and single-leg hop for distance. The strength of the ankle muscles is measured using a Smart KEMA strength sensor. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine relationships among variables. Results: SLVJ showed a significant negative correlation with VAS (r = -0.506, p < 0.01) and a positive correlation with strength of the ankle inversion with dorsiflexion (IDF) (r = 0.356, p < 0.05). VAS was negatively correlated with strength of the ankle eversion with plantarflexion (r = -0.365, p < 0.05), IDF (r = -0.371, p < 0.05) and inversion with plantarflexion (r = -0.370, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found between TSK-11 and physical performance, pain, or ankle muscle strength outcomes. Conclusion: Pain intensity and ankle muscle strength in specific ankle positions are associated with SLVJ in Taekwondo athletes with CAI. These findings suggest that the intensity of pain and the strength of the ankle evertor and invertor at specific ankle joint positions should be considered when evaluating Taekwondo athletes with CAI. Furthermore, managing pain and implementing strengthening exercises for the ankle evertor and invertor can be recommended to improve SLVJ.

Background: The gluteus medius (Gmed) plays a critical role in maintaining frontal plane stability of the pelvis during functional activities, such as one-leg lifting. Side-lying hip abduction (SHA) has been used as a dynamic test to evaluate Gmed function. However, the abduction force of the lower leg against the floor is not controlled during SHA. Therefore, hip abduction performance with contralateral adduction in the side-lying position (HAPCA) can be proposed as an alternative method to assess performance of hip abduction. If the number of HAPCA is related to the lateral pelvic shift distance, a new quantitative measurement for hip abductor function may be presented. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the number of successful HAPCA and the lateral pelvic shift distance during one-leg lifting. Methods: Thirty healthy participants were recruited, and lateral pelvic shift distance was measured during one-leg lifting test using two-dimensional analysis. The number of successful HAPCA was counted when participants touched both target bars at the beat of a metronome. Results: There was a negative correlation between the number of HAPCA and lateral pelvic shift distance during one-leg lifting (r = -0.630, p < 0.05). The number of HAPCA accounted for 39.7% of the variance in the lateral pelvic shift distance during one-leg lifting (F = 18.454, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The number of successful HAPCA is significantly correlated with lateral pelvic shift distance during one-leg lifting. This finding suggests that HAPCA can be proposed as a new measurement for hip abductor performance and more research is needed on its relationship with hip abductor strength.

Background: The hip muscle plays various roles. Several types of functional performance tests are used for the assessment of patients with various lower extremity injuries. Hip muscle functions are important to test the performance of maintaining the spine, pelvic, and leg during bridging exercise. We designed a novel functional performance test tool, which we named close kinetic chain dynamic lower extremity stability (CKCLE) test to assess hip muscle functions. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between CKCLE test and hip extensor, external rotator, and abductor strengths. Methods: Twenty-two subjects were recruited in the present study (13 males and 9 females). The hip extensor, external rotator, and abductor muscle strengths were measured using a Smart KEMA strength sensor. When the examiner said "Go", the subject performed the CKCLE test by moving one leg from the floor and touching the opposite knee and then return to the floor while maintaining the bridging position. The subjects attempted as many "touches" as possible in the allotted time (20 seconds) during the maximal tests. The correlation between the hip muscle (extensor, external rotator, and abductor) strength of the supporting leg and the number of CKCLE tests performed in 20 seconds was determined using the Pearson correlation. Results: Hip extensor (r = 0.626, p < 0.05), hip external rotator (r = 0.616, p < 0.05), and hip abductor muscle strengths (r = 0.475, p < 0.05) positively correlated with the number of CKCLE tests performed. Conclusion: We designed a CKCLE test and found that performance in the test correlated with hip extensor, external rotator, and abductor muscle strengths. The result suggests that the CKCLE test can be applied as a performance test to assess the functions of the hip extensor, external rotator, and hip abductor muscles.

Background: The wall squat exercise has been recommended for strengthening of the lower extremity muscles with maintaining lumbar lordosis. Although squat has been studied to be related to lower extremity extensor strength, the relationship between wall squat and lower extremity extensor strength unclear. Because squat and wall squat are biomechanically different, study on the relationship is needed. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the lower extremity extensor strength associated with wall squat performance. Methods: 74 healthy volunteers were recruited to participate in this study. The volunteers were measured hip and knee extensors strength and then performed wall squat exercise for maximum count. Results: We found significant relationships between wall squat performance and hip extensor strength normalized by body weight, knee extensor strength normalized by body weight and the composite value. In a regression analysis, hip extensor strength normalized by body weight explained 29% of the variation in wall squat performance in males and 35% in females. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that hip extensor strength normalized by body weight is critical to wall squat performance in both sexes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anticipatory postural adjustment (APA), single task, dual tasks and physical performances. The trunk muscles of APA consist of bilateral erector spinae (ES) and bilateral internal oblique (IO) adnominal muscles, during rapid stepping with the affected or unaffected leg in a sitting posture. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: In patients with chronic stroke, electrodes of surface electromyography (EMG) were attached on the bilateral erector spinae (ES), bilateral internal oblique adnominal (IO), and bilateral rectus femoris (RF) muscles. RF acts as the prime mover. The stroke patients performed hip flexion until $20^{\circ}$ as fast as possible at each leg in a sitting posture according to a visual cue. The visual cue unexpectedly appeared on monitor in front of the stroke patient. The single task was the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The dual tasks were the TUGconitive, which increased cognitive capacity, and the TUGmanual task, which had an external focus. Results: All EMG data showed earlier onset latency before the prime mover. In affected leg raising, the onset time of unaffected ES muscle of the stroke patients was correlated with the single and dual tasks (p<0.05). In unaffected leg raising, the onset time of the affected IO muscle was related to all the tasks (p<0.05). Gait speed showed a relationship with the unaffected ES muscle only. Conclusions: The trunk muscles of the bilateral ES and bilateral IO play an important role in APA. The single and dual tasks using TUG test were correlated with the APA s of ES and IO muscles. Dual task by the TUG test is a good measuring tool for reflecting the real life in patients with chronic stroke.

The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for predicting searching performance through an understanding of how cognitive ability relates to searching process and outcome. Specifically, this study examined the relationship between spatial visualization, logical reasoning, integrative reasoning, and information searching process and outcome. Information searching process was assessed by seven search process indicators: (1) search command selection; (2) combination of search commands; (3) application of Boolean logic; (4) application of truncation; (5) use of limit search function; (6) number of search statements; and (7) number of search errors made. Searching outcome was assessed by the number of correct answers to search questions. Subjects first took three standardized cognitive tests that measured cognitive abilities, and performed online catalog searching in response to seven information search questions. The searches were logged using Lotus ScreenCam, and reviewed for the analysis. Factor analysis was used to find underlying structures of the seven search process variables. Multiple regression analysis was applied to examine the predictive power of three cognitive variables on three extracted factors, and search outcome. Results of the data analysis showed that individual differences in logical reasoning could predict information searching process and outcome.

본 연구는 구매기업의 환경·사회·지배구조(ESG) 압력과 공급기업의 ESG 역량이 관계적 메커니즘을 통해 구매자-공급자 관계 성과에 미치는 영향을 살펴본다. 관계교환이론과 제도이론은 기업 간 거버넌스를 이해하는 상호보완적 관점을 제공하지만, ESG 중심의 현대적 제도적 압력이 관계규범과 장기지향성을 포함한 전통적인 관계적 구성개념을 어떻게 재구성하는지는 이론적으로 충분히 규명되지 않았다. 본 연구는 한국의 공급망관리 실무자 200명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고, 다중회귀분석을 통해 6개의 가설을 검증하였으며, 확립된 심리측정 절차를 통해 측정의 타당성을 확인하였다. 실증분석 결과 6개 가설 중 5개가 지지되었다: 구매자의 ESG 압력은 관계규범에는 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으나 장기지향성에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았는데, 이는 공급자들이 ESG 압력을 파트너십의 신호가 아니라 컴플라이언스 요구사항으로 인식할 수 있음을 시사한다. 반면 공급자의 ESG 역량은 관계규범과 장기지향성 모두에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 이 두 요인은 모두 관계 성과를 유의하게 향상시켜, ESG 요인이 운영상의 개선을 넘어 관계 거버넌스 구조를 재구성함을 보여준다. 본 연구는 ESG 요인이 구매자-공급자 관계 성과에 영향을 미치는 관계적 메커니즘을 규명하고 실증적으로 검증함으로써 문헌에 기여하며, 관계교환이론을 현대적 제도적 압력을 포괄하는 방향으로 확장한다.

This study examines how environmental, social, and governance (ESG) pressures from buying firms and ESG capabilities of supplying firms influence buyer-supplier relationship performance through relational mechanisms. Although relational exchange theory and institutional theory offer complementary lenses for understanding interfirm governance, how contemporary ESG-driven institutional pressures reshape traditional relational constructs including relational norms and long-term orientation remains theoretically underdeveloped. We surveyed 200 supply-chain management professionals in South Korea and employed multiple regression analysis to test six hypotheses, confirming measurement validity through established psychometric procedures. Empirical results support five of the six hypotheses: buyer ESG pressures positively influence relational norms but do not significantly affect long-term orientation, suggesting that suppliers may perceive ESG pressures as compliance requirements rather than partnership signals; supplier ESG capabilities positively influence both relational norms and long-term orientation, both of which significantly enhance relationship performance, revealing that ESG factors reshape relationship governance structures beyond operational improvements. This study contributes to the literature by identifying and empirically testing the relational mechanisms through which ESG factors influence buyer-supplier relationship outcomes, extending relational exchange theory to incorporate contemporary institutional pressures.

The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of empathy in face-to-face customer interactions on sales performance and relationship quality in the Chinese market, with a focus on the role of salespersons' relationship-oriented behavior and mentalizing skills. A web-based survey was conducted among sales representatives from various industries in China to validate the research model and hypotheses. Data was collected through the Chinese online survey tool "Wenjuanxing" from May 20, 2021, to May 24, 2021, with a total of 311 surveys considered for analysis after eliminating 19 due to insincere responses. The study reveals that emotional empathy, as opposed to cognitive empathy, has a positive impact on relationship-oriented selling behavior, leading to improved sales performance and relationship outcomes. Emotional empathy enables salespersons to better comprehend customers' emotions, thereby enhancing their relationship-oriented approach. Furthermore, emotional empathy, when mediated by relationship-oriented behavior, plays a more significant role in enhancing relationship quality compared to sales performance. Regression analysis demonstrates that interpersonal mentalizing skills moderate the relationship between relationship-oriented behavior and sales performance, but do not have a substantial impact on relationship outcomes. These results underscore the significance of emotional empathy in cultivating strong customer relationships and enhancing sales performance.

이 연구는 태권도 겨루기 선수의 승부근성과 경기수행능력 및 인지경기력의 관계를 규명하여 태권도 겨루기 선수 들의 경기력 향상에 도움이 되는 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적을 두고 실시하였다. 이와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위하여 대한태권도협회에 등록되어 있는 고등학교 태권도 겨루기 선수 총 288명의 설문조사를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 설문은 SPSS 통계프로그램을 이용하여 상관관계분석 및 다중회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 태권도 겨루기 선수의 승부욕과 투혼, 자신감은 경기수행성공, 심리적성숙, 경기수행성숙, 경기운영 및 경기영향력과 정적 상관 관계가 나타났다. 둘째, 태권도 겨루기 선수의 투혼과 자신감은 경기수행성공에 정적 영향력을 미쳤다. 또한 승부욕과 투혼, 자신감은 심리적성숙과 경기수행성숙에 정적 영향력을 미쳤다. 셋째, 태권도 겨루기 선수의 승부욕과 투혼, 자신감 은 경기운영에 정적 영향력을 미쳤다. 또한 자신감은 심판인식에 정적 영향력을 미치는 반면 승부욕은 심판인식에 부적 영향력을 미쳤다. 승부욕과 자신감은 경기영향력에 정적 영향력을 미쳤다.

This study was conducted with the aim of providing basic data to help improve the performance of Taekwondo sparring athletes by examining the relationship between tenacity, athletic performance and cognitive performance of Taekwondo sparring athletes. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was conducted for high school Taekwondo sparring athletes registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association. A total of 288 surveys were used for the final analysis, excluding unfaithful survey data such as double entries. The following conclusion was obtained by conducting correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS statistical program(24.0 Ver.). First, Taekwondo sparring athletes' desire to win, fighting spirit, and confidence showed positive correlation with competition performance success, psychological maturity, competition performance maturity, competition operation, and competition impact. Second, the fighting spirit and confidence of Taekwondo sparring athletes had a positive influence on competition performance success. Also, desire to win, fighting spirit, and confidence had a positive influence on psychological maturity and competition performance maturity. Third, the desire to win, fighting spirit and confidence of Taekwondo sparring athletes had a positive influence on the competition operation. Also, confidence has a positive influence on judgment recognition, while desire to win has a negative influence on judgment recognition. Desire to win and confidence had a positive impact on the competition impact. In conclusion, for Taekwondo sparring athletes, confidence had a positive influence on most athletic performance and cognitive performance except judgment recognition, and it was found that fighting spirit and confidence are important factors that have a positive influence on athletic performance and cognitive performance.

글로벌화의 심화와 시장 경쟁의 가속화로 인해 디지털 전환과 ESG(환경·사회·지배구조) 성과는 기업 의 지속가능한 성장에 있어 핵심적인 요인으로 부상하고 있다. 본 연구는 2014년부터 2023년까지의 중국 상하이· 선전 A주 상장기업을 대상으로, 디지털 전환이 기업의 ESG 성과와 기업 성과에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하 였다. 분석 결과, 디지털 전환은 기업의 ESG 종합 성과를 유의하게 향상시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 효과는 환경(E), 사회(S), 지배구조(G) 차원에서 서로 다른 양상을 보였다. 추가 분석에 따르면, 투자 대비 성과의 시차로 인해 디지털 전환은 초기 단계에서 기업 성과에 단기적인 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 그러나 우수한 ESG 성과 는 이러한 부정적 영향을 완화하는 완충 역할을 수행하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 ESG가 디지털 전 환의 중요한 결과 변수일 뿐만 아니라, 디지털 전환의 경제적 효과를 조절하는 핵심 요인임을 시사한다.

With globalization and intensified market competition, digital transformation and ESG (environmental, social, and governance) performance have become key drivers of firms’ sustainable development. This study uses Chinese A-share listed firms from 2014 to 2023 to examine the effects of digital transformation on ESG performance and firm performance. The results show that digital transformation significantly improves firms’ ESG performance, with heterogeneous effects across the environmental, social, and governance dimensions. Further analysis indicates that digital transformation may exert short-term downward pressure on firm performance in the early stage due to delayed investment returns. However, strong ESG performance plays a buffering role by mitigating the negative performance effects associated with digital transformation. These findings suggest that ESG is not only an outcome of digital transformation but also a key moderating factor in its economic consequences.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sitting volleyball performance and the field fitness of sitting volleyball players. Forty-five elite sitting volleyball players participated in 10 field fitness tests. Additionally, the players’ head coach and coach assessed their volleyball performance (receive and defense, block, attack, and serve). Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 21 by using correlation and regression analyses, and the significance level was set at P< 0.05. The results showed that chest pass, overhand throw, onehand throw, one-hand side throw, splint, speed endurance, reaction time, and graded exercise test results had a statistically significant influence on the players’ abilities to attack, serve, and block. Grip strength, t-test, speed, and agility showed a statistically significant relationship with the players’ skill at defense and receive. Our results showed that chest pass, overhand throw, one-hand throw, one-hand side throw, speed endurance, reaction time, and graded exercise test results had a statistically significant influence on volleyball performance.

본 연구는 한국 KOSPI에 상장된 기업을 대상으로 ESG 성과가 정보비대칭과 주식 유동성 사이에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, ESG 성과가 좋을수록 주식 유동성을 향상 시킨다는 선행연구 결과를 재확인하였고, 둘째, 정보비대칭이 ESG 성과와 주식 유동성 사이에 매개 역할을 수행한다는 것을 확인하였다. 즉, ESG 성과가 정보비대칭으로 인해 주식 유동성에 간접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것이다. 마지막으로 정보비대칭의 이러한 역할이 ESG 세부요인과 기업의 규모 및 속성에 따라 달라지는 것도 발견하였다. 대기업의 경우는 ESG_S, ESG_G의 유의미한 성과를 진단할 수 있었으며, 제조업의 경우는 ESG_G의 유의미한 성과를 확인할 수 있었다. 더불어, 정보비대칭에 관한 규 모별, 업종별 분석 결과에 따르면, 중소기업이나 비제조업의 경우, ESG 성과가 주식 유동성에 영향을 미칠 수 없으나, 기업 사회활동(S)의 증가 와 기업 내부구조 강화는 대기업과 제조업의 경우에서와 같이 시장 유동성을 높일 수 있는 방안으로 고려해볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 ESG 성과가 정보비대칭과 주식 유동성 사이에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 ESG에 관한 연구를 확장할 수 있다는 것과 기업이 ESG에 관한 인식을 향상 시킬 수 있다는 시사점을 가진다.

This study uses data from KOSPI-listed firms to examine the relationship between ESG ratings, information asymmetry, and stock liquidity. We find robust evidence that ESG ratings not only impact stock liquidity directly but can also indirectly affect stock liquidity by reducing information asymmetry. We also find that the effect of ESG ratings on information asymmetry and stock liquidity varies depending on ESG component ratings, firm size, and firm nature. The social rating (ESG_S) and governance rating(ESG_G) on information asymmetry and stock liquidity in large firms, and the governance rating(ESG_G) on information asymmetry and stock liquidity in manufacturing firms only. These findings show that non-manufacturing and SMEs firms in Korea can use corporate social responsibility (S) and internal governance systems (G) to solve firms’ information asymmetry and improve stock liquidity. Furthermore, the environmental rating (ESG_E) does not impact information asymmetry and stock liquidity. Our research addresses the problem of 'why' and 'how' ESG ratings affect stock liquidity. These results positively enrich ESG research and improve the firm's cognition of ESG. Meanwhile, it provides reference solutions for Small and Medium-Sized(SMEs) and non-manufacturing firms to improve stock liquidity.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the outcome of preseason physical performance tests and the risk of sustaining lower extremity muscle injuries within the same season, in male football players at elite level. This is a cohort study of a male football team (63 players) from the first league in Swe-den. The football players are prospectively followed, in terms of muscle injuries of the lower extremity during five seasons between 2010 and 2014. All muscle injuries were evaluated and diagnosed with ultraso-nography. The following physical performance tests were included: squats, chin-ups, YoYo intermittent recovery level 2, counter movement jump, squat jump, standing long jump, sprint, one leg squat test, and a functional movement screen. A total of 86 muscle injuries occurred during the study period. No significant correlation was found between the results of the physical performance tests and muscle injuries of the lower extremity. None of the evaluated tests predicted the risk of sus-taining muscle injuries of the lower extremity. We conclude that muscle injury risk factors are more complex than solely related to the results of the preseason physical performance tests.

This study examined the relationship of university students’ course performance in the regular block and irregular sections taking advanced programming course and the mediating effect of motivation. The respondents of the study were information systems students who were enrolled in major subjects. The independent variable was the student’s course performance. The dependent variable was the section classification (i.e., regular block or irregular section). Motivation was included in the model to test whether it influences the variance found students’ performance as to their sections. Logistic regression was used as statistical test for course performance and sectioning. Omnibus Test of Model Coefficient and Cox & Snelll and Nagelkerke statistics were used for the coefficient of determination. The study concludes that sectioning significantly relates to academic performance and grade have a modest explanatory power to sectioning. Motivation did not influence the students’ grades. Certain factors of motivation such as intrinsic, self-efficacy for learning and test anxiety suggest a significant relationship with grade not necessarily based on the effect of sectioning.

In recent decades, an increasing number of scholars and practitioners have focused on the concept of market orientation (MO) and its effect to firm performance (Harris et al.,2001; Uncles, 2011). Firms are increasingly investing in advanced firm-level information technologies to improve synchronization and integration across the entire business process (Yu, 2015). Significant investments were made each year by businesses in information technology (IT) (Powner, 2013). In fact, despite the notion that effective integration can contribute to firm performance, the nature and implications of the integration of marketing and information technologies have not been empirically investigated at great length in the literature (Kozlenkova et al., 2015). And have not yet been examined within the e-marketing context specifically. We aim to contribute to the growing body of literature emphasizing a capabilities-based view by developing and testing a model that informs future theoretic and empirical examinations of e-Marketing capability. To achieve this goal, the current study presents and empirically tests a model of how several idiosyncratic resources can be exploited to positively influence marketing performance. This study, focuses on e-marketing in terms of integrated MO, which understands both expressed and latent customer needs or delivers superior value to customers. The subsequent section presents an empirical study testing the hypotheses. The final section discusses the findings, theoretical and managerial implications.

중소기업의 국제 경영 활동이 증가함에 따라, 국제경영 및 국제마케팅 분야에서 중소기업의 해 외시장성과에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 특히 국제지향성은 신기술 습득 및 새로운 시장 요구에 대한 신속한 대응 등으로 인해 해외시장에서 경쟁우위를 달성할 수 있는 주요한 수단으로 여겨지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 국제지향성과 해외시장성과의 관계를 살펴보고, 나아가 기업 규모 및 제품 특성, 국제 경험의 내부 특성과 기술 변동성 및 시장 유사성의 외부 특성이 이러한 관계에 미치는 조절효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 한국 수출 중소기업을 대상으로 한 설문을 바탕으로 실증분석을 실시한 결과, 국제지향성은 해외시장성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 국제지향성과 성과의 관계는 기업 규모가 작을수록 긍정적인 효과가 커지는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 기술변동성 및 시장유사성이 높은 환경일수록 긍정적인 관계는 더 약해지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는, 중소기업의 경우 다국적기업에 비해 자원의 한계로 인해 해외 경영 활동에 많은 장벽이 존재하지만, 국제지향적인 중소기업일수록 보다 활발한 해외 경영 활동으로 인해 기업 성과를 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 또한 기업 내부 및 외부 특성에 따라 이러한 관계가 달라질 수 있음을 확인하였다는 점에서 중소기업의 해외 경영 활동의 방향에 대해 실무적 관점에서 시사하는 바가 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The trend of increasing internationalization of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is noteworthy. International business is often more challenging for SMEs because of their lack of financial and tangible resources compared with multinational enterprises (MNEs). In this study, we investigate the effect of international orientation of SMEs on performance in international markets, and explore a set of crucial internal and external factors that may potentially moderate this relationship. Using survey data from SMEs in Korea, we found the positive impact of international orientation on international performance. In addition, the findings indicate that the positive relationship between international orientation and performance might be stronger for larger firms and under conditions of high technology turbulence and market similarity in foreign markets. The results imply that international business managers should consider these internal and external factors in order to enhance their organizational performance in international markets.

Frailty is a disorder of multiple inter-related physiological systems. It is unclear whether the level of physical performance factors can serve as markers of frailty and a sign. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between frailty and physical performance in elderly women. One hundred fourteen elderly women participated in this study, their aged was from 65 to 80. We were measured 6-min walk test, grip-strength, 30-sec arm curl test, 30-sec chair stand test, 8 foot Up- and Go, Back scratch, chair sit and reach, unipedal stance, BMI, and the frailty with questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by descrip-tive statistics, frequencies, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and simple lin-er regression using the IBM 21. SPSS program. In results, statistic tests showed that there were significant differences between frailty and 6-min walk test, 30-sec arm curl test, 30-sec chair stand test, grip-strength, Back scratch, and BMI. However, we did not find significant differences between frailty and 8 foot Up- and Go, unipedal stance. When the subjects were divided into five groups according to physical performance level, subjects with high 6-min walk, 30-sec arm curl test, chair sit and reach test, and high grip strength had low score frailty. Physical performance factors were strongly associated with decreased frailty, suggesting that physical performance improvements play an im-portant role in preventing or reducing the frailty.

본 국내외적으로 산업의 고도화는 사회적 책임경영과 더불어 기업활동에서 나타나는 여러 환경문제와 사회적 공헌 그리고 기업의 지배구조 등과 관련한 ESG(environmental, social, governance)경영이 매우 주요한 경쟁 요인으로 대두 되고 있다. 특히 기업활동에서 직면되는 환경문제는 저탄소 그린에너지 등의 규제와 소비자들의 일상 생활과 건강한 삶과 연계되는 새로운 기업환경이라는 도전적 상황으로 해석된다. 본 연구는 이러한 기업의 경영 환경적 요인을 중심으로 환경자 원의 활용과 기업의 환경정보 공시가 기업의 성과와 기업 가치에 미치는 영향 관계를 연구하고자 한다. 본 연구는 굴뚝산업 으로 지칭되는 제조생산 공정과 전세계의 산업자재 생산 비율이 높은 중국의 회계 재무적 상황을 분석하고자 한다. 중국기업 을 대상으로 분석하는 그 주요한 측면은 생산 기반 거점이 이동되고 있는 아시아의 여러 나라에 향후 ESG정책과 경쟁환경을 예측할 수 있고, 국내 산업의 향후 정책과 방향 등도 조망할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구는 향후 환경문제와 관련된 기업의 안정적 성장과 미래의 첨단 산업의 정책적 방향과 더불어 글로벌 소비패턴 등에 적절한 지침이 될 것으로 기대된다.

The sophistication of industries both domestically and internationally has led to the emergence of ESG (environmental, social, and governance) management as a very important competitive factor, which is related to socially responsible management, social contribution, and corporate governance. In particular, the environmental problems faced in corporate activities are interpreted as a challenging situation of regulations such as low-carbon green energy and a new corporate environment linked to consumers' daily life and healthy life. This study aims to study the relationship between the utilization of environmental resources and the impact of environmental information disclosure on corporate performance and corporate value, focusing on the environmental factors of these companies. This study aims to analyze the accounting and financial situation of China, which has a high proportion of the world's industrial materials production and the manufacturing production process referred to as the chimney industry. The main aspect of analyzing Chinese companies is that it can predict the future ESG policies and competitive environment in various countries in Asia where production bases are shifting, as well as the future policies and directions of the domestic industry. This study is expected to provide appropriate guidance for the stable growth of companies related to environmental issues and the policy direction of high-tech industries in the future, as well as global consumption patterns.