Earticle

본 논문은 아렌트의 정치철학을 기초로 하여 내러티브 치료에서의 공적 담론과 치유 공동체의 중요성을 모색한다. 특히, 아렌트의 ‘이야 기꾼’과 ‘공평한 관찰자’개념을 중심으로 ‘공평성’을 얻을 수 있는 공적 담론의 가능성을 살펴본다. 아렌트는 어두운 시대의 도덕적, 인식적 위 기 속에서 새로운 이론으로서 ‘이야기하기’와 새로운 객관성인 ‘공평성’ 을 제안했기 때문이다. 그녀의 공평성은 정치적 삶의 토대인 공동체에 서 얻어진다. ‘이야기꾼’과 ‘공평한 관찰자’가 함께하는 이 공동체는 공 평한 공적 담론의 기초를 제공한다. 본 연구는 외상사건에서의 내러티브 치료에서 공동체와 공적 담론의 역할을 모색하며, 아렌트의 정치철 학이 상당히 기여를 할 수 있음을 주장한다.

This paper explores the significance of Arendt's political philosophy as a foundation for public discourse and healing communities in narrative therapy. Specifically, it examines the potential of public discourse to achieve impartiality, focusing on Arendt's concepts of the storyteller and the impartial observer. Arendt proposed ‘telling stories’ and a new objectivity called ‘impartiality’ as a theory amidst moral and cognitive crises of dark times. Her notion of impartiality emerges from communities foundational to political life. This community, composed of storytellers and impartial observers, forms the basis for impartial public discourse. The study investigates the roles of community and public discourse in narrative therapy for trauma, asserting Arendt's significant contributions to political philosophy.

정호승 시에서 연민은 그의 시세계를 추동하는 핵심 감정으로 작용한 다. 기존 연구가 정호승 시에 나타나는 외로움, 슬픔, 사랑 등에 주목하여 그의 시세계를 보편적 정서의 전형으로 규정하는 데 치우쳤다면, 본 연구 는 연민에 초점을 맞춰 마사 누스바움의 연민론을 토대로 그 작동 방식과 의미 구조를 구체적으로 분석하였다. 정호승의 시에서 연민의 작동방식과 그 의미는 ‘관찰자적 시선과 결핍된 존재의 환기 → 고통의 극대화와 시 적 정의(正義)의 구현 → 존재 복원의 메타포와 연민윤리의 시적 실현’으 로 확장 구조를 구축한다. 이는 정호승 연민의식의 지향점이자 정호승 시 세계의 특수성이라 할 수 있다. 이처럼 정호승이 전유하는 ‘연민의 시학’ 은 그의 시에 대한 그동안의 평가, 즉 서정시의 전형이라는 견고한 프레 임을 넘어서는 근거이다.

In Jeong Ho-seung’s poetry, compassion acts as a key emotion driving his poetic world. While previous studies have focused on defining Jeong Ho-seung’s poetic world as the epitome of universal emotions by paying attention to loneliness, sadness, and love in his poetry, this study specifically analyzed its operation method and meaning structure with a focus on compassion based on Martha Nussbaum’s compassion theory. This study proves the mechanism and meaning of compassion in Jeong Ho-seung’s poems are constructed in the order of ‘observer gaze and ventilation of deficient beings,’ ‘maximization of pain and poetic justice,’ and ‘poetic realization of compassion ethics and metaphor of restoration of existence.’ This can be said to be the direction of Jeong Ho-seung’s compassionate consciousness and the specificity of Jeong Ho-seung’s poetic world. Therefore, the poetics of compassion that Jeong Ho-seung exclusively owns is the basis for the evaluation of his poems, which goes beyond the solid frame of the epitome of lyrical poems.

How will the researcher behave when he decides to invest a field? What will be its starting point? How should he observe his object? The exercise is not easy and every researcher, every student, knows at this stage that he cannot ignore this questioning. If the writing work will give substance and consistency to the action in a second step, the confirmed or apprentice researcher must first ask himself about the posture to adopt because he has the heavy responsibility of establishing the theoretical base upstream on which he will build the rest of his research.

Comment le chercheur va-t-il se comporter quand il décide d’investir un terrain ? Quel sera son point de départ ? Comment doit-il observer son objet ? L’exercice n’est pas simple et chaque chercheur, chaque étudiant, sait à ce stade qu’il ne peut faire l’impasse sur ce questionnement. Si le travail d’écriture va donner corps et consistance à l’action dans un second temps, le chercheur confirmé ou apprenti doit s’interroger au préalable sur la posture à adopter car il a la lourde responsabilité d’établir en amont le socle théorique sur lequel il échafaudera la suite de sa recherche.

Observer design for system with unknown input was carried out. First, Kalman filter was considered to estimate system state with White noise. With the results of Kalman filter design, state observer, controller properties, including controllability and observability, and the Kalman filter structure and algorithm were also studied. Kalman filter algorithm was applied to Position and velocity measurement based on Kalman filter with white noise, and it was constructed and achieved by programming based on Matlab programming. Finally, observer for system with unknown input was constructed with the help of Gershgorin’s disc theorem. With the designed observer, system states was constructed and applied to system with unknown input. By simulation results, estimation performance was verified. In this project, state feedback control theory, observer theory and relevant design procedure, as well as Kalman filter design were understood and used in practical application.

본 연구는 사회적으로 높은 불안이 유발되는 발표 상황에서 관찰자 관점을 유지하는 것이 수행에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보았다. 대학생 집단을 대상으로 사회적 고불안 집단과 사회적 저불안 집단을 나누어 두 집단 모두 관찰자 관점과 장 관점을 유지하며 수행을 하도록 하였다. 관찰자 관점을 유지하는 것이 수행에 미치는 효과를 구체적으로 알아보기 위하여 매 발표가 끝날 때마다 부정적인 자동적 생각의 빈도와 그 생각을 사실이라고 믿는 정도, 불안을 감추거나 불안을 줄이기 위해 사용하는 안전행동, 불안을 측정하였다. 또한 수행이 끝난 후 자신의 수행을 평가하게 하였으며, 이후 비디오로 촬영한 자신의 수행을 보고 다시 평가하도록 하여 이를 비디오를 보기 전에 평가한 내용과 비교하였다. 아울러 자기 수행 평가를 객관적 평정자의 평가와 비교함으로써 관점에 따라 수행 평가의 왜곡이 나타나는지를 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 관찰자 관점을 유지할 경우 사회적 고불안 집단과 저불안 집단 모두 부정적인 자동적 사고의 빈도와 믿음, 안전행동이 증가하였다. 그러나 불안과 수행 평가에 있어서는 고불안 집단만 관찰자 관점에서 장 관점에 비해 높은 불안과 부정적인 평가 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과에 대한 제한점과 시사점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine how taking on an observer perspective effects the performance of high anxiety persons in a speaking situation that is regarded as evoking high anxiety. College students, divided into high or low socially anxious groups were asked to give two short speeches, one in the observer and the other in the field perspective. Their performances were videotaped. Immediately after each performance, participants completed a questionnaire on their mood measures, the frequency of negative automatic thinking, the degree to which they believed such thoughts to be true, safety behaviors, and anxiety. After they completed both performances, they rated their performance for each speech, and then after viewing their taped performances, they were asked again to provide the same evaluation. To examine whether or not the perspectives that they took on during the performances affected their evaluations, the subjects' ratings were compared with ratings of the videotaped performances given by independent viewers. As a result, this study found that when taking on an observer perspective, both high and low socially anxious groups think more negatively and behave more cautiously; but, only the former reported greater anxiety and gave themselves lower ratings on the observer perspective performance compared with the field perspective performance. Implications for future research are also discussed.

본 연구는 관찰자 관점이 사회불안을 더 높게 경험하게 하며, 이 효과가 자기제시 동기가 낮은 집단에 비해 높은 집단에서 더 크게 나타나는가를 검토하였다. 대학생 피험자들은 자기제시 동기 척도에 의해 자기제시 동기가 높은 집단과 낮은 집단으로 분류되었으며, 관찰자 관점을 유도하는 조건과 장 관점을 유도하는 조건에서 2인간 상호교류를 하였다. 연구 결과, 관찰자 관점은 자기초점적 주의를 증가시켰으며, 자기제시 동기가 높은 집단은 낮은 집단에 비해 자기초점적 주의를 더 많이 하였다. 그리고 자기제시 동기가 높은 집단은 관찰자 관점 조건에서 장 관점 조건에 비해 사회불안의 정서적 반응을 반영하는 상태불안 점수가 더 높았으나, 자기제시 동기가 낮은 집단에서는 이러한 차이가 없었다. 사회불안의 행동 측정치인 사회수행 평정치는 집단과 조건 간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 관찰자 관점이 사회불안을 높게 경험하도록 작용하며, 자기제시 동기가 높은 사람들에게 이 효과가 더 크게 나타날 수 있음을 시사하였다.

The present study explored the effects of the observer perspective and self-presentational motivation(SPM) on social anxiety. It was hypothesized that the observer perspective produced higher social anxiety and this effect was larger in high SPM individuals than in low SPM individuals. College students who scored high or low on a measure of SPM took turns asking questions and answering in the observer perspective condition and the field perspective condition. The observer perspective taking increased self-focused attention and high SPM group experienced more self-focused attention than low SPM group. The results indicated that high SPM subjects reported higher state anxiety in the observer perspective condition than in the field perspective condition, but low SPM subjects didn't. However these effects were absent on the ratings of social performance. The findings of this study implicate the roles of the observer perspective and self-presentational motivation in contributing to high social anxiety.

본 연구에서는 운전자의 성별과 운전경력, 위험 운전상황의 유형(성향요인이 강조된 끼어들기 상황 vs. 상황요인이 강조된 급정거 상황), 그리고 운전분노 평정관점(행위자 관점 vs. 관찰자 관점)에 따른 운전자의 운전분노 수준 차이를 운전 시뮬레이션 기법을 이용하여 비교하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별과 운전경력에 따른 운전분노 수준에서의 차이를 운전상황 유형이나 운전분노 평정관점을 함께 고려하지 않고 독립적으로 분석한 결과 성별과 운전경력에 따른 차이가 각각 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 운전분노 수준에서의 행위자-관찰자 효과는 도로여건 등과 같은 상황변인이 상대적으로 더 많이 강조된 급정거 상황보다는 상대운전자의 의도가 비교적 분명하게 드러나는 조건인 끼어들기 상황에서 주로 관찰되었다. 셋째, 운전자의 성별과 운전경력, 그리고 운전분노 평정관점을 통합적으로 고려하여 살펴본 결과 운전경력이 짧은 여성운전자의 경우 타인의 끼어들기에 대해서는 매우 높은 수준의 분노를 경험하는 반면, 자신의 끼어들기에 대해서는 매우 낮은 수준으로 상대운전자가 운전분노를 경험할 것으로 추정하는 경향이 더 높았다. 이러한 결과는 운전자의 성별과 운전경력에 따른 운전분노에서의 차이가 위험 운전상황의 유형과 행위자-관찰자 관점에 따라 매우 다른 양상으로 나타날 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

This driving simulation study examined relative differences in driving anger as the functions of drivers’ gender and driving experiences, and actor-observer perspectives when they were exposed in two anger-provoking driving scenarios(cutting-in and sudden stop). The results showed the followings. First, neither drivers’ gender nor driving experience, when they were considered independently of the driving situation types and actor-observer perspectives, yielded significant difference in driving anger. Second, actor-observer effect on driving anger was observed only in the cutting-in condition where other driver’s intension was emphasized. Third, the female drivers of low driving experience tended to show the strongest tendency of actor-observer bias in the cutting-in condition. These results suggested that the levels of driving anger as the functions of drivers’ gender and driving experience can be differed by types of driving situation as well as perspectives of drivers’ interpreting the situations.

본 연구는 범법자의 소속 집단에 대한 지각(즉, 사회경제적 지위 및 따뜻함)에 따른 관찰자의 처벌판단에 있어 제3자 도덕적 면허효과(즉, 행위자들의 현재의 나쁜 행동을 사회경제적으로 높은 지위 등에 비추어 우호적으로 해석하여 허용하거나 혹은 낮은 사회경제적 지위의 행위자들에 대한 동정심을 통해 허용하는 효과)가 범죄의 명료성에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 검토하였다. 보다 구체적으로, 연구 1에서 대학생 실험참여자들은 조건에 따라 사회경제적 지위(고vs저vs통제)가 다른 범법자의 범죄행위(명백vs모호) 시나리오를 읽은 다음, 해당 행위에 대한 처벌판단을 하였다. 연구 1의 결과, 실험참여자들은 명백한 범죄의 경우, 사회경제적 지위가 낮거나 지위정보가 없는(통제) 조건에서보다 높은 지위 범법자들에게 더 강한 처벌을 하였다. 모호한 범죄의 경우, 실험참여자들은 낮은 지위 범법자에 대해서보다 통제조건이나 높은 지위 범법자에게 더 강한 처벌을 하였다. 또한 낮은 지위 범법자(vs. 높은 지위)에 대한 약한 처벌은 명백한 범죄 상황에서만 동정심을 매개로 하여 발생하였다. 연구 2에서는 범법자의 소속 집단의 유능성(즉, 지위) 외에 따뜻함 정보를 추가하여 범죄의 명료성에 따른 관찰자들의 처벌판단이 어떻게 달라지는지 알아보고, 또한 이 과정을 설명할 수 있는 기제를 탐색하였다. 연구 2에서 실험참여자들은 조건에 따라 유능성과 따뜻함 수준이 다른 대상의 범죄행위 시나리오를 읽고 처벌판단을 하였다. 연구 2의 결과, 범죄의 명료성과 유능성 차원 그리고 범죄의 명료성과 따뜻함 차원 각각의 2원 상호작용이 유의미하였다. 명백한 범죄의 경우, 관찰자들은 무능하게 지각되는 사람보다 유능하게 지각되는 사람에게 더 가혹한 처벌을 하였는데, 이와 같은 무능한 사람(vs. 유능한 사람)에 대한 관대한 처벌은 동정심을 통해 발생하였다(연구 1 결과 반복지지). 행위자가 모호한 범법 행위를 하였을 때는 관찰자들은 차갑게 지각되는 사람보다 따뜻하게 지각되는 사람에게 더 관대한 처벌을 하였다. 이때 발생한 관대한 처벌은 관찰자들이 따뜻한 사람의 모호한 범법 행동을 우호적으로 해석함(즉, 범죄행위가 아닌 것처럼 지각)으로써 발생하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 우리 사회에서 범법자의 사회경제적 지위 혹은 사회 집단에 따른 고정관념이 국민참여재판에 참여하는 배심원들의 처벌판단에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 제안하고 있다.

The present study examined how Third Party Moral Licensing Effect(i.e., the effect of allowing actors' current bad behavior to be interpreted favorably in light of high SES or permitted by sympathy for actors with low SES) varied in terms of the type of crime for the observer to judge the extent of punishment according to the perception of the grouo (i.e., socioeconomic status and warmth) to which the wrongdoer belong. More specifically, in Study 1, participants evaluated the extent of punishment regarding the wrongdoer after reading criminal act of the target through a script in which the target's SES(high vs. low vs. control) and the type of crime(blatant vs. ambiguous criminal behaviour) was manipulated. The results of Study 1 demonstrated that, in the case of blatant criminal behaviour, the participants made more severe punishment judgement for wrongdoer with high SES than with either low SES or without status information(control). Under ambiguous criminal behaviour condition, the participants gave greater punishment to the target in either the control condition or who was of high SES than to the target with low SES. Also, weak punishment for the wrongdoer with low SES(vs. high SES) was mediated by sympathy for the target only in the context of blatant criminal behaviour. In Study 2, we examined whether the perception of competence and warmth of the wrongdoer in terms of the group to which he belonged to, as well as the type of crime affected punitive judgement by the observer. In addition, we investigated psychological mechanism which may explain these process of punitive judgement. To examine these, we asked the participants to read a scenario describing either blatant or ambiguous criminal behaviour of the target with different levels of competence and warmth, in terms of the groups he belonged to, and afterwards to make punitive judgement The 3-way anovas obtained significant two-way interactions of Crime Type and Competence dimension, as well as Crime Type and Warmth dimension. When actors committed a blatant criminal act, observers gave more generous punishment to those who were perceived as incompetent than those who were perceived as competent. Generous punishment for incompetent persons occurred through sympathy, repeating the result of Study 1. When actors committed an ambiguous criminal act, observers gave more generous punishments to those who were perceived as warmly than those who were perceived as being cold. Generous punishment for a wrongdoer who were perceived as being warm rather than being cold occurred because the observers more favorably interpreted the ambiguous behavior of the warm target than the cold one. These findings suggest that in our society the stereotypes of social groups to which the wrongdoer belong can influence the judgment of jurors participating in the trial.

본 연구는 예비연구자였던 연구자가 박사과정의 학습경험을 통해 질적연구자로 성장하는 경험의 의미를 탐색한 자문화기술지이다. 질적연구자로 성장하는 과정을 탐색하기 위해 연구자이자 연구참 여자인 나는 2024년 1월부터 12월까지 대학원 수업. 학회, 협력연구 등에 참여하며 작성한 성찰일지 를 분석하였고, ‘예비 연구자의 전문성 발달 3단계 분석체계’의 방법으로 연구결과를 도출하였다. 질적연구자로 성장하는 과정을 3단계로 범주화한 제목은 ‘네트워크 의존: 사회인과 연구자의 줄다 리기’, ‘네트워크 협상: 든든한 지지대에 의지해 자라나는 넝쿨식물’, ‘네트워크 확장: 다름 안에서 협 력이란 성장통’이다. 연구자이자 연구참여자인 나는 학습경험을 통해 소극적인 참관자에서 적극적인 참여자로 성장하 였으며, 질적연구자로 되어가는 정체성을 발견하였다. 또한, 학문공동체 안에서 타자(지도교수와 많 은 교수, 동료, 선후배)와의 상호문화적인 네트워크 관계가 질적연구자로 성장하게 하는 역량임을 깨달았다. 그리고, 협력연구의 방식이 개인의 성장뿐 아니라 학문공동체의 지속적인 성장을 이끄는 동력임을 알았고, 학문수행 과정에서 반복적인 성찰 행위는 예비연구자를 질적연구자로 변화시키는 실질적인 기술임을 배웠다. 이 연구는 질적연구에 입문한 예비연구자들에게 학습경험과 자기성찰의 예시를 보여줌으로써 질 적연구의 이해에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study is an autoethnography that explores the meaning of the experience of a novice researcher growing into a qualitative researcher through learning experiences in a doctoral program. To examine the process of becoming a qualitative researcher, I, as both researcher and participant, analyzed reflective journals written from January to December 2024 during participation in graduate courses, academic conferences, and collaborative research. The research findings were derived using the “Three-Stage Analytical Framework for Novice Researcher Professional Development.” The process of growing into a qualitative researcher was categorized into three stages, titled: “Network Dependence: The Tug-of-War Between Social Being and Researcher,” “Network Negotiation: Growing Like a Vine Supported by a Strong Trellis,” and “Network Expansion: Growing Pains of Collaboration Amid Differences.” Through these learning experiences, I grew from a passive observer to an active participant and discovered my emerging identity as a qualitative researcher. I also realized that intercultural network relationships within the academic community—including advisors, professors, peers, and juniors/seniors—are key to developing as a qualitative researcher. Furthermore, I found that collaborative research not only drives individual growth but also serves as a driving force for the ongoing development of the academic community. Repeated acts of reflection throughout the research process proved to be a practical skill that transforms novice researchers into qualitative researchers. This study is expected to help novice researchers new to qualitative research by providing examples of learning experiences and self-reflection, thereby deepening their understanding of qualitative research.

이 글은 최하림의 후기시를 대상으로 풍경과 내면의 관계를 살펴보기 위해 작성된다. 그는 시의 제일 명제를 부조리한 세계에 대한 부정의 정신과 그것 을 언어-내의 모험이 응결된 심미적 충동에 두었다. 특히 후기시는 ‘속이 보 이지 않는 심연’을 가로지르면서 인간존재의 삶과 죽음의 문제를 소멸하는 자 연의 형상과 거기서 피어나는 영원한 삶의 복합적 운동을 통해 사유하고 표 현해 냈다. 연구자는 이러한 후기시의 면모를 다음 세 단계의 시적 흐름과 거 기서 문득 솟아나는 정신의 파고를 중심으로 읽어냈다. 첫째, 그는 자기 시의 핵심적 국면들인 내면의 굶주림, 시와 삶의 유랑, 존 재와 자연의 심연을 현실 저편의 정신과 언어를 통해 날카롭게 벼려냈다. 둘 째, 자신의 생애 전반을 파고들던 개인적·사회적 죽음의 그림자나 충동을 ‘문 둥이’라는 최고 약자의 영혼과 육체의 소외 및 파국을 통해 객관화했다. 하지 만 그들의 삶과 영혼의 행렬을 새나 나무 같은 자연사물에 대한 비유, 다시 말해 처연한 몰락을 새로운 삶을 거머쥐는 동일성의 시학을 통해 내면화함으 로써 질병과 죽음의 위기를 극적으로 넘어섰다. 셋째, 시인은 죽음 충동에서 삶의 충동으로 갱신된 존재의 생명운동을 ‘‘나’의 풍경’에서 ‘풍경의 ‘나’’로 전환하는 입체적인 모험의 언어로 상상하고 그려냈다. 그 결과가 유고 후 『최하림 시 전집』에 실린 일련의 산문 시편들이다. 최하림 시인은 느릿하고 유장 하여 오히려 긴장감 넘치고 역동적인 산문시를 통해 죽음과 삶이 서로를 넘 나들며 하나 되는 최후의 서정을 우리에게 남겼다.

The purpose of this article is to observe the relationship between landscapes and the internal world with the later poetry of Choi, Ha-rim. He placed the first proposition of poetry in the mind of denial to a world of absurdity and in the aesthetic impulse in which the adventures in the language are solidified. In particular, his later poetry is thought and expressed through the shapes of nature that dissipate the problems of life and death of human beings as they cross the ‘invisible abyss’ and complex exercises of everlasting life that flowers from them. The researcher read these aspects of his later poetry focusing on the following three stages of poetic flow and the mental crests that burst from them. First, he forged the internal starvation, the wandering of poetry and life, and the abyss of existence and nature, which are the key angles of his poetry, through the mind and language of the far side of reality. Second, he objectified the shadow or impulse of personal and social death that dug into his entire life through the alienation and destruction of the body and soul of the weakest man called ‘Moondoongee.’ However, by internalizing the procession of their lives and souls into comparisons for natural things such as birds and trees, or in other words, by internalizing the pitiful downfall of life through the poetics of oneness that grasps new life, the threat of disease and death has been dramatically overcome. Third, the poet imagined and drew the life movement of being renewed from the impulse of death to the impulse of life with the language of three-dimensional adventure that converts the “‘landscape’ of me to the ‘me’ of landscapes”. The result is a series of prose poems in the Choi, Ha-rim Complete Book of Poetry after his death. Poet Choi, Ha-rim left us with the final lyricism of death and life crossing over each other through slow and lengthy prose poems that are dynamic and actually full of suspense.

Recently, automotive are used not only as a means of transportation, but also as a private and leisure spaces. In order to secure competitiveness in the automobile market, we must improve durability and noise/vibration technologies. The driver wants to keep quiet even if the car is used for a long time. The types of noise and vibration generated by the automotive can be divided into NVH and BSR. NVH should be reduced because it is caused by mechanical defects and aging. In this study, it was possible to accurately analyze the cause of noise and vibration, also it could identify the location, and repair that. In the future, research of an abnormal and vibrations such as NVH and BSR in automotive is needed to clearly identify.

This study quantitatively analyzed Buzz, Squeak, and Rattle (BSR) noises occurring during automotive operation and identified their root causes. Abnormal noises were initially detected during a first test drive and were classified into BSR types based on data from a Noise Observer system. Case analysis revealed that in the 2020 G model, a squeak noise was caused by friction between solid components due to durability degradation and damage to the suspension bushing. In contrast, the 2022 G model exhibited a rattle noise resulting from insufficient structural gaps. As modern vehicles continue to pursue higher performance, safety, and cabin quietness, the reduction in component gaps has increased the likelihood of BSR occurrences. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of diagnosing the root causes of BSR and confirms its practical value in reducing maintenance time and minimizing misdiagnoses.

Smart Door(SD) is a human friendly power-assisted door system for passenger car doors. It offers comfort and safety to passengers and drivers by supplying additional power. In this study, dynamic system model and the equation of motion derivation are derived. And we propose the disturbance observer based collision detection algorithm for safety when opening the door. A disturbance caused by collision has a fast response compared to a friction, uncertainties and so on. The main idea this study is to estimate a variation of disturbance for stably and effectively detecting a collision. In order to evaluate a performance of collision detection, an experiment set up is constructed. The experimental results validate the usefulness of the proposed collision detection algorithm.

NVH(Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) characteristics are critical indicators for evaluating automotive quality and diagnosing mechanical issues through abnormal vibrations during driving. Among various components, tires are the only part of the automotive in direct contact with the road, making them a major source of noise and vibration. Tire-related anomalies not only affect ride comfort but can also pose serious safety hazards. This study presents a diagnostic approach that utilizes NVH analysis, wheel balance inspection, and RFV(Radial Force Variation) measurement to identify and repair tire faults. Through case analysis, it was confirmed that abnormal vibrations caused by internal moisture accumulation and structural deformation of tires could be accurately diagnosed and addressed. The proposed method enables early detection of tire-related issues, providing a preventive maintenance strategy and contributing to enhanced automotive safety and reliability.

In the case of a rear-wheel drive vehicle, a propeller shaft is installed to transmit the driving force of the engine. At this time, the propeller shaft is divided into 2 or 3 pipes, and the bearing is mounted on the vehicle body. And the end of the propeller shaft is connected to the rear differential and connected to the body through the chassis. Due to this complex structure, the propeller shaft must be highly balanced and the mounting angle must be well maintained. However, depending on the driving conditions of the car, various noise and vibration problems occur due to the aging of the parts and the propeller shaft. Hyundai Motor Company's maintenance center uses 'Noise Observer' to resolve various noise and vibration customer complaints. This paper describes the mechanism of vibration problems caused by unbalance of the propeller shaft and the diagnosis process using a 'Noise Observer'.

The purposes of this study were to investigate attribution biases, especially the observers- victims’ perceptions about bullying behavior, and to understand the maintaining factors of bullying by examining how the attribution biases may affect bystanders’ attitudes. The participants were 367 middle school students(188 boys and 179 girls) and they completed the Bullying Attribution Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Bystander Attitudes. In this study, the Bullying Attribution Questionnaire was developed to assess adolescents’ attribution styles in the hypothetical bullying situations. The results of this study showed that participants tended to make external and unstable attributions for bullying situations. Second, there were significant differences of attribution between observers and victims for bullying situations. Specifically, the participants from the observer perspectives tended to attribute the bullying behavior to internal-stable causes of the victim such as personal dispositions. On the other hand, participants from the victim perspectives were more likely to attribute the bullying situation to external-unstable causes than those from the observer perspectives. Third, the internal-stable and internal-unstable attributions of the observer perspectives were significantly associated with bystanders’ attitudes. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed.