Earticle

본 연구에서는 탄력성의 다차원적 특성을 좀 더 면밀히 파악하고 유아의 가족, 환경, 개인 변인에 따라 탄력성이 어떠한 차이를 나타내는지 분석하였다. 연구대상은 만3세-5세 유아 687명이었다. 탄력성은 이연실(2012)이 개발한 다차원적 탄력성의 정서적 탄력성, 관계적 탄력성, 능력적 탄력성 도구를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료에 대해 SPSS 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석과 기술통계분석을 실시하였고, t-test분석과 일원변량분석(one-way ANOVA, 사후검증으로는 Scheffe를 실시하였다. 연구결과 부모의 학력과 유아교육기관 경험연수, 유아의 성별, 연령, 형제순위에 따라 다차원적 탄력성의 정서적 탄력성, 관계적 탄력성, 능력적 탄력성은 집단 간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 가정과 유아교육현장에서 유아의 건강한 심리적 발달을 이끌기 위한 교사나 부모의 역할에 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the multidimensional characteristics of resilience in detail and to analyze what differences there would be among preschoolers in resilience according to their family, environmental and personal variables. The subjects in this study were 687 young children who were at the western ages of 3 to 5. The instrument used to measure resilience was Lee(2012)"s emotional resilience, relational resilience and resilient competence inventory of multidimensional resilience. After data were gathered, SPSS was employed to make a frequency analysis and a descriptive statistics analysis, and t-test and one-way ANOVA were carried out. To make a post-hoc analysis, Scheffe test was conducted. As a result, there were intergroup differences in the emotional resilience, relational resilience and resilient competence of multidimensioanl resilience according to the academic credential of their parents, the number of years for attending preschool educational institutions, gender, age and birth order. The findings of the study are expected to give some suggestions on the roles of teachers and parents required for the sound psychological development of preschoolers in homes and preschool educational institutions.

본 연구에서는 탄력성 개념에 대한 이론적인 개념화 정립을 돕고자 이론적인 관점을 크게 3가지로 구분하였다. 이를 위해 각 관점의 탄력성 요인별 구분을 포함하여 연구 및 접근방 법 그리고 탄력성을 정의하는 전제조건을 비롯한 탄력성의 특성과 변화의 개념 등 이론적 관점 각각을 면밀하게 분석하였다. 또한, 이런 준거를 바탕으로 하여 그들과의 차이를 비교 하는 과정을 통해 각 관점의 차이점과 공통점에 대해 비교하여 논하였다. 첫째, 탄력성의 정신분석학적 관점은 탄력성을 개인의 내적인 특성이나 성격의 한 유형으로 보았다. 둘째, 탄력성의 발달정신병리학적 관점은 탄력성을 시간의 흐름에 따라 발달해 가는 역동적인 변 화의 과정으로 보았다. 셋째, 탄력성의 발달맥락주의 관점은 개인내적인 특성과 역동적인 과정과의 상호작용으로 보았다. 넷째, 탄력성의 각 3가지 관점은 각각의 차이점과 공통점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구를 통해 탄력성의 개념과 이론적인 관점의 비교과정을 보다 면밀히 알 수 있으며, 탄력성이 보다 다양하게 활용될 수 있는 이론적인 기초와 근거를 마련하는데 활 용될 수 있을 것이다.

Theoretical viewpoint is divided into three parts in order to define theoretical conceptualization about resilience concept. Firstly, each viewpoint of resilience was classified according to the factors and approaches. Secondly, this study analysed a definition of resilience, feature of resilience and concept of change based on each theoretical viewpoint . Thirdly, each theocratical viewpoint was compared with each other. Several differences and commons were found as a result. The results are as follows, Firstly, the viewpoint of psychoanalytical theory is that the resilience is individual internal character or personality. Secondly, the viewpoint of developmental psychopathological theory is that the resilience is a process of dynamic change according to the passage of time. Thirdly, according to the viewpoint of developmental contextual theory, the resilience is based on an interaction between individual internal character and process of dynamic change. Finally, the viewpoint of three theoretical theories show several differences and commons. We learned the concept of resilience and the theoretical viewpoints through this study. This study can be useful to arrange the theoretical foundation and basis for making full use of resilience concept.

본 연구에서는 탄력성의 측정도구에 대한 이해를 돕고자 탄력성 측정도구들을 탐색하고 측정도구 개발과 관 련된 주요한 딜레마와 내용에 대해 살펴보았다. 첫째, 탄력성은 개념의 혼란과 측정방법 적용의 문제점을 안고 있으며 이로 인한 일치여부가 필요하다. 둘째, 탄력성은 연령에 따라 변화하며 각 연령대 따른 척도의 내용 구분이 분명해야 한다. 셋째, 탄력성은 연구대상에게 적합한 측정대상의 적용이 필요하다. 넷째, 탄력성은 다차원적인 특성을 지녔으므로 다차원적인 측정이 필요하다. 다섯째, 탄력성 척도가 다양화되어짐에 따라 특정대상을 위한 측정도구들이 많이 개발되고 있다.

The purpose of This study is in order to understand resilience measurement in more detail. Therefore, we has examined a resilience measurement and dilemma about development of measurement. The results are as follows. Firstly, resilience needs unity because of problems which are confusion of the concept and the application of the measurement method. Secondly, resilience depends on ages so the contents of resilience measurement should be clearly classified by ages. Thirdly, a feature of resilience is multidimensional. Therefore, it also needs multidimensional measurement. Finally, resilience measurement has become more various so many measurements have been developed for a specific target.

본 연구는 최근 미국 표본을 이용하여 개발된 ‘다차원 일중독 척도(Multidimensional Workaholism Scale, MWS)’가 한국 직장인들의 일중독을 신뢰롭고 타당하게 측정할 수 있는지를 살펴보기 위해 문항간 신뢰도, 측정 동일성, 변별타당도, 준거 타당도의 증거를 수집하였다. 분석 결과, MWS 척도는 한국 표본에서도 양호한 신뢰도를 보였으며, 다양한 측면에서의 타당도도 적절한 것으로 판단되었다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 첫째, 한국 직장인 표본(N=358)에서 양호한 문항 간 신뢰도를 나타냈다. 둘째, MWS는 한국 표본에서도 미국 표본(N=407)과 동일하게 행동, 인지, 동기, 정서 4개의 하위차원을 측정하고, 하위차원별 문항과 요인계수도 두 집단 간에 동일한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 상관분석과 확인적 요인분석 결과는 일중독과 직무열의 간의 변별타당도의 증거를 보여주었다. 넷째, 한국 표본 중 2차 조사에 참여한 228명의 자료에 대한 단순 상관분석 결과, 일중독은 정서적 소진, 가정-직장 갈등, 직장-가정 갈등, 및 근무시간과 기대하는 관계를 보였다. 단순 상관에서 기대한 관계가 나타나지 않은 직무만족, 삶 만족, 신체증상도 직무열의를 통제했을 때 일중독과 기대한 관계를 보였다. 이는 MWS의 준거타당도 증거를 제시하는 결과이다. 본 연구는 일중독을 신뢰롭고 타당하게 측정할 수 있는 척도를 제시한다는 점에서 의의를 가지며, 관련한 이론적, 실무적 함의점을 논의하였다.

This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) among Korean employees. Evidence in terms of the reliability of internal consistency, measurement invariance tests, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity support that the MWS is a valid and reliable measure of workaholism for Korean employees. First, the MWS showed good internal consistency coefficients among full-time Korean employees (N = 358). Second, measurement invariance analyses showed that a four-factor model (behavioral, cognitive, motivational, and emotional) also holds in the Korean sample, and factor loadings were equivalent between the Korean and the U.S. (N = 407) samples. Third, correlation analysis and a series of confirmatory factor analysis results provide discriminant validity evidence between the MWS and work engagement. Finally, a portion of the Korean sample (N= 228) provided data for criterion validity. Correlation analysis of the data showed that the MWS revealed the expected relationships with emotional exhaustion, work interfering with family, family interfering with work, and work hours. For the variables of job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and physical symptoms, the expected relationships with the MWS appear when work engagement was controlled for. Overall, this study suggested that the MWS is a valid and reliable measure of workaholism for Korean employees.

In the present study, we explored whether there are items that function differently across women and men on Tellegen’s Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire(MPQ; Tellegen, 1982; Tellegen & Waller, In Press) by using Mantel-Haenszel(MH) statistic. For the purpose of the study, we applied MHITER program to a sample of responses to the 300-item MPQ personality test. The subjects were 300 individuals(137 men and 163 women, with a mean age of 39.72). The findings of the present study are as following. Firstly, some of the MPQ scales showed significant mean differences across gender; these were Social Potency, Social Closeness, Stress Reaction, Aggression, Harm Avoidance, and Absorption scales. Secondly, six MPQ scales showed more than three items functioning differently. Among others, the Traditionalism scale had the most DIF items, which is followed by Stress Reaction, Aggression, Social Potency, Achievement, and Harm Avoidance. In conclusion, there was a non-negligible number of DIF items across gender in MPQ scales, implying that there may be many DIF items in other personality tests that are currently used. The fact that men and women differently responded to some items reflect a socio-cultural impact in their perspectives on the personality items/tests.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of family-engaged multidimensional team planning and management for patients with severe stroke and low functional status and to identify factors predictive of improved outcome at 1 month after admission. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 50 patients who underwent family-engaged multidimensional rehabilitation for recovery from severe stroke due to primary unilateral cerebral lesions. The rehabilitation consisted of three phases: comprehensive multidimensional assessment, intensive rehabilitation, and evaluation. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores were calculated and used to predict the patients’ status at discharge. Results Although all FIM scores significantly improved after 1 month of rehabilitation, the motor FIM (mFIM) score improved the most (from 20.5±1.0 to 32.6±2.0). The total FIM (tFIM) and mFIM scores continued to improve from the first month to discharge (mean mFIM efficiency, 0.33). The high-efficiency patient group (mFIM efficiency ≥0.19) had a significantly higher discharge-to-home rate (44% vs. 13%), lower frequency of hemispatial neglect, and more severe finger numbness than the low-efficiency patient group (mFIM efficiency <0.19). The regression analyses revealed that besides lower mFIM and cognitive FIM scores at admission, unilateral spatial neglect, systemic comorbidities, and age were predictive of worse 1-month outcomes and tFIM scores (conformity, R2=0.78; predictive power, Akaike information criterion value=202). Conclusion Family-engaged multidimensional team planning and management are useful for patients with severe stroke and low functional status. Furthermore, FIM scores at admission, age, unilateral spatial neglect, and systemic comorbidities should be considered by rehabilitation teams when advising caregivers on the probability of favorable outcomes after rehabilitation.

This paper offers an in-depth exploration of semantic communications, focusing on its integral role in wireless networks. We dissect its foundational architecture and the key elements that enable seamless AI integration. Our research categorizes semantic communications into various multimedia and task types, evaluating their applicability in both single and multitasking environments. We also investigate resource allocation and goal-oriented strategies, supported by empirical case studies. The paper concludes by spotlighting emerging trends, including AI, IoT, and 5G beyond. It identifies pressing challenges such as standardization, security, and efficiency. Our work provides a holistic understanding of contemporary semantic communications paradigms.

This study analyzes the three different estimation algorithms for recovering item parameters for the compensatory multidimensional IRT (MIRT) models. In particular, two- and four-dimensional models were investigated with different degrees of correlation between latent traits. The standards such as bias, standard error, and root mean square error were used to evaluate the recovery of item parameters for each program. The results indicated that in most conditions, Metropolis-Hasting Robbins-Monro (MH-RM) outperformed full information item factor analysis (FIIFA) and bivariate information item factor analysis (BIIFA) for a-parameters except for the independent and very low inter-trait correlation conditions where BIIFA outperformed the other algorithms. However, the MH-RM algorithm consistently produced the highest empirical standard errors compared to the other two methods for all conditions. FIIFA performed at a higher standard than BIIFA for a-parameters with moderately correlated latent traits. BIIFA is more suitable for a-parameters, especially when the levels of latent traits' independence or correlation are very low, and it is more suitable for d-parameters regardless of inter-trait correlations in the four-dimensional models. Overall, three estimation methods provided more accurate a- and d-parameter as the number of examinees increased, and less accurate a-parameter occurred as the inter-trait correlation increased. The inter-trait correlation condition did not have a dramatic impact on the recovery of d-parameter across all three algorithms.

Purpose: Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience face disproportionate health risks, yet research has predominantly examined single health problems rather than their multidimensional patterns. This study employed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct health typological classes among Korean adolescents and characterize the distribution of sexual behavior patterns across these classes. Methods: We analyzed 278,066 middle- and high-school students in the 2013?2016 Ko rea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The LCA used 17 indicators encompassing sexual be havior patterns, health behaviors, health perceptions, and mental health. Complex-sam ple weighted analyses examined associations between latent classes and sociodemo graphic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and diseases. Results: Four distinct classes were identified: mental health high-risk group (10.1%), sub stance use high-risk group (6.5%), average group (36.3%), and healthy group (47.1%). Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience were disproportionately con centrated in the two high-risk classes, comprising 3.3% of the mental health high-risk group and 4.1% of the substance use high-risk group, compared with only 0.3% and 0.5% of the average group and the healthy group. The mental health high-risk group exhibited extremely elevated prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (96.2%), depressive symptoms (88.5%), and suicide attempts (27.5%), while the substance use high-risk group showed high rates of smoking (82.4%) and alcohol use (84.6%) but better mental health. Conclusion: Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience demonstrate health inequality through disproportionate classification in the mental health high-risk group and the substance use high-risk group. The findings underscore the need for inte grated interventions combining mental health support and substance use prevention.

As population aging accelerates globally, cognitive impairment has emerged as a major public health concern, particularly among older women. This study aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of depression, sarcopenia, frailty, and chronic diseases with cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older women in South Korea. A total of 1,065 women aged ≥65 years were recruited from 13 cities. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening. Depression, sarcopenia, and frail-ty were evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, Strength, Assistance in walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs and Falls questionnaire, and Fried frailty criteria. Information on physician- diagnosed chronic diseases (diabetes, arthritis, and hypertension) was also collected. Continuous variables were analyzed using independent t-tests, and categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with cognitive impairment, adjusting for age group, depression, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, sarcopenia, and frailty. Participants with cognitive impairment exhibited significantly higher levels of depression, sarcopenia, frailty, and a greater prevalence of chronic diseases compared to those with normal cognition. In multivari-able analyses, depression, diabetes, arthritis, sarcopenia, and frailty re-mained significantly associated with cognitive impairment. These find-ings indicate that cognitive impairment in older women is associated with a complex interplay of psychological, physical, and metabolic fac-tors. Addressing modifiable conditions, particularly depression, sarco-penia, and frailty, may be important for reducing the burden of cognitive impairment.

Online product reviews are a vital source for companies in that they contain consumers' opinions of products. The earlier methods of opinion mining, which involve drawing semantic information from text, have been mostly applied in one dimension. This is not sufficient in itself to elicit reviewers' comprehensive views on products. In this paper, we propose a novel approach in opinion mining by projecting online consumers' reviews in a multidimensional framework to improve review interpretation of products. First of all, we set up a new framework consisting of six dimensions based on a marketing management theory. To calculate the distances of review sentences and each dimension, we embed words in reviews utilizing Google's pre-trained word2vector model. We classified each sentence of the reviews into the respective dimensions of our new framework. After the classification, we measured the sentiment degrees for each sentence. The results were plotted using a radar graph in which the axes are the dimensions of the framework. We tested the strategy on Amazon product reviews of the iPhone and Galaxy smartphone series with a total of around 21,000 sentences. The results showed that the radar graphs visually reflected several issues associated with the products. The proposed method is not for specific product categories. It can be generally applied for opinion mining on reviews of any product category.

Social networking sites (SNSs) have become an essential part of people’s lives. It is thus crucial to understand how individuals use these platforms. Previous literature has divided usage into numerous activities and then grouped them into dimensions to avoid excessive granularity. However, these categories have not been derived from a uniform theoretical background; consequently, these dimensions are dispersed, overlapping, and disconnected from each other. This study argues that “SNS usage” is a complex phenomenon consisting of multiple activities that can be grouped into dimensions under the umbrella of communication theories and these dimensions are related to each other in a particular multi-dimensional architecture. “SNS usage” is conceptualized as a third-order construct formed by “producing,” “consuming,” and “communicating.” “Producing,” in turn, is proposed as a second-order construct manifested by “commenting,” “general information sharing,” and “self-disclosure.” The proposed model was assessed with data collected from 414 USA adult users and PLS-SEM technique. The results show empirical support for the theorized model. SNS providers now have this architecture that clarifies the role of each dimension of use, which will allow them to design effective strategies to encourage the use of these networks.

본고의 연구목적은 양국 간 명목이자율 차와 환율변동 간에 이론적으로 성립하는 국제피셔효과의 평가관계가 현실에서는 이론과 정반대로 해석되는 소위 UIP(Uncovered Interest Parity) 퍼 즐(puzzle) 현상을 해명하는 것이다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본고는 우선 실질 국제피셔효과 평가관계식을 유도하고, 다음에 배론 & 케니(1986)의 매개효과분석 모형을 차용하여 명목 및 실질 IFE에 대한 다차원적 실증분석 모형을 설정하고, 원/달러 환율을 대상으로 1990-2012 기간의 월별자료를 활용하여 실증분석하고 있다. 중요한 연구 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1) 명목 및 실질 국제피셔효과는 원/달러 환 율의 경우 성립하지 않는다. 그리고 양국 간 인플레율 차 변수에 대해 기대하는 매개 효과를 통 계적으로 확인할 수 없다. 2) 하지만 양국 간 피셔효과는 회귀분석 결과상 성립하는 것으로 나타나며, 이는 두 나라 금융시장의 금리가 동조현상을 보여준다는 것을 의미한다. 3) 종합적으로 양 국의 명목이자율 결정에서 양국의 인플레율이 이론과 다르게 반영됨으로써 한국의 명목이자율이 미국보다 높아질 때 실질이자율 또한 높아지는 것이 실증분석 결과에서 매개변수의 통계적 유의 성이 확보되지 못하는 이유이자 동시에 명목 및 실질 국제피셔효과가 성립하지 못하는 이유인 것 으로 해석한다.

The purpose of this paper is to solve the puzzle of UIP(Uncovered Interest Parity). Here we derive the real IFE(International Fisher Effect) and empirically tests the validity of the real and nominal IFE in the case of KRW/USD exchange rates. In addition, we check the mediation effect of the dI(inflation rate differential) variable by adopting the Baron and Kenny’s(1986) model in our empirical tests. Main findings are as follows: 1) The nominal and the real IFE do not hold in the real world. In addition, the mediator variable of dI does not play an expected role in our empirical test model. 2) We find unexpectedly that the Fisher Effect holds empirically between the two countries. It tells us that the financial/capital markets of the US and Korea have been brought closer beyond our recognition. 3) In the case of the KRW/USD rate, the UIP puzzle might not be a puzzle. That is, the higher nominal interest rates meant the higher real interest rates for Korea due to dR(nominal interest rates differential) has been greater than dI(inflation rates differential) in the two countries.

The development of mobile social networking service (SNS) triggers the growth of social commerce industry. Customers rely considerably on electronic word of mouth (eWOM) to make purchasing decisions. Thus, SNS is an important commercial platform that offers attractive opportunities and challenges to firms. This study sheds light on the role of SNS as a social commerce platform by focusing on WeChat, the most popular SNS in China. This study identifies three different types of trust based on SNS that customers perceive in the context of social commerce. These types of trust are contents trust, source trust, and platform trust. This study suggests the antecedents and consequences of each trust. Our results prove that eWOM intention relies on contents trust and source trust, whereas purchase intention depends on contents trust, source trust, and platform trust. This study also finds that contents trust is positively influenced by source trust and platform trust. Finally, the result verifies the key antecedents of each trust, namely, vividness and timeliness for contents trust, competence, benevolence, and integrity for source trust, and instrumental need and social need for platform trust. The discussion and implications on the findings are provided.

근래에 들어, 오픈소스가 지니는 경제적 가치는 많은 정부기관들의 주요한 관심을 받고 있다. 오픈소스란 전세계 개발자들의 자발적이고 공개적 참여를 통해 구현된 소프트웨어 코드를 의미하는데, 정보통신 산업의 빠른 성장을 위해 오픈소스 활동을 증진시키려는 노력 또한 증가하고 있다. 반면 이러한 오픈소스 활성화 정책들은 대부분 만족스러운 성과를 내지 못하고 있는데, 한국 정부의 경우 그러한 현상이 더욱 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 이 연구는 한국 정부가 수행한 오픈소스 활성화 정책이 낮은 성과를 보이게 되는 이론적 원인에 대해 논의하고, 효과적인 정책 수립을 위한 필수적 조건들을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 이 연구는 오픈소스 활동이 높은 거래비용을 요구하는 반면 경제적 이익의 독점가능성이 낮은 지식거래 활동이라는 점에 주목한다. 따라서 오픈소스 지식의 활성화는 자유 경쟁을 통해 조정되는 시장경제에 의존하는 것만으로는 원활하게 달성되기 어렵다. 이러한 논의를 기반으로 이 연구는 지식거래를 활성화를 위해 활용될 수 있는 공급차원, 거래차원, 수요차원을 동시에 고려하는 다차원적 정책을 제안한다. 이 연구의 결과는 오픈소스 활동을 증진시키는 효과적인 정책수립에 필요한 실용적 기준들을 파악하는 데에 기여할 것이다.

In recent years, the economic potential of open source was realized by many governmental agencies. Open source means the software codes made by voluntary and open participation of worldwide IT developers, and many policies to promote open source activities were implemented for the purpose of fast growth of IT industry. But in many, especially in South Korea, the policies promoting open source were not considered successful. This study provides the theoretical reason for the low performance of open source policies implemented by Korean government and suggests the practical requisites for effective open source policy. For this purpose, this study views the open source activities as knowledge transaction with high transaction costs and low economic rents. Thus, the transaction of open source knowledge is hard to be promoted at the economic market with free competition. Given these concerns, this study suggests the need for the three different kinds of governmental policies promoting multiple dimensions of knowledge transactions: supply-side, transaction-side, and demand-side. The implications suggested by this research will contribute to building the practical solutions for effective marketing policy to promote open source activities.

This paper presents a model of corporate takeovers in a framework of auctions with multidimensional signals. The model considers a target firm whose value for each bidder is composed of both common and private values. A key novel feature of our model is that bidders privately observe a noisy signal that is positively but imperfectly correlated with the common value. Absent a noisy signal, which is true in most extant studies of common value auctions, bidders would be informed of a common value factor that is independent of each other. A symmetric equilibrium is developed where inefficient takeovers may take place because information regarding common value cannot be aggregated. Furthermore, we show that there is a non-monotonic relationship between the probability of inefficient takeovers and the precision of information.

This study explores how multidimensional immersion learning could affect EFL undergraduates’ self-regulated learning (SRL) by enhancing their inner speech. As the inner voice can be related to learners’ self-reflection and self-awareness of their existences, this study focuses on inner voice as a key for linguistic proficiency development in the immersion class. Twenty-two participants expressed their inner thoughts in the target language through a topic-based argumentation concerning real-life issues. Using the digital technology of Prezi and Voki, they organized their contents, and provided self-assessments of pronunciation and accents. Regression analysis suggested achievement as a crucial element to activate SRL and language proficiency. Multidimensional immersion learning can cultivate communication skills, providing various experiences and motivation.