Earticle

본 연구는 가르침을 통해 전달되는 절차와 과정으로서의 생애주기 교육목회 커리큘럼 체계를 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 현대 사회 의 변화 속에서 개인의 생애주기에 따라 변화하는 신앙적 요구를 충족 하기 위해, 전 생애에 걸쳐 지속적인 신앙 교육을 제공하는 체계적 교 육목회의 필요성을 강조하였다. 이를 위해 인간발달과 신앙발달 이론 을 종합적으로 분석하여 태내기부터 초고령기까지 각 단계별 신앙적 필요를 도출하고, 생애주기 교육목회 로드맵과 커리큘럼 체계를 설계 하였다. 본 연구는 생애주기 교육목회를 효과적으로 운영하기 위해 커 리큘럼을 모듈화(modularization)하여 구성하였다. 전 세대의 신앙 성 숙을 위해 총 4개의 모듈(Module)로 구분하였으며, 각 모듈은 자녀· 부모·조부모를 위한 신앙단계와 생애주기별 신앙 교육을 포함한다. 또한 부모교육과 격대부모 교육을 통해 가정 내 신앙 전수를 강화하고, 세대 간 신앙의 연계를 촉진하도록 하였다. 이 과정에서 교회, 가정, 학 교가 협력하는 통합적 접근을 통해 신앙과 삶이 유기적으로 연결될 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구는 생애주기를 중심으로 교육목회 커리큘럼 과 정으로서의 체계를 구축함으로써 성도들의 전 생애에 걸친 신앙 성숙을 지원하고, 교회 공동체가 하나님의 백성으로서 지속적으로 성장하도록 이끌 수 있을 것이다.

This study aims to explore the curriculum of educational ministry as a structured and process-oriented system centered on the human life cycle. In response to the changing spiritual needs of individuals across various life stages in contemporary society, it emphasizes the necessity of a systematic educational ministry that offers continuous faith formation throughout one’s lifetime. By synthesizing theories of human development and faith development, this study identifies the specific spiritual needs at each stage of life-from the prenatal period to advanced old age-and proposes a roadmap and curricular framework for lifecycle- based educational ministry. To facilitate effective implementation, the curriculum is modularized into four stages (Modules), encompassing faith formation for children, parents, and grandparents. These modules address not only the developmental needs of individuals but also intergenerational education by incorporating parent and grandparent education programs to strengthen faith transmission within families. The curriculum further promotes an integrated approach by encouraging collaboration among the church, home, and school, thereby fostering an organic connection between faith and daily life. Ultimately, this study presents a comprehensive, life-cycle-oriented curriculum framework for educational ministry that supports holistic, lifelong spiritual formation and contributes to the continual growth and maturity of the church community as the people of God.

Dance is the mind-body integral activities and has values of wellness education. The definition of Dance wellness is associated with dance education and understanding dance itself. Dance is integral experience of being through kinesthetic sense. The main focuses of this paper are: first, explanation of the concept of dance wellness and the study results of dance wellness. Second, understanding of the direction of dance wellness applications. These are related to wellness for dancers and wellness dance for human development. Finally, This paper emphasizes that the common ground of dance activities and educational direction for dance wellness

주지하는 바대로 최근 한국교회는 급격히 성장이 둔화된 상태다. 그 원인이 교회의 신뢰 상실과도 관련되지만 이는 각 회중을 고려한 예배 전략의 부재에도 한 원인이 있다고 본다. 왜냐하면 예배는 기독교인의 신앙에서 중심적인 위치로 인해 그 영향이 자못 크기 때문이다. 인간은 태아로 형성되어, 출생, 성장, 노쇠 과정을 거쳐 죽음에 이르기까지 신체성장, 체중증가, 운동능력의 변화, 지능의 발달 등 신체, 정신적 양면 속에서 생명체의 변화와 발달을 거친다. 그 모든 단계들이 다 중요하지만 심리학자들은 이런 인간의 발달과정에서 특히 영아기, 유아기, 그리고 좀 더 확대해서 아동기 등이 그 어느 단계보다 중요하다는 점을 공통적으로 강조한다. 이런 관점은 이들에 부합한 교회의 차별화된 교육이나 예배가 절대적으로 필요함을 분명히 보여준다. 어린이는 미래 사회를 형성하고 변혁하며 이끌어가는 주체일 뿐 만 아니라 미래 한국교회를 책임질 주역이기도 하다. 따라서 그들이 명실상부한 미래 사회의 책임 있고 유능한 주역이 되게 하려면 현재의 그들을 위한 신앙교육, 훈련이 보다 철저히 이루어져야 하겠고 그 중에서도 특히 신앙생활의 중추적 행위인 예배생활이 이를 위한 중추적 기능이 되도록 하는 변화가 중요하다. 한국교회는 그 동안 중장년 층 신자들에 대한 목회적 돌봄과 예배운영에 주로 노력을 기울여 왔는데 이제는 미래 세대인 영, 유아 및 아동 층 예배에 대한 확대된 관심과 지원 노력을 통해 좀 더 장기적인 시각을 갖고 정책을 펴야 한다. 즉 이들을 위한 예배는 이들의 인지능력, 정서 발달 특성, 및 사회성 발달 정도에 따라 그들에게 맞는 인적, 환경적, 그리고 형식과 내용적 차원의 배려를 기울여야 한다. 이들을 위한 예배 신학적 혹은 실제적 노력은 결과적으로 한국교회의 미래를 위한 긍정적 바탕이 될 것이다.

As known well, the churches in Korea today are facing rapid decrease in numbers. While the reason for that may be presumably caused by lost trust of the churches from society, another possible reason may be lack of strategies in Worship. Since worship has been actually the central place of the Christian life, the theology and practice of worship could crucially influence upon the congregation's life. From this point of view, the churches today are required to be equipped with more particularized and specialized worships according to each congregation. It may be commonly agreeable among majority of psychologists that the stage of infancy, toddlers and early childhood, both in mental and physical aspects, are the most important among human developing stages even if others are also important. It shows that liturgical efforts for children themselves different from ones for adults are desperately in need. Today’s children are not only the citizens for the society but also the congregation for the church in the future. Accordingly, to build up them as the responsible members and to constantly secure them with christian identity, it is indispensable for churches today to nurture them properly by more effective worships fit for them intelligently, emotionally, and environmentally. The Korean churches have excessively focused on worship for adult christians so far. But now it is time to put more efforts and supports to the children's worship. More timely effective efforts for this are made, more constant healthy growth of the Korean churches will be possible in the future.

This paper examines the work of Dr. Michael Fordham, Child Psychiatrist and Jungian Analyst, and his theories of human development. Starting with a brief overview of Jung’s concept of the self the paper considers how Fordham recognised that the processes of individuation occur from birth and describes how he introduced the idea of a primary self which fuels development through processes of deintegration and reintegration. This paper considers these processes in detail and how they can lead, in optimal circumstances, to ego development, the development of mind in relation to self and individuation. A brief example is given of the dynamics of deintegration and reintegration between an infant and their mother/caregiver. Links between Fordham’s ideas and the development of feeling toned complexes are explored and a brief overview is given of how neglect, abuse and trauma can impede the processes of deintegration and reintegration and lead to splitting and defences of the self. A clinical example is provided to illustrate the impact of neglect on infant development and how therapy can enable further processes of deintegration, reintegration and individuation. Overall this paper considers Fordham’s concept of the primary self and the processes of deintegration and reintegration and examines how these dynamics enable the gradual expression and integration of aspects of the self, the development of mind in relation to self and others, and individuation.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic virus first identified in 2012, responsible for severe respiratory illness and a high case fatality rate of approximately 35%. MERS-CoV is primarily transmitted from dromedary camels to humans, but human-to-human transmission, particularly in healthcare settings, has led to outbreaks beyond the Middle East, including a major epidemic in South Korea in 2015. Despite its significant public health threat and potential for future outbreaks, no approved vaccines or therapeutic agents are available for MERS-CoV. To address this urgent need, the Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH) developed therapeutic monoclonal antibodies derived from B cells of convalescent MERS patients. Among these, KNIH-88, a non-receptor-binding domain (non-RBD) S1-specific antibody, was selected for preclinical development. In this study, KNIH-88 was produced with high purity under controlled manufacturing conditions and extensively characterized for structural and physicochemical properties, including molecular weight, charge, hydrophobicity, and high molecular weight (HMW) profile. KNIH-88 demonstrated strong binding affinity to MERS-CoV Spike protein and potent neutralizing activity in vitro. To ensure stability and facilitate rapid deployment in outbreak scenarios, a lyophilized formulation of KNIH-88 was developed, maintaining structural integrity and biological activity under long-term storage. Collectively, these findings support KNIH-88 as a promising therapeutic antibody for MERS-CoV, combining potent antiviral efficacy, structural stability, and a formulation suitable for stockpiling and emergency use in endemic regions.

Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), which contain immature oocytes, are matured in vitro for in vitro embryo production. Oocyte and cumulus cells are then separated using hyaluronidase. To date, there have only been a few reported cases of the toxic effects of hyaluronidase on porcine oocytes. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of bovine testis-derived hyaluronidase and recombinant human hyaluronidase on oocyte denudation and quality. Porcine COCs were matured for 44 h and denuded using different hyaluronidase concentrations and exposure times. Then, oocytes were activated by electrical parthenogenesis. In experiment 1, COCs were denuded using bovine-derived, ovine-derived (Hirax), and human recombinant (ALT-BC4) hyaluronidases for 10 and 20 min. In experiment 2, bovine-derived and human recombinant (ALT-BC4 and ICSI Cumulase®) hyaluronidases were used to denude the COCs for 2 and 20 min. In both experiments the oocytes were all completely denuded, and there was no degeneration. Rate of embryo development was significantly increased in group treated ALT-BC4 for 2 min and not significantly different in other treatment groups. In general it slightly decreased with longer exposure times. These results have confirmed that different sources of hyaluronidase do not have detrimental effects on the quality of porcine oocytes and suggest that the human recombinant hyaluronidase ALT-BC4 is suitable for oocyte denudation with an increased blastocyst rate.

Purpose: This year 2020 marks the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Korean Society of Nursing Science (KSNS). This study was aimed to explore development of caring and describe the 50 years of history of KSNS within the sociocultural context of Korea regarding academic footsteps, meanings, and implications for the future. Methods: This study used a historical research methodology using a literature review and bibliometric analysis. Relevant literature was reviewed and the published abstracts in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing (JKAN) were analyzed using VOSviewer. Results: Birth control and family planning in the 1970s was the main research topic. In the 1980s, the development of nursing concepts, theories, and philosophies was the mission of KSNS to extend the disciplinary boundary. In the 1990s, the progress of KSNS to become one of the woman-dominant healthcare professionals was the mission in the given period. Expanding the frontiers of KSNS to the extent of global standards was the undertaking of the nursing scholars in the 2000s. Lastly, in the 2010s, the quality and quantity improvement of KSNS and JKAN is expected to make our future even prosperous. The map visualization of the 50 years of research accumulation showed the comparable opposition of quantitative vs. qualitative research methodologies, equation modeling, and instrument development. Conclusion: These clusters of research demonstrates the efforts to make nursing evidence by Korean nursing scholars for the last five decades. The growth in the slope of KSNS and outcomes of JKAN are to carry on to an unimaginable extent in the future.

Human Sensibility Engineering System (HSES) has been applied to product development for customer's satisfaction based on ergonomic technology. The system is composed of three parts such as human sensibility analysis, inference mechanism, and presentation technologies. Inference mechanism translating human sensibility into design elements plays an important role in the HSES. In this paper, we propose a rule-based inference model for HSES. The rule-based inference model is composed of five rules and two inference approaches. Each of these rules reasons the design elements for selected human sensibility words with the decision variables from regression analysis in terms of forward inference. These results are evaluated by means of backward inference. By comparing the evaluation results, the inference model decides on product design elements which are closer to the customer's feeling and emotion. Finally, simulation results are tested statistically in order to ascertain the validity of the model.

To develop a functional chungkookjang; the anticancer effects of chungkookjangs prepared with different varieties of soybeans, starters, fermentation periods and seasoning additive ratios; were studied against AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells using the MTT assay, at different stages chungkookjang processing. The chungkookjang samples exerted different antiproliferative effects according to the variety of soybeans used. The chungkookjangs manufactured with soybean var. manrikong exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against AGS human cancer cells. The chungkookjangs fermented with rice straw and B. licheniformis strongly inhibited the growth of the AGS human cancer cells. All fermented chungkookjangs had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of the cancer cells; however, the non-fermented soybean (chungkookjang) showed a low inhibition rate. The fermented chungkookjangs mixed with red pepper powder (RPP) and garlic exhibited strong antiproliferative effect against the cancer cells, and chungkookjang prepaved with 1.1 % RPP and 1.1 % garlic showed the highest cytotoxicity against the cancer cells. The functional chungkookjang fermented with soybean variety of manrikong and B. licheniformis for 3 days at 4$0^{\circ}C$ and then mixed with 7.9% salt, 1.l% RPP and 1.1% garlic, exhibited a higher antiproliferative effect than the chungkookjangs prepared by traditional or modified methods, according to the MTT assay. The functional chungkookjang exhibited a similar anticancer effect to the traditional doenjang. These results indicate that the fermentation period and the ratio of seasoning additives, as well as the variety of soybeans and starter cultures may affect the degree of the anticancer effect of chungkookjang.

국제개발공동체가 발전을 거듭함에 따라 보다 정교한 접근 방식, 의제 등을 계속적으로 도출해 내고 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 개발 접근방법의 빈번한 변화는 국제개발협 력의 성공보다는 부진한 성과를 반영하는 것이라고 여겨진다. 왜냐면 대다수 개도국들 은 독립 당시 열망했던 것과 같은 수준의 근본적인 국가발전을 아직 달성하지 못하고 있기 때문이다. 예를 들면, 아프리카의 경우, 여타 세계와의 소득 격차가 줄어들기는 커녕 더욱 확대되고 있는 실정이다. 개도국들이 직면한 경제 문제는 자원이나 재원의 부족이나 정책의 결여보다는 경제 주체들의 활동 및 역량, 공공 및 민간 부분의 관리 능력에서 비롯된 것이다. 서방 선진국 중심의 국제개발체제는 올바른 제도와 정책이 마치 개발을 위한 만병통치약인 것처럼 강조해 왔지만 제도와 정책은 스스로 작동하지 않으며 사람의 노력에 의해 그 기능히 발휘 되는 것이다. 국제개발공동체가 소기 성과를 내지 못하고 있는데 대해 문제의 근원이 어디 있는지를 간파하는 것이 중요하며, 이에 대한 냉철한 숙고가 필요하다. 여기서 가장 중요한‘빠진 퍼즐조각’이란 바로 ‘전인적 인간 개발’이라고 판단되며, 이는 (i) 공식 및 전문 교육, 과학 및 기술 훈련, (ii) 직업 윤리 및 의식개혁 교육, (iii) 조직·경영 관리 및 리더십 교육, (iv) 지역공동체 및 시민의식 교육 등 4가지 요소로 구성된다. 한국의 발전 모델은 개발의 근본 원리들을 함축하고 있으며, 한국이 압축적 경제발전과 압축적 정치 발전을 모두 이룩할 수 있었던 것은 전인적 인간 개발 에 힘입은 바 크다고 하겠다. 한국은 전인적 인간 개발의 경험을 십분 활용, 개도국내 전인적 인간 개발 노력을 지원하기 위한 파트너십에 적극적이고 주도적으로 임할 필요가 있다.

The international development community has evolved and increasingly become sophisticated in its methodology and agendas. However, frequent changes in the international development approach reflect more of failures than successes of its endeavours. The vast majority of developing countries still have not achieved the kind of transformative development that they aspired to at the time of their independence. For instance, the income gap between Africa and the rest of the world is projected to widen even further into the future. The economic challenges facing the developing world is largely due to the issue of management and implementation of everyday tasks rather than the lack of resources or policies. The mainstream international community has placed heavy emphasis on institutions and policies as if these are the panacea for development but they need to be worked on by humans to function properly. Something critical seems to have been missing in the development endeavour and this calls for sobering reflection. The most important missing puzzle is deemed to be the holistic human development comprising the four key areas: (i) formal and specialized education, science and technology training; (ii) work ethics and mindset-change education; (iii) management and leadership training; (iv) community and civic-mindedness education. The Korean development model embodies the fundamental principles of development, and the ‘holistic human development’ was a crucial factor behind Korea’s success in achieving compressed economic and social development. Based on such experience and know-how, Korea should actively engage in partnerships with developing countries to support their efforts for holistic human development.

For the current decade and the next one, the age structure of the population shall be very favorible for our economy. The share of children in the total population will decrease while the older people share will remain almost unchanged. From viewpoint of the age structrure of the population, the population which is fewer, yet skillful, educated and healthy is better than the population with greater number but unqualified, uneducated and with poor health. To encourage the fertility increase, it’s more important to invest on improvement of the health state of the population and decreasing the mortality and poverty, than spending resources. In other words, focusing on the quality instead of the number of the population, Government shall make efforts to invest sufficiently to support the efficient employment of the workforce, taking into account the current and future tendency of the workforce group. Such policy could be the key for our country’s future development.

양질의 인적자원은 지속적인 지역 성장과 발전의 원동력이 될 수 있으며 우수한 인적자원의 육성은 지역발전의 경쟁력을 제고 할 수 있다. 국내에서는 영국, 아일랜드, 싱가포르, 독일 중심의 해외 인적자원개발 정책에 대한 사례연구가 있었으나 미국의 지역차원에서 인적자원개발 시스템과 정책이 어떻게 추진되고 있는 지에 대한 연구는 미흡하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 지역사회의 발전과 경쟁력을 강화하기 위해 미국의 텍사스 주에서는 어떠한 지역인적자원개발 시스템과 정책들이 추진되고 있는 지 인력투자법(WIA)을 중심으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 연구 방법은 국내외의 다양한 문헌고찰과 미국 현지의 관련기관 방문과 전문가 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 미국 지역인적자원개발의 시스템과 정책을 인력투자법(WIA) 중심으로 결론을 도출하였으며, 향후연구는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지역인적자원개발은 개념과 범주, 인적자원에 대한 관점에 따라 차이가 있을 수 있으므로 미국의 지역인적자원개발은 사회문화적 측면, 경제적 측면 등을 고려한 다양한 측면에서의 연구가 필요하다. 둘째, 지역대학과 인적자원개발, 지역인적자원개발 프로그램의 성과평가, 지방 거버넌스와 인적자원개발 등 미국의 지역인적자원개발 정책을 보다 세분화하여 연구하면 글로벌 시대에 대비한 다양한 인적자원개발 정책과 프로그램이 개발되고 보다 효율적인 인적자원개발 추진체계를 구축할 수 있다.

As the importance of national human resource development (NHRD) continues to grow, there is increasing concern about HRD for improving regional survival and competitiveness. Having the appropriate quantity and quality of human resources could be a power for regional growth and development. Although case studies about regional HRD (RHRD) policy have been conducted in several countries; however, no systematic research was identified on RHRD in the United States. This case study used expert interviews to focus on the Workforce Investment Act in Texas by identifying the RHRD systems and policies in Texas. Several conclusions made from this study. First, the state government in Texas conducted regional HRD policies and programs to improve regional competitiveness. Second, State and local governments were responsible for employment and training services under the WIA and managed service programs. Third, the WIA in the U.S. has several challenges still remained to enhance performances of adults or dislocated workers in labor market.

외국에서 활동하는 기업들은 해당 국가에서 인적자원관리를 효과적으로 잘 하려면 그 국가과 문화에 대한 지식과 이해가 필요하다. 중국의 문화적인 특성과 근대화 경험을 바탕으로 한 중국의 인적자원관리의 변화를 살펴보면서 기업의 최고 인사담당자(Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO))가 중국 상황을 이해하는 데에 도움이 될 것이다. 중국은 기본적으로 정부 구조가 다르기 때문에, 인적자원관리 방식도 다르다. 인적자원관 리 방식은 context-driven이고, 문화적인 차이로 인하여 상황에 맞게 적용을 하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 발전과정과 중국 인적자원관리 상황과 문제점에 대하여 논의한다. 핵심 인사관리제도를 필요에 따라 어떻게 변화하여서 사용되고 있는지, 그리고 노동개혁 이후의 변화된 부분에 대하여 설명한다. 직원 선택, 교육과 훈련, 평가, 보상, 그리고 노사관계에 대하여 살펴본다. 본 연구에서는 사회적으로 그리고 제도적으로 다른 국가 환경에서 인적자원관리 방식이 어떻게 변화되고 사용이 되었는지를 논의한다. 기업들이 어떻게 활용하면 좋은지에 대한 시사점도 논의한다.

Managing human resources in international context requires knowledge and understanding of the human resource practices of the host country and its cultural context. China has cultural characteristics and experience of contemporary industrialization period, and therefore, learning more about human resource management policies and practices should be helpful for chief human resources officers (CHROs) working in Korean companies operating in China. China is fundamentally different in governance structure and differ in how the human resource practices are used. In this paper, a discussion of the history and state of human resource management practices used in China will be provided along with problems in use of the practices and some changes that occurred after labor reforms. The practices discussed are selection, training, evaluation, compensation, and labor relations. This brief overview can provide a glimpse into how human resource management practices were adopted and adapted for use in organizations under different social and institutional contexts. This paper concludes with implications for companies operating in China and suggestions for future research endeavors.

With the technology breakthrough called Deep Learning triggered, discussions about the fear of “techno unemployment” that is deprived of employment by AI and robots got into full swing. For example, according to a joint research between Nomura Research Institute and Oxford University, Japan suggested that 49% of employment is likely to be replaced with AI or robots within the next 15 to 20 years. There is also a view that the innovation of AI, IoT and robotics will bring forth the Fourth Industrial Revolution, while increasing labor savings will create new employment needs. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry with this idea gathered experts and repeated discussions on the Fourth Industrial Revolution and compiled a report titled "New Industrial Structure Vision" in May this year. The report depicts the strategy and roadmap for Japan to successfully ride the wave of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and achieve economic growth. It also shows the direction of education and human resource development accompanying labor migration to human resources development and growth fields in response to the change in employment structure accompanying the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Its pivot is to revolutionize the way of education and human resource development radically to bring up talented persons who create new business. Specifically, it is to develop the following three together; (1)Human resources development at the top tier, (2)Raising of middle-skill human resources through university education and working adults training, (3)Fostering basic qualities and abilities at primary and secondary education. The third (primary and secondary education) means nurturing qualities and abilities in anticipation of a society that is entering the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The concrete direction is as follows; (1)Fostering qualities and abilities such as ability to master information, data and IT for creative problem discovery and resolution, ability to work with diverse people, sensitivity and leadership, motivation to challenge. (2)Improvement of learning about understanding of significance of algorithms, programming, analysis based on data.

Japanese university have practiced career education program. The career education is related to vocational education, and it was defined in 1999 by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The definition of the career education is "The education to promote the carrier development through bringing up ability and a manner to become the necessary base toward each person's social occupational independence". Recently, education in connection with a company is propelled in a career education at the university. A representative thing of the education in connection with a company is internship and PBL (project based learning). I will report result of practice of PBL.

본 연구는 인적 자본이 성장의 원동력이며 값비싼 해외교육을 통해 국가 간 이동될 수 있는 내생적 성장 모형을 제시한다. 유학생들을 통한 선진지식의 수입은 개발도상국이 선진국을 따라잡을 기회를 증진시킬 수 있다. 그러나 두 국가 간의 지식수준의 과도한 차이는 비싼 유학비용으로 유학생의 수를 줄일 수 있고, 따라잡을 기회를 저해할 수 있다. 이 두 상반된 효과를 고려할 때, 본고의 모형은 개도국의 소득증가와 소득격차의 관계를 역 U자 형태로 예측한다. 또한 본 모형은 추격과 퇴보를 나누는 소득의 내생적 한계수준을 제시한다. 본 연구는 국제 패널데이터를 이용하여 위의 두 가지 예측을 테스트하고 소득격차의 한계수준을 추정한다.

This paper proposes an endogenous growth model where human capital can be transferred across countries via foreign education. Importing knowledge by students abroad improves a developing country's chance of catching up. An excessively wide difference in knowledge, however, can hamper the chance because few students can afford foreign education. Considering these two forces, the relationship between income growth in a developing country and income gap takes an inverted-U schedule. The model also predicts an endogenous threshold level of income gap which separates catching-up and falling-behind. We test the model's propositions and estimate the threshold using international panel data.

이 논문은 중국 고전원림 ‘천인합일’의 조원관을 가지고 산지 경구를 개발할 때 의 발생하던 기존의 문제점을 지적하는 것에서부터 시작한다. 안산천산생태경구 설계 방안의 예시로 상세히 서술한다. 마지막으로 ‘생태 반응 모델’이라는 당대 ‘도시 산림’ 관광지의 생태 개발을 위한 새로운 패러다임을 제시하여 중국 현대의 ‘자연 경관 도시’ 에 견실한 기초를 마련하였다.

This paper, taking the gardening view of "the harmony between heaven and human" in Chinese classical garden as the guiding concept, starts from the existing problems in the development of mountainous scenic areas. And then it takes the design scheme of Qianshan Ecological Scenic Spot in Anshan as an example to elaborate. Finally, it provides a paradigm for the ecological development of the contemporary "Urban Forest" scenic spots - "Ecological Feedback Model", which lays a solid foundation for China's modern "Landscape City".

This article examines a thesis by Namdang, a Confucian scholar in Chosŏn Korea, on the natures of humans and non-human living beings, using Zhu Xi’s li (理) - qi (氣) theory. Regarding the sameness or difference between li and qi, Zhu Xi formulated different opinions in his early and later life and was also at times inconsistent in his works of a certain period. To a certain extent, Zhu Xi’s thoughts lacked coherence, which led to subsequent debates. In seeking to develop Zhu Xi’s li-qi theory, Namdang put forward his original thesis of Trichotomous Nature, which significantly enriched Zhu Xi’s ideas. The “nature transcending the appearance of things” (K. ch’ohyŏnggi 超形氣) refers to a pure xing (K. sŏng 性; nature), concerned with only li without considering the influence of qi from the perspective of a unitary source (K. irwŏn 一原; one source). At this stage, everything shares the same li and xing. The “nature originated from temperament” (K. in’gijil 因氣質) demonstrates the shared nature for the same species as well as the difference in nature across species, thus being an endowmentdependent li. At this stage, for the same species, they share the same li, qi, and xing, while for varying species, there is a difference in li, qi, and xing. The “nature mixed with temperament” (K. chapkijil 雜氣質) considers the xing of pure qizhi (K. kijil 氣質; physical temperament) in which all creatures differ. It is thus a concept that demonstrates the particularity in all things, with varying differences in li, qi, and xing.