Earticle

목적: 최본 연구에서는 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물을 응용하여 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 평가하고자 한다. 방법: 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물의 화장품 소재로의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 항산화효과를 확인하기 위해 DPPH 라디컬 소거능, 총 폴리페놀 및 플라 보노이드 함량, ABTS 라디칼 소거능, SOD 유사활성을 측정하였다. 그리고 H2O2에 의해 유발되는 산화적 스트레스에 대한 HaCaT 세포 보호효과를 확인하였으며, 마지막으로 모유두 세포 증식효과를 확인하였다. 결과: 첫째, 항산화 효과 실험 결과, DPPH 라디 칼 소거능을 측정한 결과 400 μg/mL의 농도에서 생강 잎 추출물은 88.78%, 줄기 추출물은 70.12%, 뿌리 추출물은 65.52%으로 확 인되었으며, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물은 각각 170.22, 120.27, 146 μg/mL으로 확인되었으며, 총 플라보노 이드는 각각 98.52, 70.26, 46.12 μg/mL의 함량이 확인되었다. ABTS radical 소거능을 측정한 결과 400 μg/mL의 농도에서 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물은 각각 88.26, 70.73, 64.13%으로 확인되었으며, SOD 유사활성 측정결과 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물은 각 각65.22, 57.53, 50.21%의 소거능이 확인되었다. 둘째, 과산화수소로 유도된 HaCaT 세포의 산화적 손상에 대한 보호효과는 100 μg/mL 농도에서 생강 잎 추출물은 82.18%, 줄기 추출물은 78.98%, 뿌리 추출물은 70.27%의 생존율이 확인되었다. 실험 결과 생 강 잎 추출물이 32%의 증가율을 나타냄으로써 과산화수소로 유도된 세포 손상에 대해 보호효과가 높게 확인되었다. 셋째, 모유두 세포 증식효과는 생강 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 추출물을 72시간 배양한 결과 100 μg/mL 농도에서 생강 잎 추출물은 158.63%, 줄기 추출물 은 140.41%, 뿌리 추출물은 132.40%까지 세포 증식효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 이상의 연구 결과 생강 부위별 추출물 중 잎 추 출물이 항산화효과, HaCaT 세포 보호효과, 모유두 세포 증식효과가 가장 우수하여 화장품 소재 개발로 충분한 가능성이 있음을 확 인하였다.

Purpose: In this study, we used Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale ) leaf, stem, and root extracts to evaluate their potential as cosmetic materials. Methods: We measured DPPH radical-scavenging activity, total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like physiological activity to confirm the antioxidant effect to assess the potential of Z. officinale leaf, stem, and root extracts as cosmetic materials. Furthermore, the protective effect on oxidative stress caused by H2O2 in HaCaT cells and proliferative effect in dermal papilla cells were assessed. Results: As a result of the antioxidant effect of Z. officinale leaf, stem, and root extracts, DPPH radical-scavenging activity was measured at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, and it was 88.78% in Z. officinale leaf extract, 70.12% in stem extract, and 65.52% in root extract. Total polyphenolic content was 170.22 μg/mL (leaf), 120.27 μg/mL (stem), and 146 μg/mL (root), whereas total flavonoid content was 98.52 μg/ mL (leaf), 70.26 μg/mL (stem), and 46.12 μg/mL (root). ABTS radical scavenging activity was measured at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, and it was 88.26% (leaf), 70.73% (stem), and 64.13% (root). Further, SOD-like physiological activity was 65.22% (leaf), 57.53% (stem), and 50.21% (root). The protective effect on oxidative stress caused by H2O2 in HaCaT cells was 82.18% (leaf), 78.98% (stem), and 70.27% (root) at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Our results confirmed that Z. officinale leaf extract has high protective effects on cell damage caused by H2O2, showing a 32% increase. Moreover, the proliferative effect in dermal papilla cells was 158.63% (leaf), 140.41% (stem), and 132.40% (root) when cells were cultured for 72 h at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Conclusion: Thus, Z. officinale leaf extract has the highest antioxidant effect, HaCaT cell protective effect, and proliferative effect in dermal papilla cells, indicating a possibility to be developed as a cosmetic material.

目的: 在这项研究中，使用了生姜叶，茎和根提取物来评估其作为化妆品原料的潜力。方法: 为评估生姜叶， 茎和根提取物作为化妆品原料的潜力，测定DPPH清除自由基的活性，总多酚和类黄酮的含量，ABTS清除自 由基的活性以及类SOD的生理活性，以确认其抗氧化作用。此外，还评估了HCaT细胞中H2O2引起的对氧化 应激的保护作用以及真皮乳头细胞中的增殖作用。结果: 抗氧化测定结果显示，在400μg/mL的浓度下，生姜 DPPH清除自由基的活性分别为88.78%（叶），70.12%（茎），65.52％（根）。总多酚含量分别为170.22 μg/mL（叶），120.27 μg/mL（茎）和146μg/ mL（根）；总黄酮含量为98.52 μg/ mL（叶），70.26 μg/ mL（茎），和46.12 μg/mL（根）。在400 μg/mL的浓度下，ABTS自由基清除活性分别为88.26％（叶）， 70.73％（茎）和64.13％（根）。此外，类SOD的生理活性为65.22％（叶），57.53％（茎）和50.21％ （根）。在100μg/mL的浓度下，HaCaT细胞中H2O2引起的对氧化应激的保护作用分别为82.18％（叶）， 78.98％（茎）和70.27％（根）。结果证实，生姜提取物对H2O2引起的细胞损伤的保护作用增加了32％。此 外，当以100μg/ mL的浓度培养细胞72 h时，在真皮乳头细胞中的增殖作用分别为158.63％（叶），140.41％ （茎）和132.40％（根）。结论: 因此，生姜叶提取物在各部位的提取物中具有最佳的抗氧化作用，HaCaT细胞 保护作用和真皮乳头细胞增殖作用，因此作为化妆品材料具有充分的潜力。

본 연구에서는 지상구조물과 지하매설물로 인해 굴착이 제한되는 지역을 대상으로 현장 원위치(In-situ) 정화기술 중 과산화수소를 이용한 화학적산화법의 현장 적용성을 평가하고자 하였다. TPH로 오염된 범위는 951 m3, TPH 최고오염 농도는 10,988 mg/kg이였으며, 과산화수소 소요량을 판단한 결과 1 kg의 Cetane의 소요량은 7.37 kg H2O2, 토양 내 유기 물질에 대한 소요량은 2.27 kg H2O2로 산출되었다. 과산화수소의 농도는 35%, 투입량은 88 ton으로 적용하였다. 오염지 역 현장 적용결과 농도는 N.D~140.21 mg/kg로 저감되었고, 96.2~99.8%의 저감효율을 보였다. 과산화수소를 이용한 현 장 적용성 평가 결과 고농도 오염지역에 대해서도 높은 효율로 오염물질을 저감시킬 수 있음이 확인되었다. 또한 과산화 수소를 이용한 오염토양 정화 시 시간과 비용절감을 위해 효율적인 산화제 주입량을 고찰한 결과 과산화수소의 농도가 높을수록 저감 효율이 높아지고, 토양에 철성분이 존재하거나, 촉매제인 철염을 추가하였을 때 펜톤 산화로 인해 저감 효 율이 높아짐을 확인하였다. 또한 여러 연구결과 과산화수소의 적정 농도는 10%로 확인되었으나, 대부분 실내실험을 통 한 결과로 현장 적용 시에는 오염농도 저감 효율에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 다른 인자들에 대해 검토가 필요하고, 현장 실증 실험을 통해 적정 농도를 산정하고, 촉매제의 첨가 여부를 판단하는 과정이 필요하다고 사료된다.

In this study, the purpose of evaluating the site applicability of the chemical oxidation method using hydrogen peroxide among the in-situ cleanup techniques was to be applied to areas where excavation is restricted due to ground structures and underground burials. The range contaminated with TPH was 951 m3 and the TPH peak pollution concentration was 10,988 mg/kg, and based on the determination of hydrogen peroxide demand, the Cetane of 1 kg was calculated as 7.37 kg H2O2 and 2.27 kg H2O2 for organic matter in soil. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 35% and the input was 88 tons. The concentration was reduced from N.D. to 140.21 mg/kg as a result of site application in contaminated areas, and the reduction rate was 96.2 to 99.8%. The on-site applicability assessment using hydrogen peroxide confirmed that high-concentration contaminated areas can be reduced with high efficiency. In addition, when examining the amount of injection of an oxidizer to reduce time and cost in cleaning up contaminated soil using hydrogen peroxide, it was confirmed that the higher the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the higher the efficiency of reducing it, the higher the efficiency of the penton oxidation when the presence of iron in the soil, or the addition of a catalyst iron salt. In addition, although the optimal concentration of hydrogen peroxide was found to be 10%, it is deemed necessary to consider other factors that may affect the efficiency of reducing pollution as a result of indoor experiments, and to calculate the appropriate concentration through field demonstration tests, and to determine whether catalyst is added.

The present study was conducted to examine the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation levels in porcine parthenogenetic embryos. Porcine in vitro matured oocytes were activated by the combination of electric stimulus and 6‐ DMAP before in vitro culture. Porcine oocytes and parthenogenetic embryos were stained in 10 μM dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF) or 10 μM hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF) dye each for 30 min at 39℃. The fluorescent emissions from the samples were recoded as JPEG file and the intensity of fluorescence in oocytes and embryos were analyzed. H2O2 and ˙OH radical levels of porcine oocytes were reduced immediately after electric stimulation. However, H2O2 and ˙OH radical levels of parthenogenetic embryos were increased with time elapsed after electric stimulation from 0 h to 3 h and after DMAP culture. During in vitro culture, H2O2 and ˙OH radical levels were gradually increased from the one‐cell stage to the two‐ and four‐cell stages. The result of the present study suggests that the ROS was not increased by electric pulse in porcine embryos. Rather than it seems to be associated with the stage of development and the culture condition.

Background: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Radix (GR) is a crude drugs used in Asian countries that has been reported to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. The present study examined whether GR and its active compounds, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and isoliquiritigenin (IL), exerted protective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in C6 glial cells. Methods and Results: We exposed C6 glial cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h and investigated the cellular response to GR and its active compounds by evaluating cell viability, reactivie oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis-related protein expression. GR successfully mitigated the reduced cell viability and ROS production induced by H2O2 in C6 glial cells, IL and GA significantly increased the cell viability and decreased ROS production. In addition, IL and GA down-regulated apoptotic Baxdependent caspase-3 activation, but each compound exerted different mechanisms, i.e., IL dose-dependently decreased ROS production and, GA up-regulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that GR and its active components, IL and GA, exhibit potential for use as natural neurodegenerative agents for the modulation of apoptosis in C6 glial cells.

본 연구에서는 일 처리용량 10톤 규모의 연속실험장치를 이용하여 하수처리장으로부터의 2차 처리수중에 존재하고 있 는 의약품류의 제거성능을 검토하였다. 검토된 공정은 UV 및 UV/H2O2 공정이며, 그 제거성능 은 접촉시간 10분(UV 투 입에너지량 : 0.4 kWUV·h/m3)후의 잔존율을 이용하여 평가하였다. UV 단독처리의 경우, 검출 된 41종의 의약품류중 39 종의 잔존율이 0.003(diclofenac) ~ 0.867(ethenzamide)으로 매우 폭넓은 범위로 나타났다. 특히, diclofenac 및 sulfonamide계 항생제 이외의 의약품류는 대체로 잔존율이 높은 결과가 얻어졌다. 한편, UV/H2O2 공정의 경우, 대부분의 의약품류의 잔존율이 0.001 이하가 되어, 본 공정이 다양한 종류의 의약품류를 제어하는데 있 어서는 매우 효과적인 것으 로 나타났다.

The removal efficiency of 41 pharmaceuticals contained in secondary treated wastewater was investigated with continuous UV and UV/H2O2 processes having capacity of 10 m3/d. In this study, in order to evaluate the removal potential of UV and UV/H2O2 processes for the pharmaceuticals, a residual ratio that is defined a ratio of a residual concentration of a target pharmaceutical after treatment to its initial concentration was selected at 10min of contact time in UV or UV/ H2O2 process (the amount of energy irradiated: 0.4 kWUV·h/m3). For UV process, the residual ratios of 39 pharmaceuticals ranged from 0.003 (diclofenac) ~ 0.867 (ethenzamide), resulting in low degradation for most of the pharmaceuticals investigated except for a few of the pharmaceuticals including diclofenac and sulfonamides. Especially, the residual ratios of ethenzamide, clarithromycin and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide were 0.867, 0.818 and 0.780, respectively and these values were considerably higher than those of the other pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, for UV/H2O2 process, the residual ratios of most of the pharmaceuticals were less than 0.001, which indicates that UV/H2O2 process would be an effective treatment method when the pharmaceuticals in secondary effluent would be further removed.

H2O2-triggerable liposomes were prepared by modifying the liposome surface with an H2O2-responsive polymer. DOPE liposomes can be formed by incorporating amphiphilic polymer. The polymer was synthesized by a free radical reaction. Polymerization was confirmed by 1H-NMR, and FT-IR. The degree of surface activity of the polymers was also examined. As a result of the polymer characterization, the polymer was measured amphiphilic. Liposomes were prepared by varying the content of the polymer. The quenching degree of the liposome was confirmed to be about 46.2% to 57.7%. Liposome morphology was observed with a TEM microscope. As the weight ratio of polymer to DOPE lipid increased, the average diameter of liposome increased and triggerable release of calcein. When H2O2 concentration was 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 6.0%, the DOPE to polymer ratio of 200:1 liposome release about 0.5%, 50.8%, 78.0%, and 78.4%, respectively. DOPE liposome with polymer 200:4 was more susceptible to H2O2 and showed 80% release within 20 seconds.

As fullerene-based compound application rapidly increased in health industry, the need of toxicological and biological effects is in demand. Here, we investigate the potential antioxidant properties of mineral-rich shungite and less mineral shungite in olive oil, fullerene-containing compound, against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. The composition of the less mineral shFig. 5. Inflammatory cytokines mediate H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress. The concentration of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β, (C) IL-10 cytokine was determined using ELISA after pure fullerene, mineral-rich shungite, and mineral-less shungite treatment.ungite is 94.79% atomic carbon analyzed by EDX X-ray spectrophotometer. Cell viability was significantly decreased by the exposure of mineral-rich shungite, mineral-less shungite, and pure fullerene C60 (25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) for 24 hrs in the cultured HaCaT cells. Mineral-rich and less-mineral shungite compared to pure fullerene did not induce toxicity in vitro, therefore natural mineral shungite is safer to use for further investigation of its antioxidant property. Intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase level were also decreased compared to the level of the non-treated control group during the exposure period, while the level of super oxide dismutase (SOD) did not have significant change. Intracellular cytokine levels of IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α were increased suggesting an induced inflammatory response by shungite. This study suggests that natural mineral shungite could be a novel antioxidant and could provide a new insight for oxidative and inflammatory related disease treatment.

폐리튬이온배터리를 고온에서 용융환원처리하면 코발트, 니켈 및 구리가 환원된 금속을 얻을 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 상기 금속외에망간, 철 및 규소가 같이 환원된 금속합금의 침출을 조사하였다. 침출용액으로 염산에 과산화수소를 산화제로 첨가해 염산과 산화제의 농도, 반응시간 및 온도와 광액밀도를 변화시켜 니켈, 코발트 및 구리를 99% 이상 침출시킬 수 있는 조건을 조사하였다. 과산화수소 농도와광액밀도가 금속의 침출에 미치는 영향이 현저했으며 20에서 80°C의 반응온도범위에서 반응온도는 침출에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 2 M의 염산용액에서 5%의 과산화수소를 혼합한 용액으로 60°C의 반응온도와 30 g/L의 광액밀도조건에서 150분 반응시키면 규소를 제외한 모든 금속이 99% 이상 침출되었다.

Smelting reduction of spent lithium-ion batteries results in the production of metallic alloys in which reduced cobalt, nickel and copper coexist. In this study, we investigated the leaching of the metallic alloys containing the above three metals together with iron, manganese, and silicon. The mixture of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent was employed, and the effect of the concentration thereof, the reaction time and temperature, and pulp density was investigated to accomplish the complete leaching of cobalt, nickel, and copper. The effect of the hydrogen peroxide concentration and pulp density on the leaching was prominent, compared to that of reaction time and temperature, especially in the range of 20 to 80°C. The complete leaching of the metals present in metallic alloys, except silicon, was accomplished using 2 M HCl and 5% H2O2 with a pulp density of 30 g/L for 150 min at 60°C.

Neurodegenerative disorders are associated with apoptosis as a causing factor or an inducer. On the other hand, it has been reported that epigallocatechin gallate (EUG), one of antioxidants and flavonoids, and z-VAD-fmk, a nonselective caspase inhibitor, suppress oxidative-radical-stress-induced apoptosis. However, it is not yet known what is the effects of EGCG and z-VAD-fmk on the apoptotic pathway is through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) as well as mitochondria, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). We investigated the effects of EGCG by using treated N18D3 cells, mouse DRG hybrid neurons. Methods: Following 30 min exposure, the viability of N18D3 cells (not pretreated vs. EGCG or z-VAD-fmk pretreated) was evaluated by using MTT assay. The effect of EGCG on immunoreactivity (IR) of cytochrome c, caspase-3, PARP, PI3K/Akt and GSK-3 was examined by using Western blot, and was compared with that of z-Y4D-fmk. Results: EGCG or z-VAD-fmk pretreated N18D3 cells showed increased viability. Dose-dependent inhibition of caspase-3 activation accompanied by PARP cleavage were demonstrated by pretreatment of both agents. However, inhibition of cytochrome c release was only detected in EGCG pretreated N18D3 cells. On the pathway through PI3K/Akt and GSK-3, however, the result of Western blot in EGCG pretreated N18D3 cells showed decreased IR of Akt and GSK-3 and increased IR of p85a PI3K, phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3, and contrasted with that in z-VAD-fmk pretreated N18D3 cells showing no changes on each molecule. Conclusion: These data show that EGCG affects apoptotic pathway through upstream signal including PI3K/Akt and GSK-3 pathway as well as downstream signal including cytochrome c and caspase-3 pathway. Therefore, these results suggest that EGCG mediated activation of PI3K/Akt and inhibition GSK-B could be new potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative injury.

The mammalian cells contain lysosomes, and the lysosomal enzymes are localized intralysosomally. In response to certain signals they are trigger apoptotic cell death and degradation of bacteria. Therefore, in this study, HeLa cells were exposed by H2O2 and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), we confirmed that fluorescent intensities and size of each lysosomes were changed as concentration of H2O2 and 6-OHDA. In addition, activity of cathepsinB, D as lysosomal enzymes in lysosomes have shown to be different each concentrations. In addition, the lysosomes isolated from HeLa cells showed antimicrobial activity to Escherichia coli that positively correlated with the pH of the phosphate buffer as a dissolving solvent. As a results of the lysosomes isolated from H2O2 and 6- OHDA treated HeLa cells showed higher antimicrobial activity than those isolated from normal HeLa cells. We found that the lysosomes were activated by H2O2 and 6-OHDA. Moreover, activated lysosomes are enhanced antimicrobial effect. Therefore, it suggests that lysosomes isolated from HeLa cells can be used as antimicrobial agents. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by the 21C Frontier Microbial Genomics and Applications Center Program, grant No. 11-2008-10-002-00, Ministry of Education, Science & Technology, Republic of Korea. The authors are grateful for their supports.

반도체 관련 산업의 발전에 따라 반도체 제조공정에서 염산, 황산, 과산화수소, 불산, 피라니아 등과 같은 다양한 형태의 유독 가스와 화합물들이 사용되고 있고 누출 사고 역시 빈번하게 발생되고 있는 것이 사실이다. 유독 가스 누출사고 발생시 대량의 인명 피해가 발생되고 있는 것 역시 사실이다. 본 연구에서는 구미 불산 누출 사고와 같은 화학물질 누출 사고의 위험으로부터 인명을 보호하고 피해를 최소화 하기 위한 기본 해결책으로 대학에서의 MSDS 교육의 필요성에 대해 고찰하였다. 또한 GHS와 REACH 제도와 MSDS 이용의 적정성의 이해를 통해 유해 화학 물질의 노출로부터 안전을 지키는 문제에 대해 고찰하였다.

Following the semiconductor industry’s growing, various types of toxic gases and caustic chemicals, HF( Hydrofluoric acid), HCI (Hydochloric acid), H₂O₂(Hydrogen peroxide), H₂SO₄(Sulfuric acid), and Piranha, were using on the semiconductor manufacturing process. Therefore many gas leakage accidents that produce huge losses of lives were caused by the processes. This research deeply considers two basic solutions that the necessity of MSDS education on university for reducing damage of lives and protecting life from chemical leak accidents such as a HF accident in Gumi, Korea and the use of GHS, REACH and the comprehension of propriety about using MSDS for keeping safety from conflagrations by released poison chemical materials.

The reason why Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generate in a cell is harmful substances from exteriorcell. In the human body, most of the free radicals disappear by creating an oxidation inhibitor. But oxidativestress is induced when ROS can not be removed by former defenser. Oxidative stress causes DNAdenaturation, destruction of the cell membrane, Hardening of the arteries and cellular senescence, directlyor indirectly. Rutin, glycosides of quercetin, is the flavonoid-based compound which is widely distributedin the plant kingdom. Rutin was shown to strengthen capillaries and capillary action contraction is used asthe main component of the circulatory disease treatment and hypertension. In this study, we demonstratedthat pretreatment of rutin protects human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) from the oxidative stress. Additionalbiochemical assay showed that rutin has ROS scavenging effect and furthermore, alters mRNA expressionof SOD1 and CAT in NHDFs. Our results indicate that rutin is implicated as a potential biochemical orchemopreventive agent through phenomenas from oxidative stress in NHDFs.

By using Pini Folium of Pinus densiflora Seib. et Zucc. that naturally grow in Gangwon-do area, cytotoxicity resistance effect against NHDF were examined and a study on the mRNA expression of COL1A1 and generation effect of pro-collagen 1 was conducted. After extracting Pini Folium with 80% ethanol and hot water respectively and they were referred to as PEF and PFW. The cytotoxicity resistance effect of pine needles was examined by conducting MTT assay, TNF-α, and H2O2 test regarding NHDF. The amount of COL1A1 expression using qRT-PCR and the generation of pro-collagen 1 using Western blot were examined. As a result of the experiment, In MTT assay, PFE, PFW had no cytotoxicity against the hypodermal cell. As a result of cell death resistance effect on TNF-α, PFE displayed a significant result in the concentration of 10 μg/mL and PFW displayed non signifiant result. In the effects on cell death resistance of H2O2, PFE and PFW could be confirmed to have significant results. In regards to the measurement of mRNA expression of COL1A1, PFE displayed non -significant difference, PFW displayed significant difference. In regards to the generation of pro-collagen 1, the protein was generated for both PFE, PFW. In conclusion, PFE and PFW of Pini Folium extract can be applied to skin beauty practically and considered as the results to suggest the anti-aging possibility in aging skin in regards to mRNA expression of COL1A1 against NHDF and generation of pro-collagen 1.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic compound frequently found in green tea, and its physiological actions have been extensively investigated. In the present study, changes in chemical stability and cytotoxic properties of EGCG in the presence of different types of antioxidants were investigated. The antioxidants used modulated the chemical stability of EGCG. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased EGCG stability; EGCG was less stable in the presence of catalase. Ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and glutathione (GSH) stabilized EGCG concentration dependently. The H2O2 level generated from EGCG was decreased by catalase, SOD, and NAC but not by GSH. The cytotoxic effects of EGCG also decreased in the presence of NAC, catalase, and SOD. GSH, however, showed a complicated modulatory pattern according to the EGCG and GSH concentrations, and ascorbic acid rather enhanced EGCG toxicity. The results suggest that certain antioxidants could modulate the cytotoxic properties of EGCG in a cell culture system not only by removing reactive oxygen species but by modulating chemical stability and other factors, which should be considered carefully when studying reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms of EGCG.

양이온교환수지인 IRN-77을 직접 분해 처리하기 위하여 Fonton시약을 적용하였으며, 분해반응의 특징으로써 반응의 효율 및 안전을 위해 수지를 먼저 건조시키고 용액을 수지에 완전히 흡수시킨 후 를 첨가하는 방법을 적용하였다. 수지 분해반응의 특성은 반응이 개시되기까지 반응유도시간이 필요하였으며, 반응유도시간은 의 농도가 낮을수록 또한 의 초기 첨가량이 적을수록 길었다. 단위량의 수지를 분해하는데 적절한 반응조건으로서 의 농도는 0.9 M 및 15% 의 용액의 첨가량은 수지량에 대해 6-7배 비율로 나타났으며, 반응유도시간을 포함하여 1.5시간 이내에 완전 분해가 가능하였다. 의 첨가방법은 반응 초기 및 반응개시 후로 나누어 첨가하므로서 의 분해효율 및 첨가량을 최소화하였다. 가열효과로서 분해반응 개시 전에 비교적 낮은 온도인 정도로 가열하면 반응유도시간이 5분 이내로 단축되었으며, 수지의 양을 5g 및 10g 으로 증가시킨 결과, 의 첨가비율을 9-10배 정도로 증가시키면 완전분해가 가능하였다.

Fenton's Reagent is applied to directly dissolve the cation-exchange resin, IRN-77. The characteristics of the experimental procedure is to dry the resin first and solution is completely absorbed into the resin, and then is introduced later for an effective reaction between the reagents within the resin. An a characteristic of the dissolution, the lag time is needed for about 1 hour until the main reaction is occurred, which was more affected with the less concentration of and the less initial dose of . The dose of was equally divided into the early stage and the later stage after the initial reaction to provide an effective and safe reaction condition. The optimum conditions is appeared that the concentration of is 0.9M and the dose of 15% solution is 6-7 volume for the dissolution of unit weight of IRN-77. The effect of the heating on the lag time was checked and the time could be reduced within 5 minutes at , which is a relatively low temperature. The large amount of the resin, 5g and 10g, was also completely decomposed by increasing the dose of to 9-10 volume ratio.

The nutri-cosmetics was defined as a nutraceuticals which can exert the function, beauty and the structure of the skin. Genistein has been reported to possess potent pro-apoptotic, anti- inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. However, the physiological role and its underlying molecular mechanisms of genistein in H2O2- treated HaCaT keratinocytes are unknown. In this study, we examined the cellular anti-oxidant activity of genistein against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. The cellular anti-oxidant activity of genistein was assessed in HaCaT cells as judged by the 2’7’-dichlorofluorescein -diacetate (DCFH-DA)- based assay and image analysis using fluorescence microscopy. Genistein dose- dependently and effectively ameliorate the H2O2-induced oxidative stress of HaCaT keratinocytes. We further revealed that the cellular anti-oxidant activity of genistein mediated by activating of nuclear factor erythroid-2 -related factor 2 (Nrf2), the central transcriptional factor for expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO- 1). Taken together, our results indicate that the activation of Nrf2 signaling is required for cellular anti-oxidant activity of genistein. These findings provide the scientific evidences for the development of Nrf2 targeted nutricosmetics.