Earticle

Alkaline-reduced water (ARW) was first developed in Japan, and its effectiveness has been explored in different health related fields. Generally, ARW is generated by electrolysis, whereby water (H2O) decomposes into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current. ARW also can be generated with additives, such as calcium or magnesium. ARW is characterized as having high pH, supersaturated hydrogen, and negative oxidation -reduction potential (ORP). Hydrogen-rich water has been introduced as a feasible therapeutic strategy for health promotion and disease prevention. Studies have shown that ARW has antioxidant properties and thus helping counteract free radicals in the body. These free radicals can cause premature aging and other conditions. The chemical properties of ARW, specifically its pH, are believed to contribute to its beneficial effects. Here, we hypothesized that the simple method of boiling water could increase the alkalinity and reduction power of water. The impact of simply boiling water, which is not only to increase its alkalinity and reducing the ORP, but also allows it to reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the body, raises the long-term possibility that drinking boiled water might prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.

As fullerene-based compound application rapidly increased in health industry, the need of toxicological and biological effects is in demand. Here, we investigate the potential antioxidant properties of mineral-rich shungite and less mineral shungite in olive oil, fullerene-containing compound, against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. The composition of the less mineral shFig. 5. Inflammatory cytokines mediate H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress. The concentration of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β, (C) IL-10 cytokine was determined using ELISA after pure fullerene, mineral-rich shungite, and mineral-less shungite treatment.ungite is 94.79% atomic carbon analyzed by EDX X-ray spectrophotometer. Cell viability was significantly decreased by the exposure of mineral-rich shungite, mineral-less shungite, and pure fullerene C60 (25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) for 24 hrs in the cultured HaCaT cells. Mineral-rich and less-mineral shungite compared to pure fullerene did not induce toxicity in vitro, therefore natural mineral shungite is safer to use for further investigation of its antioxidant property. Intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase level were also decreased compared to the level of the non-treated control group during the exposure period, while the level of super oxide dismutase (SOD) did not have significant change. Intracellular cytokine levels of IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α were increased suggesting an induced inflammatory response by shungite. This study suggests that natural mineral shungite could be a novel antioxidant and could provide a new insight for oxidative and inflammatory related disease treatment.